Total Transmission Research Articles

Scheduling algorithms for data-protection based on security-classification constraints to data-dissemination

Communication networks have played a vital role in changing people’s life. However, the rapid advancement in digital technologies has presented many drawbacks of the current inter-networking technology. Data leakages severely threaten information privacy and security and can jeopardize individual and public life. This research investigates the creation of a private network model that can decrease the number of data leakages. A two-router private network model is designed. This model uses two routers to manage the classification level of the transmitting network packets. In addition, various algorithmic techniques are proposed. These techniques solve a scheduling problem. This problem is to schedule packets through routers under a security classification level constraint. This constraint is the non-permission of the transmission of two packets that belongs to the same security classification level. These techniques are the dispatching rule and grouping method. The studied problem is an NP-hard. Eight algorithms are proposed to minimize the total transmission time. A comparison between the proposed algorithms and those in the literature is discussed to show the performance of the proposed scheme through experimentation. Four classes of instances are generated. For these classes, the experimental results show that the best-proposed algorithm is the best-classification groups’ algorithm in 89.1% of cases and an average gap of 0.001. In addition, a benchmark of instances is used based on a real dataset. This real dataset shows that the best-proposed algorithm is the best-classification groups’ algorithm in 88.6% of cases and an average gap of less than 0.001.

Ultra-broad bandwidth array waveguide grating for high-speed backbone network transmission.

With the rapid development of the backbone network rates, there has been a gradual increase in channel spacing and bandwidth. The C&L band ultra-broad bandwidth array waveguide gratings (AWG) of 60-channel 100 GHz channel spacing are designed and fabricated based on silica waveguide. A new parabolic design is used to achieve ultra-broad bandwidth and good spectrum. For the C band ultra-broad bandwidth AWG, the peak insertion loss, uniformity, 0.5 dB bandwidth, 1 dB bandwidth and 3 dB bandwidth are 2.98 dB, 0.36 dB, 0.614 nm, 0.721 nm and 0.937 nm, respectively. For the L band ultra-broad bandwidth AWG, the peak insertion loss, uniformity, 0.5 dB bandwidth, 1 dB bandwidth and 3 dB bandwidth are 2.91 dB, 0.27 dB, 0.560 nm, 0.665 nm and 0.879 nm, respectively. To ensure ultra-broad bandwidth AWG operation at different temperatures, a temperature control circuit is integrated into the packaging design. It has been observed that the performances remain virtually unchanged within the temperature range of -15 to 65 degree. The ultra-broadband AWGs have been successfully tested to transmit 96 Gbaud signals and can be applied to 600 G/800 G backbone network transmission. By using the C&L ultra-broad bandwidth AWGs of 60-channel 100 GHz channel spacing, the total transmission speed over a single-mode fiber can reach 72Tbps/96Tbps.

Propagation of electromagnetic waves through complex space for astronomical redshift investigation

Space has a complex structure and investigations of any electromagnetic wave transmission theory need to consider the inhomogeneous and anisotropic nature. We have selected two cases for our investigations: regions of pulse energy changes and gravitational deflection. Numerical methods have been developed and examples given to show that these conditions do have their localized effects. But, since the total length of those regions are insignificant in comparison with the total transmission distance involved, their inclusion does not significantly alter the linear relationship between wavelength change and distance travelled. The possible exception is the case of gravitational deflection when the waves have passed through densely populated regions of space. Our findings could be of interest to the current debate on Hubble tension.

Focusing Coherent Light through Volume Scattering Phantoms via Wavefront Shaping.

Manipulating the wavefront of coherent light incident on scattering media to enhance the imaging depth, sensitivity, and resolution is a common technique in biomedical applications. Local phase variations cause changes in the interference and can be used to create a focus inside or behind a scattering medium. We use wavefront shaping (WFS) to force constructive interference at an arbitrary location. The amount of light transmitted into a given region strongly depends on the scattering and absorption characteristics. These are described by their respective coefficients μs and μa and the scattering phase function. Controlling the scattering and absorption coefficients, we study the behavior of wavefront shaping and the achievable intensity enhancement behind volume scattering media with well-defined optical properties. The phantoms designed in this publication are made of epoxy resin. Into these epoxy matrices, specific amounts of scattering and absorbing particles, such as titanium dioxide pigments and molecular dyes, are mixed. The mixture obtained is filled into 3D-printed frames of various thicknesses. After a precise fabrication procedure, an integrating sphere-based setup characterizes the phantoms experimentally. It detects the total hemispherical transmission and reflection. Further theoretical characterization is performed with a newly developed hybrid PN method. This method senses the flux of light into a particular angular range at the lower boundary of a slab. The calculations are performed without suffering from ringing and fulfill the exact boundary conditions there. A decoupled two-path detection system allows for fast optimization as well as sensitive detection. The measurements yield results that agree well with the theoretically expected behavior.

L-Fucose promotes enteric nervous system regeneration in type 1 diabetic mice by inhibiting SMAD2 signaling pathway in enteric neural precursor cells

BackgroundDiabetes can lead to extensive damage to the enteric nervous system (ENS), causing gastrointestinal motility disorders. However, there is currently a lack of effective treatments for diabetes-induced ENS damage. Enteric neural precursor cells (ENPCs) closely regulate the structural and functional integrity of the ENS. L-Fucose, is a dietary sugar that has been showed to effectively ameliorate central nervous system injuries, but its potential for ameliorating ENS damage and the involvement of ENPCs in this process remains uncertain.MethodsGenetically engineered mice were generated for lineage tracing of ENPCs in vivo. Using diabetic mice in vivo and high glucose-treated primary ENPCs in vitro, the effects of L-Fucose on the injured ENS and ENPCs was evaluated by assessing gastrointestinal motility, ENS structure, and the differentiation of ENPCs. The key signaling pathways in regulating neurogenesis and neural precursor cells properties, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its downstream signaling pathways were further examined to clarify the potential mechanism of L-Fucose on the injured ENS and ENPCs.ResultsL-Fucose improved gastrointestinal motility in diabetic mice, including increased defecation frequency (p < 0.05), reduced total gastrointestinal transmission time (p < 0.001) and bead expulsion time (p < 0.05), as well as enhanced spontaneous contractility and electric field stimulation-induced contraction response in isolated colonic muscle strips (p < 0.001). The decrease in the number of neurons and glial cells in the ENS of diabetic mice were reversed by L-Fucose treatment. More importantly, L-Fucose treatment significantly promoted the proportion of ENPCs differentiated into neurons and glial cells both in vitro and in vivo, accompanied by inhibiting SMAD2 phosphorylation.ConclusionsL-Fucose could promote neurogenesis and gliogenesis derived from ENPCs by inhibiting the SMAD2 signaling, thus facilitating ENS regeneration and gastrointestinal motility recovery in type 1 diabetic mice.7Zzihak_jncvcnfCNwCPXsVideo

Harmonic Mitigation using Hybrid Power Filter to Improve Power Quality

This paper represents a power quality improvement using harmonic mitigation method in distribution and transmission system. This include the hybrid power filter for mitigating the harmonic in the power system, the hybrid power filter is the combination active power filter ,passive power filter and voltage source inverter with the passive component like a capacitor and the inductor. The drawback of the active and the passive power filter is overcome by designing the hybrid power filter, the capability of harmonic mitigation can be increased with dc link voltage of the voltage source inverter. in this two method of implementation is adopted for harmonic mitigation in power system like hybrid mode and the passive mode , in passive mode the passive component is used in series such as capacitor and inductor and in hybrid mode the voltage source inverter is used along with the LC-filter . The power quality improvement and the reactive power control is also represented in this paper The analysis and MATLAB simulation give the proper solution to mitigate the harmonic in the distribution and the transmission system to improve the power quality and system stability . Index Terms— ,FFT Analysis hybrid power filters, passive power filters, power system harmonics, reactive power control., Total Harmonic Distortion, power quality, transmission and distribution network..

The Study on Cognitive Radio Spectrum Allocation Based on Tabu-Q Learning

&lt;p&gt;With the increasing number of mobile communication devices, the problem of insufficient spectrum resources has emerged. In addition, traditional spectrum allocation model also exacerbates the problem by under utilizing idle spectrum. We propose a dynamic spectrum scheme based on Tabu-Q learning. Firstly, the spectrum allocation problem is formulated as a continuous Markov decision process (MDP), premised on the power constraints of primary users (PUs) and secondary users (SUs) are met. Tabu-Q learning is applied to adjust optimization strategy, so as to maximize the total transmission rate of users. Secondly, the idea of cooperative learning is added in the scheme to improve the convergence speed of algorithm. That is, new users are allowed to learn the experience of old users, so as to improve the speed of spectrum sensing and save the execution time of algorithm. Finally, The mean opinion score (MOS) is used to measure different traffic. The simulation shows that when the number of users is consistent, Tabu-Q learning can improve the transmission bit rate by about 13% compared with Q learning, and keep MOS above the acceptable level (MOS&gt;3). In summary, the scheme proposed in this paper can effectively improve the utilization of idle spectrum.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

Comparison of Motor Evoked Potentials Neuromonitoring Following Pre- and Postoperative Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Intraoperative Electrical Stimulation in Patients Undergoing Surgical Correction of Idiopathic Scoliosis.

The relationships between the results of pre- and intraoperative motor evoked potential recordings during neuromonitoring and whether idiopathic scoliosis (IS) surgical correction improves the spinal efferent transmission have not been specified in detail. This study aims to compare the results of surface-recorded electromyography (EMG), electroneurography (ENG, M, and F-waves), and especially motor evoked potential (MEP) recordings from tibialis anterior muscle (TA) bilaterally in 353 girls with right idiopathic scoliosis (types 1-3 according to Lenke classification). It has not yet been documented whether the results of MEP recordings induced by transcranial single magnetic stimulus (TMS, pre- and postoperatively) and trains of electrical stimuli (TES; intraoperatively in T0-before surgery, T1-after pedicle screws implantation, and T2-after scoliosis curvature distraction and derotation following two-rod implantation) can be compared for diagnostic verification of the improvement of spinal cord neural transmission. We attempted to determine whether the constant level of optimal anesthesia during certain surgical steps of scoliosis treatment affects the parameters of MEPs recorded during neuromonitoring procedures. No neurological deficits have been observed postoperatively. The values of amplitudes but not latencies in MEP recordings evoked with TMS in IS patients compared before and after surgery indicated a slight improvement in efferent neural transmission. The results of all neurophysiological studies in IS patients were significantly asymmetrical and recorded worse on the concave side, suggesting greater neurological motor deficits at p = 0.04. The surgeries brought significant improvement (p = 0.04) in the parameters of amplitudes of sEMG recordings; however, the consequences of abnormalities in the activity of TA motor units were still reflected. ENG study results showed the symptoms of the axonal-type injury in peroneal motor fibers improving only on the concave side at p = 0.04, in parallel with F-wave parameters, which suggests that derotation and distraction might result in restoring the proper relations of the lumbar ventral roots in the spinal central canal, resembling their decompression. There were no significant differences detected in the amplitudes or latencies of MEPs induced with TMS or TES when comparing the parameters recorded preoperatively and intraoperatively in T0. The amplitudes of TES-evoked MEPs increased gradually at p = 0.04 in the subsequent periods (T1 and T2) of observation. A reduction in MEP latency at p = 0.05 was observed only at the end of the IS surgery. Studies on the possible connections between the level of anesthesia fluctuations and the required TMS stimulus strength, as well as the MEP amplitude changes measured in T0-T2, revealed a lack of relationships. These might not be the factors influencing the efferent transmission in spinal pathways beside the surgical procedures. Pre- (TMS-evoked) and intraoperative (TES-evoked) recordings are reliable for evaluating the patient's neurological status before and during surgical scoliosis correction procedures. An increase in MEP amplitude parameters recorded on both sides after scoliosis surgery proves the immediate improvement of the total efferent spinal cord transmission. Considering comparative pre- and postoperative sEMG and ENG recordings, it can be concluded that surgeries might directly result in additional lumbar ventral root decompression. We can conclude that MEP parameter changes are determined by the surgery procedures during neuromonitoring, not the anesthesia conditions if they are kept stable, which influences a decrease in the number of false-positive neuromonitoring warnings.

Performance analysis of grey PV module with optical characteristics

Coloured PV modules improve the exterior design of normal PV modules and improve the aesthetics as well through various colour characteristics. In particular, for a BIPV system installed in place of conventional building envelope material, a coloured PV module can be efficiently utilized for harmonization with the building exterior materials, and to improve design. However, the electrical efficiency of coloured PV modules can decrease depending on the colour characteristics. In this study, the electrical performance characteristics of a coloured PV module with grey front glass (digital printing) were analysed through optical and outdoor performance tests and compared to those of a normal PV module with clear glass. Based on optical test results, the total solar transmission (S-Factor) of the grey glass was lower by approximately 15% compared to that of the clear glass. Similarly, electrical efficiency of the grey module was decreased due to its colourisation compared to the normal PV module. Outdoor experimental results showed that the temperature of the grey PV module was up to 3 °C lower than that of the normal PV module.

Placing Timely Refreshing Services at the Network Edge

Accommodating services at the network edge is favorable for time-sensitive applications. However, maintaining service usability is resource-consuming in terms of pulling service images to the edge, synchronizing databases of service containers, and hot updates of service modules. Accordingly, it is critical to determine which service to place based on the received user requests and service refreshing (maintaining) cost, which is usually neglected in existing studies. In this work, we study how to cooperatively place timely refreshing services and offload user requests among edge servers to minimize the backhaul transmission costs. We formulate an integer non-linear programming problem and prove its NP-hardness. This problem is highly non-tractable due to the complex spatial-and-temporal coupling effect among service placement, offloading, and refreshing costs. We first decouple the problem in the temporal domain by transforming it into a Markov shortest-path problem. We then propose a light-weighted Discounted Value Approximation (DVA) method, which further decouples the problem in the spatial domain by estimating the offloading costs among edge servers. The worst performance of DVA is proved to be bounded. 5G service placement testbed experiments and real-trace simulations show that DVA reduces the total transmission cost by up to 59.1% compared with the state-of-the-art baselines.

Influence of axis misalignments in stepped planetary gear stages on the excitation behavior—test rig development and simulative analysis

AbstractOne challenge in the design of automotive gearboxes is the combination of high power density, high efficiency and low noise emission. With the electrification of the powertrain, the requirements in terms of noise emission and efficiency increase additionally. Stepped planetary gear stages are a potential topology to solve the current challenges in gearbox technology. Current research shows the pronounced misalignment behavior of planetary gear stages, especially with manufacturing or assembly deviations. However, the effects of dynamic misalignment behavior on tooth contacts in stepped planetary gear stages have not been adequately investigated. This paper presents a test rig that allows the investigation of the excitation and displacement behavior of stepped planetary gear stages taking into account adjustable axis misalignments. The axis misalignment of the stepped planetary shafts is introduced with eccentric bushings in this test rig concept. To evaluate the excitation and displacement behavior the transmission error and the displacements of different components can be measured. The test rig is modeled in the dynamic multibody simulation. The tooth contact is modeled using the force module GearForce6D. The axis misalignment is varied in the simulation model and the influence on the excitation and displacement behavior is evaluated. The simulation results show that planet pin position errors have the highest influence on the sun trajectory and the load sharing. The misalignments occurring in the tooth contacts due to inclination and skew of the stepped planetary shaft lead to higher tooth flank pressures and an increase in the total transmission error.

Comparison of fast quality of transmission estimation methods for C + L + S optical systems

Due to the high potential of multi-band transmission (MBT) systems as a short- to medium-term solution to the ever-increasing demand for fiber capacity, one of the recent areas of research concerns the development of fast but still accurate models to estimate the quality of transmission (QoT) in these systems, since this capability will be paramount for efficient and cost-effective network planning and operation. However, accurately evaluating the QoT of MBT systems with moderate computational complexity is challenging, mainly because stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) becomes a major transmission impairment. Although several models have been proposed in the literature, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there is a lack of a comprehensive comparison of the advantages and main limitations of the available methodologies. Therefore, this work analyzes the computational time and accuracy of several QoT estimation methods suitable for MBT systems [closed-form interchannel SRS Gaussian noise (ISRS-GN) and four-wave mixing (FWM) models], focusing on transmission systems comprising a total transmission bandwidth of up to 20 THz, which includes not only the C- and L-bands but also a part of the complete S-band. We also propose a modification to the FWM model to take into account the SRS effect in the calculation of the nonlinear interference, referred to as the enhanced FWM (eFWM) model. We show that the closed-form ISRS-GN model has the best trade-off between computational complexity (speed) and accuracy for launch powers per channel up to 4 dBm in a system with 10 spans and with span lengths varying from 50 km to 100 km. However, this method shows generalized signal-to-noise ratio estimation errors as high as 1.5 dB for higher launch powers. Similar conclusions were drawn when using the models to optimize the launch powers in the reference Italian backbone network, i.e., using the closed-form ISRS-GN model leads to more accurate optimized launch powers. However, in this case, the impact on the network-wide average channel capacity of using the launch power optimized using the different approaches is negligible.

Single-photon sources based on incomplete binary-tree multiplexers with optimal structure.

We consider novel types of spatially multiplexed single-photon sources based on output-extended incomplete binary-tree multiplexers containing general asymmetric routers where the construction of the multiplexers takes into account the total transmission efficiencies of the multiplexer arms at which a novel router can be added to the system. After selecting the multiplexer that outperforms the others, we identify the ranges of the loss parameters for which the application of the selected multiplexer leads to single-photon sources with higher single-photon probabilities and lower multiphoton noise than that can be achieved by using asymmetric multiplexers. We show that using the selected multiplexer is especially advantageous in the case of single-mode sources characterized by thermal statistics of the input photon pairs. We also reveal that the application of this multiplexer yields high performance single-photon sources even for suboptimal system sizes that is a typical situation in current experiments.

Integrated sensing and communication waveform design in the Internet of Vehicles

We design an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) transmission waveform with total transmission power, waveform similarity, and peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) constraints in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). The integrated waveform can complete radar target detection while communicating with downlink cellular users. The design of IoV with ISAC can not only improve the spectrum efficiency, but also further promote the integration of communication and sensing equipment. In this paper, the IoV with ISAC is formally modeled from the communication view and sensing view respectively. On this basis, taking the joint optimization of multi-user interference (MUI) total energy and Cramér Rao Bound (CRB) as the objective function, the transmission waveforms are designed with total transmission power, waveform similarity, and PAPR constraints respectively. To obtain the global optimal solution, we adopt a low complexity algorithm to solve the optimization problem under the total transmit power constraint and the optimization problem based on waveform similarity and PAPR constraints is further transformed into a nonconvex quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP) problem, which is solved by using the semidefinite relaxation (SDR) technique. By ranking one approximation of the constrained optimization problem, it can be transformed into the solution of semidefinite programming (SDP) problems. The numerical results show that the designed ISAC transmission waveform can achieve an efficient tradeoff between sensing and communication performance, and each KPI is superior to one of the only communication and only sensing waveform design schemes. And it can improve the real-time information interaction ability of the IoV.

Red InGaN Micro-LEDs on Silicon Substrates: Potential for Multicolor Display and Wavelength Division Multiplexing Visible Light Communication

Red micro light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) on silicon substrates are crucial for the realization of large-scale, high-quality, low-cost micro-LED displays, and are also beneficial for high-speed visible light communication (VLC). In this letter, micro-LEDs with different sizes were fabricated. The maximum light output power density of the 20 μm pixel can reach 3.36 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , which is 14 times higher than that of the largest pixel (150 μm). By adjusting the pixel size and injection current, a direct color shift from red to green can be observed. Moreover, multicolor emission with uniform brightness can be realized by adjusting duty cycle, which has broad application prospect in monolithic, multicolor displays. Despite the significant blue shift phenomenon, the peak wavelength of all pixels is still greater than 630 nm at the current density of 100 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , which means that red light can be emitted in a large current density range to meet various application scenarios requiring different driving conditions. We have realized red, yellow and green micro-LED transmitters on Si substrate by changing the driving current density and modulation bandwidth up to 533.15 MHz is achieved when emitting green light. This is the report of red-emission micro-LEDs on Si substrates for visible light communication for the first time. And we proposed a proof-of-concept monolithic, multicolor wavelength division multiplexing scheme that achieved a total allowable transmission data rate of 2.35 Gbps. Such micro-LED is expected to be applied in multicolor displays, high-speed multi-channel VLC, color-tunable light sources, etc. In particular, due to its high integration and miniaturization, it is expected to be used in future practical application scenarios such as wearable communication devices and smartwatches.

Oxidized Cellulose Nanocrystals from Durian Peel Waste by Ammonium Persulfate Oxidation.

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have gained much attention due to their biodegradable, renewable, nontoxic, and inexpensive nanomaterials with some remarkable properties. In this study, cellulose nanocrystals from durian peel waste were isolated by chemical oxidation. This process involved two stages of a chemical process, namely, bleaching followed by oxidation of ammonium persulfate (APS). The impact of process parameters (APS concentrations and oxidation temperatures) on the oxidized CNC was assessed. The properties of CNC were investigated by attenuated total reflection-infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). ATR-IR results showed that the structure of cellulose did not change during APS oxidation. XRD results indicated that APS oxidation improved the crystallinity index by 103% due to the removal of the amorphous components. The resulting CNC was needlelike in shape and had an average width range of 5.00-7.81 nm, a length range of 114.52-126.83 nm, and an aspect ratio range of 16.76-24.20. From the TGA analysis, the thermal stability was found to increase with increasing oxidation temperature. The optimum conditions for a maximum crystallinity index and the highest thermal stability were obtained at 80°C oxidation with 1 M APS. Therefore, APS oxidation was a remarkable method for increasing the value of durian peel waste into high-value nanocellulose.

Development the information systems with fuzzy logic algorithms and network optimization

The article is devoted to the problems of construction information systems, consisting of typical parts. The first one is a system for collecting and analyzing geolocation data with fuzzy logic in disasters. The second one — a network to be optimized in terms of total traffic transmission capacity by increasing the power of network equipment with restrictions on their number.

Multiple Line Outage Detection for Power Systems Based on Binary Matching Pursuit

Line outage detection plays a key role in black-out prevention and recovery in power systems. Considering the number of outage lines is sparse as compared to total transmission lines in the early line outage stage, compressive sensing theory is applied to study the multiple line outage detection of power systems. By formulating the sparse line outage detection problem in a standard compressive sensing form, a binary matching pursuit algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. A dice coefficient and an atom exclusion strategy are subsequently introduced to improve the detection accuracy of the proposed algorithm. Algorithm complexity has also been analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm not only has more resilience to noise and less sensitivity to the data sampling size, but also shows lower computational burden and higher detection efficiency.

An Improved Search Algorithm for WSN with Charging Nodes

The existing semi-centralized stochastic election approach, Stochastic Election of Appropriate Range Cluster Heads (SEARCH) is analyzed and features are improved which, boasts low time cost, improved stable period, and eliminates the unfavorable scenario, that no cluster head emerges during some specific rounds. However, the implementation of SEARCH in WSNs with solar charging nodes offers very marginal improvement in a stable period. This proves the inefficiency of the algorithm in handling these charging nodes. The improvement offered aims to make the algorithm, more energy aware and hence comparatively well organized in handling the charging nodes in the network. This improvement, equipped with dynamic tracking of instantaneous node energy shows a promising way to extend clustering algorithms to networks with chargeable nodes. In addition, the existing SEARCH algorithm’s cluster head election procedure lacks a futuristic view of the minimum energy requirement for successful operation throughout an entire round. Intermediate cluster head death can be detrimental, to network performance by paralyzing the corresponding clusters, resulting in total data transmission failure of all nodes in that cluster. Implementing the improved SEARCH algorithm drastically reduces the bit loss by 95%, with increasing the transmitted bits successfully by 4%. The overall lifetime of the WSN improves by around 30% and the number of cluster heads dying prematurely in the middle of round operation is reduced by 89%. This paper analyzes and refines a current clustering algorithm, thereby promisingly enhancing its capacity to boost the overall network performance.

Tunable enhanced transmitted group delays of circular polarization enabled by resonant tunneling in Ag/multi-Weyl semimetal/Ag trilayers

The 4 × 4 magneto-optical matrix is theoretically established to investigate the group delays of circular polarization, which are generated by the linearly polarized wave crossing through a sandwich composition that consists of a multi-Weyl semimetal (mWSM) layer and two identical Ag layers. Results denote that the cross-polarized transmission of right hand circularly polarized (RCP) and left hand circularly polarized (LCP) waves experience sharp increases from zero transmission to total transmission at their respective resonant tunneling wavelengths because of the nonzero off-diagonal components of mWSM. Based on the steep change of cross-polarized transmissions, the giant enlarged group delays of several picoseconds can be obtained. Furthermore, the resonant tunneling wavelength of RCP and LCP waves exhibit the dependence on tilt degree of Weyl cones, Fermi energy, Weyl nodes separation and topological charge, which provide feasible strategies to achieve the regulable enhanced group delays. Our findings reveal effective methods to acquire the tunable enlarged group delays of circular polarization with mWSM.