Total Tannin Content Research Articles

Bioactive Properties of Campomanesia lineatifolia: Correlation Between Anti-Helicobacter pylori Activity, Antioxidant Potential and Chemical Composition

Helicobacter pylori is found in the stomach of patients with chronic gastritis and peptic ulcers, infecting approximately half of the world’s population. Current treatment for H. pylori infection involves a multi-drug therapeutic regime with various adverse effects, which leads to treatment abandonment and contributes to the emergence of resistant strains of H. pylori. Previously, we demonstrated that the essential oil of Campomanesia lineatifolia leaves exhibited an anti-H. pylori activity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the phenolic content of the phenolic-rich ethanol extract (PEE) from C. lineatifolia and its anti-H. pylori and antioxidant properties. Additionally, the anti-H. pylori activity was assessed in polar and non-polar fractions from PEE, isolated myricitrin (MYR) and a mixture of myricitrin and quercitrin (MYR/QUER) from polar fractions, and aqueous extract (tea) to correlate the responsible fractions or compounds with the observed activity. Broth microdilution assays were performed to assess the anti-H. pylori activity using type cultures (ATCC 49503, NCTC 11638, both clarithromycin-sensitive) and clinical isolate strains (SSR359, clarithromycin-sensitive, and SSR366, clarithromycin-resistant). The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH assay. The total tannin and flavonoid contents were determined using the hide-powder method, the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and the aluminium chloride colourimetric assay, respectively. The tea (MIC 1:100), PEE, polar and non-polar fractions, MYR, and MYR/QUER inhibited the growth of H. pylori strains tested (MIC values ranging from 0.49 to 250 μg/mL). The antioxidant assays revealed that PEE exhibited a higher antioxidant activity (EC50 = 18.47 μg/mL), which correlated to the high phenolic content (tannin and flavonoid, 22.31 and 0.15% w/w, respectively). These findings support the traditional use of C. lineatifolia as a multitarget medicinal plant for treating gastric ulcers and reinforce the potential use of the species as a coadjuvant in therapeutic regimes involving patients with resistant H. pylori infection.

Chemosensory analysis of condensed tannins and their astringency perception in Marselan, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot red wine during winemaking

Condensed tannins are essential components in red wines, which not only contribute to their astringency effect but also determine wine quality. However, the evolution of tannins during vinification and wine aging remains unclear. Hence, this investigation analyzed the chemosensory characteristics of condensed tannins and their astringency perception in Marselan, Cabernet Sauvignon and MerlotCanalysis of condensed tannins and their astringency perception in Marselan, Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlotred wine during an industrial-scale winemaking procedure, via both non-targeted UPLC–Q-ToF and QDA techniques. The results indicated that Marselan exhibited the highest total tannins content, galloylation, prodelphinidins and astringency intensity among the three studied varieties. 13 tannins molecules were found to be the key molecule tannins (VIP>1) during Marselan aging evolution, whereas 14 and 15 molecule tannins were revealed as the key (VIP>1) in Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot wines, respectively. Furthermore, the sensory results demonstrated that, after aging for 9 months, the astringency sub-quality of Merlot wine evolved at a slower rate than the other two. Additionally, astringency intensity was significantly positively (p < 0.001) correlated with total tannins, mDP, and (E)G% for all three varieties, while astringency sub-quality was significantly negatively (p < 0.001) correlated with total tannins and (E)G%, according to a correlation analysis of chemosensory metabolomic results. For Marselan, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Merlot, respectively, DP5-C, DP1-C, and the majority of key tannins (VIP>1) significantly adversely correlate with astringency sub-quality.

Hays of Novel-Improved Legume Cultivars: Phytochemical Content and Nutritional Value.

The imperative need to produce safe foodstuffs using environmentally sustainable practices has highlighted the incorporation of legumes in human and animal diets as an emerging nutritional staple. Since legumes comprise a family of plants known to display an extensive agricultural diversity with significant bioactivities, we report herein the exploitation outcome of the nutritional and bio-functional content of hay, derived from the post-harvest aerial parts of eight novel-improved Greek cultivars belonging to the following six taxa: Larthyrus sativus L., Medicago sativa L., Cicer arietinum L., Pisum sativum L., Vicia faba L., and Phaseolus vulgaris L. In specific, the phytochemical content of their hay extracts was screened against the presence of 37 fatty acids and 67 polyphenols using, respectively, GC-FID and LC-MS/MS instruments, while the determination of their total phenolic and tannin contents was achieved with spectrophotometric methods. In this respect, the presence of 26 different fatty acids was detected of which the acids linoleic, linolenic and palmitic were traced in all extracts in concentrations exceeding the 10 mg/g, while the oleic acid was determined as the major component of C. arietinum (77.58 mg/g), V. faba (36.11 mg/g), and L. sativus (12.89 mg/g) extracts. In addition, 30 different phenolics were traced as extracts' components with the most abundant the molecule of isoquercetin, which was present in six extracts and isoliquiritigenin, calycosin, and chlorogenic acid which were detected in five extracts. Finally, the antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated by performing both DPPH• and FRAP assays, which highlighted the V. faba extract as the most potent in both tests, followed by the extracts of P. sativum and P. vulgaris. Results herein are indicative of the significant advances achieved, for the improvement of investigated plant cultivars with respect to their utilization as nutritional crops, since these novel cultivars hays have been found to contain significant amounts of essential nutrients in the form of fatty acids along with bioactive ingredients in the form of polyphenols, while simultaneously they were determined as deprived of tannins that constitute essential anti-nutritional factors.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Activity of Wild Medicinal Plants of Himalayan Range

Plants that are indigenous to the Himalayas have been exploited for their therapeutic properties for over 6,500 years. Using their deep knowledge of the local flora and fauna, traditional healers in the region are able to treat a wide variety of maladies with herbal treatments. People who live in rural areas of the Himalayas rely on wild medicinal plants for their health, and we need to do everything in our power to ensure that these plants continue to thrive in the harsh desert climate of the Himalayas. Raw materials that are obtained from wild plants are in high demand all around the world, particularly among pharmaceutical companies, ethnomedics, and practitioners of traditional medicine as well as other medical practitioners. India has been a top exporter of raw herbal medications all over the world. This is mostly due to the number of medicinal plants that can be found in the Himalayas. The aim of this study was to determine the Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of various parts of 20 selected wild medicinal plants, found in the Himalayan regions in India, China, Nepal, Bhutan and Pakistan including Swertia bimaculate, Ficus neriifolia, Rubus treutleri, Periploca calophylla, G. depressa, Buddleja napaulensis, Habenaria edgeworthii, Pyracantha crenulate, Roscoea procera, Allium rubellum, Berberis chitria, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Artemisia maritima, C. glanduliferum, C. distans, Juniperus macropoda, Origanum vulgare, Valeriana jatamansi, Polygonatum verticillatum, Meconopsis aculeate and Fragaria nubicolais. There were several different parts of the species that were examined to determine their total polyphenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, and tannin concentrations. One fraction of the plant extracts was found to contain a higher quantity of phytochemicals when compared to the other portions. Through the utilisation of the DPPH and FRAP model systems, the antioxidant capacity of a number of different components was assessed. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique can be combined with the DPPH and/or ABTS tests in order to rapidly screen extracts for the presence of active chemicals.

Kandungan Fitokimia pada Ekstrak Kulit Kayu Tingi (Ceriops tagal) dengan Proses Ultrasonikasi

Tingi (Ceriops tagal) is considered as one of the natural dyes used in textile dyeing process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of extraction duration (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 minutes) on ultrasonic extraction of tingi bark on yield value, total phenolics content, total flavonoids content, and total tannins content. The yield was calculated by drying the solution with a freezer dryer, while the phytochemical content was calculated by reading method on UV-vis spectrophotometry. The results of the experiment showed that the yield value of the duration treatment was in the range of 1.8 to 2.7%. Total phenolic content ranged from 268.1-314.1 mgGAE/g sample, total flavonoid content in the range of 68.3-87.1 mgQE/g sample, and total tannin content in the value between 244.8-338.1 mgTAE/g sample. The highest compound content was in the duration of 20 minutes.

Anabasis setifera leaf extract from arid habitat: A treasure trove of bioactive phytochemicals with potent antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of Anabasis setifera extract, including its antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. In the current study, Anabasis setifera leaves extract was evaluated for antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant activities and phytochemical analyses. Ethyl acetate extract of Anabasis setifera (EA-AS) exhibited promising antimicrobial activity toward Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, Aspergillus fumigatus with MICs 62.5, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 62.5, 125 and 125 μg/mL respectively. Moreover, EA-AS showed anticancer activity at safe concentrations, where IC50 were 36.4 and 44 μg/mL toward Hep-G2 and MCF-7 cancerous cell lines. EA-AS was found to contain 55 significant compounds identified through gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GCMS). The most abundant compounds were 1,4-dimethoxy-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-benzocycloheptenone (26.04%), hexa-2,4-diyn-1-ylbenzene (8.40%), dihydrobenzo[b]fluoranthene (6.10%), ethanone, 1-[2,3-dihydro-2-(1-methylethenyl)-5-benzofuranyl (6.10%), and valerenol (4.08%). GC mass analysis confirmed the antioxidant properties of AS by detecting several compounds with antioxidant activity, including hexa-2,4-diyn-1-ylbenzene, nerolidol, spathulenol, -naphthalenem ethanol, decahydro-4-trimethyl-8-methylene, hexadecenoic acid, tremetone, desmethoxyencecalin, heptadecyn-1-ol, thunbergol, hexadecanol, dotriacontane, taylorione, ligulatin, retinoic acid, and falcarinol. The analysis of EA-AS reveals that it is a rich source of valuable phytochemicals: total Phenolic Content: a promising 4,264 μg/mL /, suggesting substantial biological and pharmacological potential. Total tannin content: 391.17 μg/mL, indicating potential applications in industries like nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Total flavonoid content exceptionally high at 5,163 μg/mL, while the total alkaloid content measured 1,036.26 μg/mL. Additionally, EA-AS demonstrated antioxidant activity with an EC50 of 30.6 μg/mL. In conclusion, the comprehensive analysis of the EA-AS reveals its immense potential as a rich source of valuable phytochemicals with diverse bioactivities, warranting further in-depth studies to unlock its full pharmaceutical and commercial prospects. Our results suggest substantial biological and pharmacological prospects for EA-AS as a promising antimicrobial, anticancer, and potent antioxidant.

Bioactive phytocompounds profiling and the evaluation of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic potential of Argyreia capitiformis (Poir.) Ooststr.: A combined in vitro, in vivo, and computational investigations

Ethnopharmacological relevanceArgyreia capitiformis (Poir.) Ooststr. (Convolvulaceae) is traditionally used by the Chakma community in the hilly region of Bangladesh to treat minor disorders such as pain. Aim of the studyThis study intended to determine the secondary metabolites to identify bioactive compounds and evaluate antioxidant potential, in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antihyperglycemic activities of A. capitiformis along with in silico investigations. Materials and methodsChemical profiling was carried out using HPLC and GC-MS analysis. The analgesic effect was measured employing tail immersion and acetic acid-induced writhing methods. Following protein denaturation and formalin-induced paw edema, anti-inflammatory activity was studied. The antihyperglycemic potential was assessed using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), while further mechanistic investigation was conducted using an alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory assay. Simulations and molecular docking analyses were performed to ascertain the stability and binding affinities of the drug-protein complex. ResultsA. capitiformis ethanolic extract confirmed the presence of phenolics, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, gums, steroids, and reducing sugars. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of eight polyphenolic compounds, the most abundant of which was myricetin (64.10 ± 0.14 mg per 100 g dry extract). Moreover, the GC-MS analysis revealed twenty-four molecules, the most important of which was 2,4-bis (dimethylbenzyl)-6-t-butylphenol (9.19%). The concentrations of total flavonoids, total terpenoids, total phenolics, and total tannins were ascertained to be 142.48 mg QE/g, 173.1 mg UAE/g, 19.35 mg GAE/g, and 13.05 mg GAE/g, respectively. Furthermore, the plant extract had a total antioxidant capacity of 388 mg AAE/g. In the writhing assay, the plant extract suppressed writhing by 59.73% and 76.99% at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, compared to the standard diclofenac Na 87.17%, and in the tail immersion assay, the plant extract displayed a maximum average reaction time of 1.94 and 2.40 s at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively as compared to the control tramadol 2.84 s at 60 min. In an in vitro anti-inflammatory assay, the plant extract possessed an IC50 of 95.51 μg/ml while diclofenac Na (standard drug) was found to be 69.50 μg/ml. Afterward, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity was observed in mice over a period, particularly after 3 h, the plant extract exerted maximum percent inflammation inhibitions of 36.36% and 45.45% at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively whereas ibuprofen the standard drug (100 mg/kg) exhibited 61.82%. The plant extract demonstrated antihyperglycemic activity, lowering blood sugar levels to 5.7 and 4.62 mM at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, respectively, as opposed to 8.58 mM in the control group. Meanwhile, the standard drug glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) dropped blood glucose levels to 2.38 mM in 60 min after glucose administration. Molecular docking (MD) and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) studies support the stability of the protein complex responsible for exerting pharmacological activities. ConclusionA. capitiformis extract exhibited strong medicinal values supporting its traditional uses.

Study of the Phenolic Compounds and Biological Activities of the Wild Fruits of Vaccinium leucanthum Schltdl.

Around 450 species of blueberries of the genus Vaccinium are known, of which some have gained preferential breeding, such as the ‘Biloxi’ variety. Some little studied species, such as Vaccinium leucanthum Schltdl. located in Mexico, could be a potential source of bioactive compounds. In this study, the phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid content, hyperoside, phenols, flavonoids, tannins and total anthocyanins content) as well as the potential biological activity (antioxidant, antimicrobial, xanthine oxidase converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin I inhibition) of Vaccinium leucanthum Schltdl. were studied, making a comparison with the Biloxi variety, which is the most widely cultivated one. The extract of V. leucanthum showed the highest content of flavonoids (4.853 ± 0.341 mg QE/g DW), total anthocyanins (0.303 ± 0.008 mg CGE/g DW), petunidin-3-glucoside (6.92 ± 0.12 mg PGE/g DW), malvidin-3-glucoside (11.80 ± 0.10 mg MGE/g DW) and hyperoside (5.137 ± 0.100 mg HE/g DW). It should be noted that V. leucanthum showed the same total tannin content and the same efficacy in the inhibition of Angiotensin I-converting enzyme as ‘Biloxi’, as well as the same antibacterial effect against the enterobacteria Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 12022, Escherichia coli ATCC 12792and Shigella flexneri ATCC 10708. These findings demonstrate that V. leucanthum extracts could be an important source of preservatives as well as nutraceutical compounds for use in foods and medicines.

Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Properties of Bauhinia rufescens, Ocimum basilicum and Salvadora persica, Used as Medicinal Plants in Chad

The plants Bauhinia rufescens, Ocimum basilicum and Salvadora persica are well known in traditional African medicine, and particularly in traditional Chadian medicine. They are commonly used to treat infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, fevers, gastroenteritis and other medical conditions. The aim of this study was to perform a phytochemical screening to determine the antioxidant properties of different extracts and fractions from the three plants. Ethanolic extracts and solvent fractions were prepared and analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total tannin content (TTC). LC-MS and an online screening HPLC-ABTS system identified phytochemicals with antioxidant activities. DPPH and ABTS reduction methods were used to test the extracts and fractions for their antioxidant potential. The results showed that the TPC of O. basilicum was higher than that of B. rufescens, ranging from 64.70 ± 5.2 to 411.16 ± 8.11 mgGAE/g DW. B. rufescens extracts and fractions, on the other hand, showed higher TFC, ranging from 69.5 ± 5.3 to 408.26 ± 8.42 mgQE/g DW, and higher TTC, ranging from 4.57 ± 2.45 to 62.19 ± 4.7 mgTAE/g DW. The maximum TPC, TFC and TTC in both plants were recorded in the ethyl acetate fractions. S. persica extracts and fractions showed a very low quantity of TPC, TFC and TTC. Based on LC-MS and HPLC-ABTS analysis, rosmarinic acid was identified as the major component in the extracts and all fractions of O. basilicum, and epicatechin, procyanidin B and quercetin were found in B. rufescens. S. persica did not exhibit specific substances with antioxidant activity and was therefore not considered for further assays. DPPH and ABTS results showed that ethyl acetate fractions of B. rufescens and O. basilicum have the strongest antioxidant activities. This study indicates that B. rufescens and O. basilicum are good sources of phytochemicals with antioxidant properties, suitable for medicinal use in Chadian communities. Additionally, the antioxidant-rich extracts from these plants hold significant potential for cosmetic development, enhancing skin health and protecting against oxidative-stress-induced damage.

Evaluation of the Secondary Metabolites and Bioactivity of South African Bulbine Natalensis Under Simultaneous Elevated Carbon Dioxide and Temperatures

The secondary metabolism in medicinal plants are responsible for their protection against environmental factors and the health-promoting benefits they provide to users. The purpose of this study was to assess the responses of the secondary metabolic system of B. natalensis and its influence on the antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The phytochemical analyses, antioxidant and antibacterial assays were conducted from using harvested leaves, underground stems and roots from whole plants exposed to simultaneous elevated CO2 and temperatures over eight days in a heatwave simulation. Most of the phytochemical groups were present in the leaves, however majority of the tested compounds had consistent presence throughout the plants in all treatments. The underground stems possessed a greater total phenolic, tannin and proanthocyanidin contents than the leaves and roots under elevated CO2 and temperatures. The leaves had a comparatively better antioxidant activity from the treatment than control. Overall, there was consistency in the antibacterial activity in both control and experimental conditions. The tannins and phenolics had greater concentrations throughout the plants under elevated conditions overall, which could indicate their leading role in plant defence and the improvement and maintenance of the medicinal activity of B. natalensis. The responses of the plant parts of B. natalensis under elevated CO2 and temperatures provides newfound insights on the physiological roles plant organs play on the overall productivity and medicinal activity of the species.

Productivity and nitrogen metabolism of lactating cows fed pistachio hull with soybean meal partially replaced by slow-release urea.

Pistachio hull (PH), a rich source of tannin, may interact with nitrogen (N) and affect N metabolism in dairy cows. This investigation aimed to assess the effects of feeding PH and two N sources (soybean meal: SBM or slow-release urea: SRU) on milk production, digestibility, and N metabolism in lactating dairy cows. The study utilized a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 12 Holstein dairy cows (body weight = 611 ± 39kg; 84 ± 14 days in milk; 45.6 ± 5.3kg/d milk), with treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial configuration. The main factors were (1) the tannin source [without or with dried PH included at 76.5g/kg of diet DM] and (2) two N sources [SBM vs. SRU]. Crude protein and total phenolic and tannin contents were greater, but NDF was lower in PH than in sugar beet pulp. Feeding diets containing 7.65% PH resulted in reductions in milk yield, milk urea N, and milk efficiency but milk fat and protein concentration increased. Milk yield was similar between SBM and SRU. Feeding PH in replacement to sugar beet pulp did not interact with N sources, except for feed intake, as the PH + SRU diet tended to decrease feed intake (P = 0.09). Feeding PH was also associated with decreased dry matter, crude protein, and NDF digestibility. Dry matter digestibility decreased when a portion of SBM was replaced by SRU. Feeding PH in replacement to sugar beet pulp lowered ruminal ammonia-N concentration and increased acetate-to-propionate proportion. Feeding PH vs. sugar beet pulp had no effect on N intake and N excretion in urine and milk, but it increased the amount of N excretion in feces and decreased apparent N efficiency (milk N/N intake). Alanine aminotransferase was lower in cows fed SRU only in PH- but not sugar beet pulp-containing diets. Blood creatinine was lower when SRU was included in the PH-containing diet, but the opposite was observed in diets containing sugar beet pulp. Feeding PH instead of sugar beet pulp did not affect blood urea-N but resulted in lower glucose and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations. Overall, cows fed PH in replacement to sugar beet pulp were less efficient in converting feed nutrients into milk production, likely because of its negative effect on nutrient digestion. Partial replacement of SBM with SRU had no influence on lactation productivity and urea-N concentration in milk and blood. This may imply the suitability of SRU in providing a sustained supply of N in the rumen, likely qualifying it as a viable source of N to replace a portion of SBM in dairy diets.

Assessment of Phytochemical Characteristics of Walnut (Juglans regia) Leaves: Determination of Nutritional Value and Quantitative Content of Phenolic Compounds

This study aimed to assess the nutritional value of walnut leaves (Juglans regia), investigate the content of major polyphenolic compounds in walnut leaves, and assess the potential of walnut leaves as a phytogenic supplement to poultry diets. The nutritional composition of dried ground walnut leaves (crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin E, b-carotene) was assessed according to generally accepted methods. The quantitative content of individual groups of polyphenols, such as total phenols, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, and juglon, was determined spectrophotometrically. The content of the sum of tannins was determined by the titrimetric method. Walnut leaves contain a high content of b-carotene (295.0 μg/g) and natural antioxidant vitamin E (128.8 μg/g). The protein content was noted at the level of 12.5%, the fiber content - 12.86%. In a significant amount, calcium and phosphorus accumulated in walnut leaves - 2.04% and 0.23%, respectively. The content of the total hydroxycoric acids in terms of chlorogenic acid in walnut leaves was 24.3 mg/g, the total content of phenolic compounds in gallic acid equivalent was 14.4 mg/g, flavonoids in rutin equivalent was 20.2 mg/g, and juglone was 2.72 mg/g. The content of total tannins in walnut leaves was 124.5 mg/g. The high nutritional value of walnut leaves compared to alfalfa meal and the presence of a number of biologically active polyphenolic compounds in a significant amount give grounds to consider this phyto-raw material not only as a valuable feed component, but also as a source of natural antioxidants.

Enzyme Inhibitory Activities, Phenolic Profile, and In Silico Studies of Sorbus torminalis Tree Bark Methanol Extract.

The different parts of Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz are used in traditional medicine for various conditions such as cardiac diseases, cough, and diabetes, indicating its significant medicinal potential. Therefore, the current investigation aimed to reveal the phenolic composition of the poorly studied S. torminalis methanol extract of the bark, as well as its capacity to inhibit enzymes relevant to cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and metabolic diseases. A total of 28 phenolic components, including 20 procyanidins aglycones (A- and B-type), four procyanidin glycosides, catechin and its glycoside, and two (epi)catechin derivatives, were detected using LC-MS. The contents of total polyphenols (6.22 %), total tannins (3.04 %), condensed tannins (0.70 %), and total flavonoids (0.24 %) were determined spectrophotometrically, highlighting the considerable phenolic richness of the examined plant material. The concentration-dependent ability to inhibit α-amylase (IC50=130 μg /mL), α-glucosidase (IC50=312.13 μg /mL), acetylcholinesterase (IC50=156.46 μg /mL), butyrylcholinesterase (IC50=217.68 μg /mL), and angiotensin-converting enzyme (IC50=36.77 μg /mL) was demonstrated in vitro. The in silico approach showed that catechin, procyanidin B2 and C1, S. torminalis bark constituents, can form stable complexes with the target enzymes but with different binding affinity. The results supported the medicinal potential of S. torminalis bark and significantly expanded our knowledge of its chemistry, justifying further research.

ANALISIS KADAR TANIN DAUN GAYAM (Inocarpus fagifer Fosb.) PADA KETINGGIAN TEMPAT YANG BERBEDA

Background: Gayam (Inocarpus fagifer Fosb.) contains natural chemicals in the form of primary metabolites which play an important role in the survival of the style plant, not only primary metabolites, but the style plant contains secondary metabolites which are beneficial for the survival of the style plant in its environment Methods: The aim of this research was to determine the tannin content of gayam leaves at different altitudes. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative and qualitative with a sampling technique using purposive sampling. Results: The results of the research show that based on photochemical tests, gayam leaves in Negeri Ema and Airlouw Hamlet contain tannin compounds. The total tannin content in Negeri Ema was 1.3956 mgTAE/g, while Airlouw Hamlet was 1.5484 mgTAE/g, which means the tannin content was higher in Airlouw Hamlet. The implication of the research results for biology learning is by creating a practical guide for biochemistry courses Conclusion: the tannin content of Gayam (Inocarpus fagifer Fosb.) leaves in Negeri Ema (highlands) is 1.3956 mgTAE/g, while the tannin content of Gayam (Inocarpus fagifer Fosb.) leaves in Air Louw Hamlet (lowlands) is 1.5484 mgTAE/g. So the tannin content in the lowlands is greater than the tannin content in the highlands

Molecular docking analysis of Salvia sclarea flower extracts evaluated for protein target affinity based on different extraction methods

AbstractThis study evaluates the antioxidant activity and total phenolic, flavonoid, flavonol, and tannin contents of extracts obtained from the flower parts of Salvia sclarea using different extraction methods, such as maceration and rotavapor (RE). The results indicate that the maceration method yields extracts with higher antioxidant activity compared to the rotavapor method (DPPH IC50: 260.70 ± 65.41 mg/mL vs. 345.48 ± 27.91 mg/mL). Additionally, the maceration method produces higher values in terms of total phenolic (26.4 ± 7.78 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoid (10.44 ± 0.21 mg QE/g extract), flavonol (9.20 ± 0.84 mg QE/g extract), and tannin contents (8.36 ± 0.39 mg GAE/g extract), whereas the RE method shows lower values (phenolics: 19.8 ± 3.31 mg GAE/g extract, flavonoids: 10.35 ± 0.35 mg QE/g extract, flavanol's: 5.45 ± 0.01 mg QE/g extract, and tannins: 7.72 ± 0.10 mg GAE/g extract). The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of the extracts identified various bioactive compounds. Molecular docking studies revealed that Terpinen‐4‐ol obtained through maceration exhibits a strong binding affinity to a specific protein target, indicating potential biological activity. The predicted pharmacokinetic (ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion)) parameters for Terpinen‐4‐ol suggest favorable absorption and central nervous system (CNS) penetration, while Squalene obtained through maceration shows different pharmacokinetic properties. S. sclarea highlights significant antioxidant potential and provides insight into the bioactive compounds obtained through different extraction methods. To further investigate the potential biological interactions arising from these differences, molecular docking studies were conducted.

In Vitro Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect of Etlingera Elatior Ethanol Extract Growing in Gayo Highland, Aceh Province, Indonesia.

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing overtime, potentially leading to various severe health complications and mortality. Despite therapeutic agents have currently been developed, unexpected adverse effects are inevitable. Hence, safe and effective medications such as those of plant origin are critical to prevent unexpected complication in DM sufferers. Etlingera elatior has been widely used as spice and traditional medicine to treat diabetes in Aceh Province, Indonesia. However, study regarding α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of E. elatior growing in Gayo highlands, Aceh, Indonesia, is completely lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of E. elatior ethanol extracts (EEEE) growing in Gayo highlands, Aceh Province, Indonesia. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH procedure, whereas α-glucosidase inhibition assay was carried out using spectrophotometric method. Data analysis was performed using One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan's multiple range test at α=0.05. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of total phenolic (TPC), total flavonoid (TFC), and total tannin (TTC) content in all E. elatior plant parts, in which the highest TPC was found in the stem (158.38 GAE/g), whereas the highest TFC and TTC was obtained in the rhizome extracts. The extract of fruit showed the strongest antioxidant activities, followed by the stem and leaf, with IC 50 of 2.381 μg/mL, 6.966 μg/mL, and 19.365 μg/mL, respectively. All E. elatior extracts revealed a significant inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase at the concentration of 500 μg/mL, in which the stem extract showed the most effective α-glucosidase inhibitory effect with IC 50 value of 5.15 μg/mL, suggesting its promising potential as antidiabetic agent. This study highlights E. elatior potency as a novel source of antioxidant and natural antidiabetic compounds that are useful for the prevention and treatment of diabetes.

Evaluating polyphenol and ascorbic acid contents, tannin removal ability, and physical properties during hydrolysis and convective hot-air drying of cashew apple powder

Abstract Cashew apple is a source of by-products in the cashew industry. Powder products provide convenience to the process of use, transport, and preservation of nutrients. In this study, the production of soluble powder from cashew apples was developed through the investigation of hydrolysis process (time, temperature, and enzyme tannase) and convective drying conditions (temperature and maltodextrin content). The following indicators are evaluated, such as the total polyphenol content (TPC), total tannin content, total ascorbic acid, solubility, turbidity, and color. The results have shown that TPC increased by 1.67 times, and more than 50% of tannins was removed after the hydrolysis process. At the same time, the efficiency of the process over 30% under all processing conditions was evaluated. These results are the foundation for the development of cashew apple powder and related products, thereby improving the economy of the cashew industry in Vietnam and the world.

Anti-nutrient factors, nutritional components, and antioxidant activities of faba beans (Vicia faba L.) as affected by genotype, seed traits, and their interactions

This study explored how genotype, seed color, and seed weight affect major biochemical components in 95 faba bean accessions. Genotype variation significantly affected convicine, total tannin (TTC), total saponin, and total phenol (TPC) contents. Seed color and weight variations affected several parameters, with their interaction significantly affecting convicine, total vicine-convicine content (TVC), TTC, total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and antioxidant activities. Genotype interaction with seed weight and seed color also significantly affected convicine, TVC, TPC, oleic acid, linoleic acid, PUFA, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. Vicine, dietary fiber, total fat, crude protein, palmitic acid, and stearic acid contents remain unaffected by these factors. Multivariate analysis showed that brown and small beans had distinctive characteristics. Overall, this study demonstrated the connection between biochemical components, genotype, and seed traits in faba beans. Therefore, these factors should be considered when choosing faba bean genotypes for use in the food industry and breeding programs.

Application and valorization of novel indigenous Azadirachta indica leaf in leather processing

This study investigated the viability of locally available organic sources of Azadirachta indica leaf as vegetable tannin agent in leather processing to promote green leather manufacturing. Leather tanned with Azadirachta indica leaf powder (NPT), extract (NET) and conventional vegetable tanned leather (CVT) was characterized with FTIR, DLS, HPLC, DSC, TGA, and SEM. Total soluble solid, pH, tannin content, and tanning strength of Azadirachta indica leaf extract were found to be 24 %, 4.81, 12.34 % and 1.81 respectively. Moisture content, fat content, and water-soluble content of Azadirachta indica leaf extract tanned leather (NET) were 12.26 %, 10.8 % and 7.2 % respectively. The shrinkage temperature, tensile strength, stitch tear strength, grain crack load, and finished film bond strength of NET leather were 86 °C, 282.52 kg/cm2, 139.53 kg/cm, 24 kg, and 414 g/cm respectively. NET leather exhibited better anti-microbial sensitivity against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa than NPT and NET leather. Overall, the experimental results of this study indicate the A. indica leaf could serve as a prime renewable tanning agent, substituting hazardous chromium and imported conventional vegetable tannin chemicals in leather manufacturing. Thus, developed A. indica leaf tannin material from plant sources could provide sustainable leather production, contributing to eco-friendly and viable green leather processing options.

Evaluation of in vitro antidiabetic and anti-microbial activity of edible red seaweed Pyropia vietnamensis

IntroductionDiabetes is one of the top ten leading causes of mortality in the world with an incidence rate of 422 million. The current study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic activity of edible red seaweed Pyropia vietnamensis.Materials and methodsCrude extract was subjected to UV–visible light spectroscopy, phytochemical screening, quantification of total tannin content, DPPH free radical scavenging, alpha amylase inhibition assay, antimicrobial activity, and glucose uptake potential by yeast cell assay.ResultsThe phytochemicals study revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, lignins, saponins, and further, total tannin content was estimated to be 3.86 ± 0.00378 mg/g. The methanolic extract of Pyropia vietnamensis displayed the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity of 35.19% at 100 µg/mL. The alpha-amylase inhibition potential of the extract showed 11.5% at 400 and 13.5% at 500 µg/mL. Glucose utilization of yeast cells treated with extract with different (5, 15, and 25 mM) glucose concentrations showed a linear increase in the glucose uptake percent. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Pyropia vietnamensis extract against E. coli MTCC-443 and S. aureus MTCC-96 was found to be 250 mg/mL and 125 mg/mL respectively. The uptake percent was 31.7, 29.5, and 38.27% for 5, 15, and 25 mM glucose concentrations respectively, exhibiting its ability to transport glucose across the yeast cell membrane. The toxicity study resulted in a more than 60% cell survival rate in all the concentrations, proving its safety for human consumption.ConclusionThe result of the study concludes that Pyropia vietnamensis could be utilized as a functional food due to its dietary source for treating diabetic conditions naturally. Further research can be done to evaluate the potential of diabetic mouse (in vivo) conditions.