Abstract Textile industries contribute significantly to the global economy; however, they pose a serious environmental threat due to the discharge of undesired dye runoff and intensely colored effluent. This study evaluates and compares various textile wastewater treatment strategies, including biological, physical, and integrated systems. Out of fourteen bacterial isolates, a newly isolated strain, Staphylococcus auricularis TWD11, and a bacterial consortium, TWDcon, exhibited the highest decolorization efficiencies. The optimized parameters yielded decolorization rates of 83.50 ± 0.51% and 68.02 ± 0.10%, respectively. When ionizing irradiation was applied, increasing the dosage from 4 to 20 kGy raised the decolorization rate from 43.91 ± 6.48 to 79.51 ± 0.01% via gamma irradiation, while electron beam irradiation enhanced the decolorization potential from 54.03 ± 1.04 to 93.09 ± 1.01%. In terms of efficiency, safety, reusability, and economic feasibility, complementary integrated systems were studied. In the suggested system, undiluted effluent was exposed to electron beam irradiation (4 kGy) during the primary stage, followed by a secondary biological treatment using optimized Staphylococcus auricularis TWD11, and finally passing through a tertiary treatment process in which wastewater traversed a low-cost multi-media filter. Integrated system treatment achieved decreases in chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and color by 96%, 93%, 97.80%, 81.70%, and 99.20%, respectively. Post-treatment, degradation metabolites were examined using ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and toxicity assessment. Complementary integration systems provide a sustainable, efficient, and safe biotechnological solution for textile effluent remediation.

The impacts of land use on stormwater runoff quality and Best Management Practices to mitigate these impacts have been investigated since the 1970s, yet challenges remain in providing a modeling approach that concomitantly considers contributions from different land use types. In densely developed urban areas, a buildup/washoff approach is often applied, while in rural areas, some type of erosion modeling is employed, as the processes of detachment, entrainment, and transport are fundamentally different. This study presents a coupled modeling approach within PCSWMM, integrating exponential buildup/washoff for impervious surfaces with the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) for pervious areas, including construction sites, to characterize water quality in the large mixed urban–rural Sparrovale catchment in Geelong, Australia. The watershed includes an innovative cascading system of 12 online NbS wetlands along one of the main tributaries, Armstrong Creek, to manage runoff quantity and quality, as well as 16 offline NbS wetlands that are tributary to the online system. A total of 78 samples for Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Total Phosphorus (TP), and Total Nitrogen (TN) were collected from six monitoring sites along Armstrong Creek during wet- and dry-weather events between May and July 2024 for model validation. The data were supplemented with six other catchment stormwater quality datasets collected during earlier studies, which provided an understanding of water quality status for the broader Geelong region. Results showed that average nutrient concentrations across all the sites ranged from 0.44 to 2.66 mg/L for TP and 0.69 to 5.7 mg/L for TN, spanning from within to above the ecological threshold ranges for eutrophication risk (TP: 0.042 to 1 mg/L, TN: 0.3 to 1.5 mg/L). In the study catchment, upstream wetlands reduced pollutant levels; however, downstream wetlands that received runoff from agriculture, residential areas, and, importantly, construction sites, showed a substantial increase in sediment and nutrient concentration. Water quality modeling revealed washoff parameters primarily influenced concentrations from established urban neighborhoods, whereas erosion parameters substantially impacted total pollutant loads for the larger system, demonstrating the importance of integrated modeling for capturing pollutant dynamics in heterogeneous, urbanizing catchments. The study results emphasize the need for spatially targeted management strategies to improve stormwater runoff quality and also show the potential for cascading wetlands to be an important element of the Nature-based Solution (NbS) runoff management system.

The Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) is an internationally significant region for agricultural production and biodiversity, yet it faces escalating challenges to its water resources. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) represent a critical water quality parameter within this complex deltaic system, with profound implications for its ecological integrity and socio-economic activities. TSS in the VMD originate from a combination of natural processes, such as riverbank erosion and sediment resuspension and increasingly dominant anthropogenic activities, including intensive agriculture, aquaculture, urban and industrial wastewater discharge, upstream hydropower dam development leading to sediment trapping and localized sand mining. Elevated TSS concentrations and alterations in sediment composition directly degrade water quality by increasing turbidity, reducing light penetration essential for aquatic photosynthesis and acting as a transport mechanism for nutrients and various contaminants, including heavy metals and pesticides. These TSS-induced changes in water quality have substantial adverse consequences for key water uses. Agricultural productivity is affected through impacts on irrigation infrastructure and alterations to soil fertility due to reduced beneficial sediment deposition. Aquaculture operations face challenges related to fish and shrimp health, pond management and overall productivity. The suitability of surface water for domestic supply is compromised, necessitating more complex and costly treatment processes and posing potential health risks. Furthermore, TSS contributes to the degradation of aquatic ecosystem health by altering habitats, affecting biodiversity and disrupting fundamental ecological processes. The cumulative effect of these impacts, particularly the long-term reduction in sediment delivery to the delta, also threatens the VMD's geomorphological stability in the face of land subsidence and sea-level rise. Understanding and effectively managing TSS loads and their sources are therefore paramount for the sustainable development and environmental protection of the VMD.

The research was carried out in two stages. First, the electrocoagulation process was performed using aluminium electrodes with electric current settings of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 amperes and contact times of 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes. Second, the ozonation process was conducted with contact time variations of 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes. The analysed parameters were TSS, COD, and colour, and the data were further evaluated using ANOVA to determine the statistical significance of the treatment factors. The combination of electrocoagulation and ozonation demonstrates significant potential as an alternative method for reducing pollutant load in batik wastewater, particularly by lowering Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and colour. The electrocoagulation process achieved 98% TSS reduction and 67% COD reduction. Subsequently, ozonation further enhanced treatment efficiency, resulting in an impressive 93% reduction in COD and 37% reduction in colour. These promising results highlight the combined method's capability to support more environmentally friendly wastewater treatment efforts. Contribution to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):SDG 6: Clean Water and SanitationSDG 9: Industry, Innovation, and InfrastructureSDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production

In rural areas, unpaved roads can drive water quality degradation via sediment inputs. Excess sediment loss from poorly maintained unpaved roads to adjacent waterways blocks sunlight, decreasing primary productivity and increasing nutrient concentrations. This is particularly relevant to Arkansas, where 85% of county roads are unpaved; however, few studies have explored the impacts of unpaved roads in rural watersheds dominated by pasture. We sampled Brush Creek (Arkansas) to understand local (i.e., road crossing type) and watershed-scale (e.g., land cover/use) controls on sediment loss. We collected monthly baseflow and four opportunistic storm flow samples for total suspended solids (TSS) upstream and downstream at bridge, culvert, and direct stream crossings. Mean TSS yields downstream versus upstream of road crossings were comparable, especially at bridge and culvert sites, indicating these road crossings may not be critical TSS sources. At the watershed scale, TSS load showed increasing trends as both total length of unpaved roads and area of pastureland in a subwatershed increased (linear mixed effects; β=0.03, R2=0.41, p>0.1; β=0.67, R2=0.42, p=0.07, respectively). Moreover, TSS yields were higher during stormflow than baseflow (26.87±6.82vs. 0.38±0.04kg km-2 day-1; unpaired t-test, p<0.01). Finally, seasonality influenced local and watershed patterns of TSS loss via variation in transport controls, including wet season conditions, discharge rates, and overland flow. Our findings indicate watershed-scale characteristics are key contributors to sediment loss in rural watersheds. Targeted best management practice implementation should focus on unpaved roads and pasturelands during key transport periods to effectively protect downstream water quality.

ABSTRACTStudies evaluating the sedimentation of solid particles in carwash wastewater (CWW) are scarce. This research is innovative because it is the first to study solid sedimentation specifically in CWW. The motivation lies in the fact that existing parameters (for sanitary sewage) are inadequate due to the peculiar physicochemical characteristics of CWW. This study evaluated the settleability of solids present in CWW, aiming to generate empirically validated parameters to support the optimized design of sedimentation units. Granulometric characterization of the settleable material and column settling tests for total suspended solids (TSS) were performed. The granulometric analysis of the settleable solids revealed a predominance of the sandy fraction (D90% = 1.1 mm), with an average of 87.44%. This characteristic confirms the coarse texture of the retained material and its high sedimentation velocity during the first hour. The column settling tests for TSS demonstrated highly variable removal efficiency, which did not directly correlate with the initial concentration of solids or with rainfall conditions. Results indicated the need for hybrid sedimentation models to adequately represent TSS sedimentation. A surface application rate of 1.5 m·h−1 is suggested, which corresponds to an average TSS removal efficiency of approximately 80%. The adoption of specific design parameters for CWW provides greater reliability in the sizing of treatment units, supporting both operational efficiency and the economic viability of the system.

Environmental predictors of chaetognaths assemblages near Dajin Island: Insights from correlation analysis, random forest and generalized additive models.

Total suspended solids as a simplified metric for predicting optimized dissolved oxygen in wastewater treatment: Comparing process-based and artificial neural network models

Coupled organic matter degradation and dynamic extracellular polysaccharide turnover by an alkaline microalgae-cyanobacteria consortium treating maize lime cooking wastewater.

Total suspended solids induced gill oxidative damage and inflammation in tilapia: Reversibility upon transition to clear-water systems revealed by integrated transcriptomics and histopathology

Abstract Euglena gracilis is a photosynthetic, acidophilic flagellate, also classified as a microalga, growing also in mixotrophic conditions. It can accumulate high-value molecules, but its production is very expensive, especially due to the cost of the required carbon source. The present work was carried out to optimize at lab-scale (4 L photobioreactors, 1.5 L working volume) the batch cultivation of Euglena on industrial residues from a firm producing food commodities. The effluent from the anaerobic digestion of the liquid residues was used and mixed with a sugar-rich vinasse. In the first tests different working pH, acidifying agents, stirring methods and vinasse concentrations were tested. After selecting the best operation parameters among them, different kinds and intensity of light were tested, as well as different cultivation times. As the aim of Euglena production is to use its biomass in pet feed formulations, it was also important to check contamination, especially by eumycetes, which find favourable growth conditions in the presence of nutrients and sugars and at low pH. The best results were obtained in batch, at pH 5, with the mix of UASB effluent and 2.5 % of vinasse, using purple light, provided by means of LED strips at 50 µmol/m 2 /s. The maximum TSS concentration was 1.14 g/L, after 72 h, with a paramylon content total of 28 %. COD removal efficiency, on the contrary, reached the maximum value of 78 % at 144 h and N removal did not vary between 72 and 144 h. The content of pigments also increased between 72 and 144 h. In the selected optimal condition, no significant contamination occurred. The use of UASB effluent enriched with vinasse as substrate proved to be a good, reliable and economic option for Euglena cultivation whose performances were comparable or even better than reported for synthetic, sterilized substrates, and occurred when using the lower intensity of purple light.

Ammonia (NH3) recovery from animal manure offers both environmental and economic benefits by reducing nitrogen emissions and producing valuable fertilisers. Hollow fibre membrane contactors (HFMCs) are a promising technology for this purpose, yet their performance is strongly influenced by the complex composition of manure. In this study, the effects of solids concentration and organic foulants concentration on the mass transfer coefficients governing NH3 recovery were systematically investigated. Total suspended solids (TSS) were reduced through graded filtration, and protein concentrations in the ammonium solutions were quantified to assess their role in limiting mass transfer. Results showed that TSS concentration primarily affected the shell-side film resistance. After extensive filtration, residual proteins attached to the membrane surface induced partial wetting, thereby reducing the effective membrane mass transfer coefficient. Using a penalty function approach, it was possible to separately describe TSS- and protein-related resistances, enabling improved prediction of effective model coefficients under real world conditions. These findings highlight the dual importance of solid–liquid separation and protein management in optimising HFMC operation for NH3 recovery and provide a framework for up-scaling the technology in agricultural nutrient management systems.

Abstract Industrial pollution represents a critical threat to freshwater ecosystems, particularly in regions where rivers serve multiple socio-economic functions. The Nile River in Aswan Governorate, southern Egypt, is a vital source of drinking water, irrigation, fisheries, and tourism, yet it is increasingly exposed to untreated industrial effluents. This study assessed the spatial extent and intensity of such pollution using geographic information system (GIS)-based spatial interpolation alongside two comprehensive indices: the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI) and the canadian water quality index (CWQI). Findings revealed distinct pollution hotspots near major industrial discharge areas, where water quality was classified as poor to very poor (WAWQI: 52.6–127.4; CWQI: 74.2–68.3). In contrast, upstream and downstream zones more distant from effluent sources exhibited good water quality (WAWQI: 24.5–38.1; CWQI: 93.69–85.52). The most degraded sites were characterized by elevated concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (13.1–59.6 mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (7.67–36.5 mg/L), total suspended solids (4.67–13.1 mg/L), turbidity (6.01–17.1 NTU), total nitrogen (1.13–3.35 mg/L), and phenol (8.01–10.10 µg/L). These results highlight the ecological vulnerability of the Nile River in Aswan to industrial activities, with direct implications for ecosystem health and resource sustainability. They also underscore the limitations of relying solely on traditional water quality monitoring without spatial analysis, as GIS-based interpolation proved critical in detecting pollution gradients beyond sampling sites. The study supports the enforcement of Egypt’s Law 48/1982 on water protection and contributes to global sustainable development goals, particularly SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), and SDG 14 (Life Below Water).

Because Hospital Wastewater (HWW) is a complex mixture of chemicals, pharmaceutical residues, radioisotopes, and pathogens, it poses a serious environmental risk. Especially during epidemics, its unregulated discharge can contaminate water supplies and promote the spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, and persistent organic pollutants, which are present even at low concentrations but have high hazardous potential, are examples of these emerging contaminants, widespread in both developed and developing countries. Aquatic ecosystems are disrupted by the multitude of macro-pollutants (heavy metals, hormones, detergents) and micro-pollutants such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), and nitrogen found in HWW. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) have become an increasingly popular technique for degrading harmful pollutants. Even though lab results are encouraging, further study is required before widespread application. This review discusses published research on AOPs for emerging pollutants in HWW, highlighting gaps in detection, optimization, and practical implementation, and emphasizing how future studies in these areas could help protect water resources and improve HWW management.

The coastal waters of Qatar are vital for the environment, economy and health but they are impacted by anthropogenic and natural factors. Among other parameters, Total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, temperature, pH, salinity and dissolved oxygen (DO) are important parameters in the determination of quality of coastal waters. This study aims to determine the spatial and temporal variations in these parameters in coastal waters of Qatar. The observations were conducted monthly between 2022 to 2023 and focused on selected sites, using multiprobe sensors to record temperature, pH, turbidity and salinity. The results showed that there were no significant differences (P&amp;lt;0.05) between the seven study sites with respect to temperature and TSS. The mean temperature range across all sites was 27.22±5.96°C to 28.40±5.97°C, while the mean TSS range was 4.64±3.32 mg/L to 6.64±6.15 mg/L. Results also suggested that there were significant differences (P&amp;lt;0.05) in salinity, pH, DO and turbidity across these study sites. There were significant seasonal differences (P&amp;lt;0.05) in water quality parameters. Temperature and salinity levels were highest during the fall and summer seasons, while pH and DO levels were highest during the spring season. Turbidity was highest during winter. There are complex relationships between water quality parameters and changes in one parameter could impact others. These results have implications for the management of coastal resources in Qatar, as they highlight the need to consider multiple factors when assessing the water quality. This study suggests that the water quality parameters are influenced by multiple factors, including proximity to some Arabian Gulf regions, urbanization and coastal erosion. These observations highlight the need for comprehensive management strategies to address the pertinent issues and protect the coastal water quality in Qatar.

Wastewater stabilization ponds (WSPs) are widely used in the tropics for sewage wastewater treatment because they are inexpensive to operate. However, they have been associated as being point sources of pollution to the environment. The purpose of this study was to assess Suneka WSP's wastewater treatment efficiency. Sampling was done from May to August 2021. Dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) were measured in situ using YSI multi-parameter probe model 35C. Ex situ analyses of nutrients, total suspended solids (TSS), total and fecal coliforms (TC and FC), and chlorophyll-a were conducted in accordance with the standard protocols outlined in APHA, 2014. The effluent's levels of physical, chemical, and biological (coliform) parameters were compared to those set by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). The mean EC, DO, TDS, SRP, NO3-N, NO2-N, TN and TP differed significantly among the sampling sites (ANOVA; p &lt; 0.05). The means of TC and FC were 37.64 ± 3.3 and 17.94 ± 2.3 counts/100ml. TDS, temperature, pH, and NO3-N were within NEMA, WHO, and EPA standards while others were above, indicating that the plant did not efficiently polish the wastewater. Moreover, most of the assessed parameters including TP, TN and coliforms had polishing efficiency below 70% in addition to not meeting the required standards. As a result, the poor water quality and eutrophication of Riana River can be attributed to the two nutrients. To further polishing of the effluent from the WSP, this study recommends construction of a wetland.

Constructed wetlands (CWs), which combine biological and physicochemical processes and adhere to circular economy principles, are increasingly recognized as nature-based wastewater treatment solutions. With an emphasis on resource valorization and pollutant removal efficiency, this review assessed the use of organic residues as substrates in CWs. In total, 44 peer-reviewed open-access case studies in English were obtained from 325 documents that were retrieved from Scopus using PRISMA-based eligibility criteria. Information about the wastewater source, substrate, CW type, and results was extracted. The results indicated that biochar (66.7%) predominated because of its high adsorption capacity and microbial support, while shell or forest residues and agricultural residues (20.5%) helped remove micropollutants and phosphorus. CWs with vertical subsurface flow were most prevalent (54%). According to studies, the removal efficiencies of biochar and agricultural or shell residues were 10–15% higher than those of inorganic substrates for phosphorus, TSS (total suspended solids), NH4+ (ammonium), and BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) in wastewater. Through innovative designs and the application of circular economy strategies, including revalorize, reuse, reutilize, reintegrate, rethink and reconnect, organic substrates enhance pollutant removal and improve the overall sustainability of CWs. Overall, CWs with organic residues provide cost-effective and environmentally sustainable wastewater treatment; further research on local resources, hybrid systems, and supportive policies is recommended to promote broader implementation.

ABSTRACT Total and volatile mixed liquor suspended solids concentrations (MLSS and MLVSS) are key parameters in activated sludge (AS) process design, monitoring, and modelling. Yet for the emerging AS version of aerobic granular sludge (AGS), representative sampling and pipetting of the granular mixed liquors are challenging, leading to uncertainties when measuring the suspended solids by standard methods. In this study, new MLSS methods based on correct sampling principles were developed and evaluated to determine the suspended solids (SS) of AGS reactors. Method-1 used as a reference consisted of sacrificing the whole mixed liquor (ML) of each reactor as an exhaustive sample that was all ground to determine the total solids (TS) of the slurry; this allowed for accurate estimates of the MLSS and its volatile fractions (ivtbio), which, in turn, led to the MLVSS. In parallel, Methods-2 and -4 were tested, both based on small homogeneous subsamples of ML, which were ground or drained before measuring the total solids of the slurry or of the drained granule paste. Compared to the reference, these latter methods allowed the MLSS and ivtbio of AGS with large granules to be determined with much greater accuracy than the current standard Method-3 (direct SS measurement). The study's good sampling practices are readily applicable to laboratory reactors and would henceforth improve solids measurement in AGS research. At large plants, the developed procedures of subsampling, granule grinding or draining, and MLSS calculation formulas would reduce sampling errors and enhance process monitoring.

This researches the dose–response efficacy of two lignocellulosic coagulants (sawdust and rice husk) in comparison with ferric chloride for textile and tannery wastewaters treatment. The jar tests were conducted using six different doses of the coagulants (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 grams per 250 milliliters of wastewater) following a completely randomized factorial design, with each test repeated three times to ensure reliable results. The efficiency of the coagulants was evaluated based on several types of key parameters: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness and extracts concentration into chloride, phosphate and to cadmium had been measured. The data demonstrated the influence of the coagulant type and dose on almost all parameters, as well as multiple wastewater × coagulant interaction effects (p ≤ 0.05). In general, sawdust proved to be better than rice husk and ferric chloride when applied for all physico-chemical properties and pollutant removal excepting pH adjustment, the turbidity, reduction in solids and cadmium removal^^. The maximum doses, especially 10 g, gave the highest enhancements for both wastewater kinds. The results demonstrate that lignocellulosic coagulants, especially sawdust, are feasible and economical substitutes for the conventional inorganic metal salts as primary treatment agents to textile and tannery industries which are confronted with increasing environmental demand. Importantly, the research indicates possible application of agricultural waste by-products by large water treatment industries.

Dairy industry is one of the major sectors of food industries, known for high water consumption and discharge of nutrient rich wastewater. This dairy wastewater (DWW) contains high levels of pollutants such as fats, oils, and grease (FOG) total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen compounds, and phosphorus. If this wastewater is left untreated or improperly managed, DWW can lead to severe environmental concerns, including eutrophication of water bodies and degradation of aquatic ecosystems. These challenges underscore the need for sustainable and efficient biological treatment approaches to ensure environmental protection and water resource sustainability. Hence, this study presents the effect of different freshwater microalgae including Chlorella minutissima, Chlorella sorokiniana, and Scenedesmus abundans on phycoremediation of DWW. The experiments were conducted using 100% dairy wastewater (DWW 100) and different blends of DWW with BG-11 culture media. The results revealed that the phycoremediation efficiencies of C. minutissima was maximum (COD: 96%, BOD: 41%) while S. abundans showed minimum phycoremediation efficiency (COD: 95%, BOD: 22%). This study would contribute to achieve sustainability development goals (SDGs) (3, 6, 13, 14) being a zero-waste technology with zero liquid discharge (ZLD).