Total Saturated Fatty Acid Content Research Articles

EFFECT OF POTENTIAL MEDICINAL PRODUCT ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ON THE FATTY-ACIDIC COMPOSITION OF THE VAGINE TISSUE AND BLOOD SERUM OF RATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL VAGINITIS

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of a potential combined drug with antimicrobial and antiinflammatory activity on the fatty acid composition of lipids in vaginal tissue and blood serum of rats with simulated vaginitis.
 Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 35 female rats of the Vistar line weighing 180-220 g. Animals were divided into 5 groups: 1 – intact animals, control; 2 –animals with simulated traumatic vaginitis (TV); 3 – TV + base for suppository; 4 – TV + study drug with antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activity in the form of vaginal suppository; 5 – TV + comparative product Neo-Penotran® (“Ekselstix Helske SL”, Spain) in the form of a vaginal suppository. The study drug contained ibuprofen, clotrimazole and metronidazole in the form of suppositories. Composition Neo-Penotran® contains miconazole and metronidazole. Basis of the both medicines was the same – Vitepsol. Determination of the fatty acid composition of lipids in the tissues of the vagina and serum was carried out using the gas chromatography method.
 The results revealed 9 of the most informative fatty acids: of them meristic C14:0, pentodecan C15:0, palmitinic C16:0, stearic C18:0 related to saturated fatty acids (SFAs), and oleinic C18:1, linoleic C18:2, linolenic C18:3, arachidonic C20:4, which is the sum of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Linoleic C18:2, linolenic C18:3, arachidone C20:4 LC are part of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and are characterized as essential.
 Conclusions. The study results showed that there is a change in the total content of SFA, UFA and PUFA in the background of traumatic vaginitis: SFAs – 44.5%, UFA – 55.5% and PUFA – 31.9% versus 50.4%, 49.6% and 27.5% of lipids in the vaginal tissue in the control group. It was found that after administration of the study drug against the background of traumatic vaginitis, the normalization of the SFA ratio was 37.8%, the UFA 62.2%, and the PUFA – 44.4% compared to 43.3%, 56.7% and 35.4% serum lipids in the control pathology.

Effects of feeding fermented rapeseed meal on growth performance, gastrointestinal microflora population, blood metabolites, meat quality, and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with rapeseed meal (RSM) or fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) in diets on growth performance, gastrointestinal microflora population, blood metabolites, meat quality, and lipid metabolism in broiler chickens. Three hundred 1-d-old male broiler chickens were allocated to 5 dietary treatments with 4 pens and 15 chickens in each pen (including a corn-SBM control diet as well as 4 experimental diets in which 50 and 100% of SBM protein in the corn-SBM control diet was replaced with RSM or FRSM) in a completely randomized design. Broiler chickens fed diets containing 50 and 100% FRSM had greater weight gain (WG) and a better feed conversion ratio (FCR; P < 0.05) than those fed 50 and 100% RSM, and there were no differences in WG and FCR of the chickens fed diets containing 50% FRSM or control diet. The serum concentrations of triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05), and coliform bacteria population in ileum (P < 0.05) of broiler chickens fed FRSM diets were lower than others. Broiler chickens fed diets containing FRSM had lower cholesterol and malondialdehyde concentration in thigh muscle (P < 0.05), but greater total superoxide dismutase activities and total antioxidant capacity in both breast and thigh muscles compared to other treatments (P < 0.05). In thigh muscle, FRSM diets reduced total saturated fatty acid contents and increased total polyunsaturated fatty acids contents compared to the others (P < 0.05). In conclusion, replacing SBM with FRSM improved growth performance as well as antioxidant capacity and meat quality of broiler chickens and can be used as a suitable alternative protein source for SBM in broiler chicken diets.

Improved fatty acid profiles in seeds of Camelina sativa by artificial microRNA mediated FATB gene suppression

The fatty acid profile of plant oils determines their quality and uses. Saturated fatty acids are often not desirable from the standpoints of nutrition and some industrial applications. Camelina sativa is a re-emerged oilseed crop, however its oil needs to be improved to meet different application requirements. In this study, saturated fatty acids were greatly reduced by down-regulating genes encoding the fatty acyl-ACP thioesterases (FATB). An artificial microRNA (amiFATB) was created by replacing a microRNA sequence in the camelina Csa-miR159a gene with a FATB gene specific sequence. Seed-specific expression of amiFATB caused a 45% reduction of palmitic acid (16:0) and a 38% reduction of stearic acid (18:0) compared to wildtype seeds. The total saturated fatty acid content was decreased by 35% from 14.6% to 9.4% of total fatty acids. When amiFATB was expressed in a high-oleic acid transgenic line, it caused further increased oleic acid content. This work demonstrates that the FATB genes in camelina can be effectively knocked down by an artificial microRNA targeting gene-specific sequences, thus provides an additional tool to improve seed oils for desired properties.

Changes in the fatty acid composition in bitter Lupinus species depend on the debittering process

The evaluation of changes in the fatty acid composition in Lupinus species after the debittering process is crucial to determine their nutritional implications. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in the fatty acid composition in Lupinus albus and L. mutabilis after the debittering process. Lupinus species showed different fatty acid compositions which changed depending on the debittering process applied. The debittering process changed the monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids in L. albus, whereas in L. mutabilis it changed the w-6/w-3 ratio. However, the total saturated fatty acid content remained stable in both species after the debittering process. The changes in L. albus were associated with the fatty acid desaturation and a conversion into unsaturated fatty acids, whereas in L. mutabilis with the lipid peroxidation by decreasing the linoleic acid content. Nutritional implications of these changes in the fatty acid composition are discussed.

Chemical Composition of the Pepper Fruit (Dennettia tripetala) Seed Flour

The seed flour of the Pepper fruit (Dennettia tripetala) plant was analyzed for the amino and fatty acids, minerals and antinutrient compositions using standard methods. The total amino acid concentration of the seed flour was 83.5g/100g protein of which the total Essential amino acids concentration was 34.3g/100gprotein. Arginine (9.94g/100gprotein) was the most concentrated Essential Amino acid while Glutamic acid(16.04g/100gprotein) and Aspartic acid (15.61g/100g protein) were the most concentrated Non‐Essential Amino acids in the seeds. The lysine/arginine ratio obtained(0.13) suggests that D.tripetala seed possesses a low arteriogenic potential while the calculated P‐PER was 1.91. Linoleic acid was found to be the most abundant fatty acid in the seed oil (38.95%) while the total unsaturated fatty acid concentration (91.29%) was higher than the total saturated fatty acid concentration (8.68%). The oleic/linoleic acid ratio of the seed oil of 1.12 implies the high stability of the seed oil. Potassium (9.31±0.0.05) was the most dominant mineral element (mg/g) while manganese (0.02±0.30) was the least concentrated. Antinutrients were distributed in the seed flour in varying concentrations; phytate (1.20±0.16 mg/g), alkaloids (0.33±0.01%) and flavonoids (2.10±0.01%). The foregoing shows D. tripetala seed as a potential source of useful nutrients which have beneficial implications for human nutrition and health.Support or Funding InformationnilThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

MicroRNA-125a-5p Affects Adipocytes Proliferation, Differentiation and Fatty Acid Composition of Porcine Intramuscular Fat.

Intramuscular fat (IMF) content and composition are considered crucial indicators of porcine meat quality. However, the molecular mechanism of porcine IMF development is still mostly unclear. Recently, new evidence suggested that microRNA (miRNAs) play important roles in porcine intramuscular adipogenesis. Previously, microRNA-125a-5p (miR-125a-5p) was identified as an important regulator of adipogenesis. In the present study, we found that the expression of miR-125a-5p is dynamically regulated during porcine intramuscular preadipocytes differentiation and that its expression levels in different porcine muscle tissues were negatively involved with IMF content. To investigate the potential function role of miR-125a-5p in IMF development, porcine intramuscular preadipocytes were collected and transfected with miR-125a-5p mimics, inhibitors, or a negative control (NC), respectively. The results showed that overexpression of miR-125a-5p promoted proliferation and inhibited differentiation of porcine intramuscular preadipocytes while inhibition of miR-125a-5p had the opposite effects. Furthermore, a luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that porcine kruppel like factor 3 (KLF13) is a target gene of miR-125a-5p during porcine intramuscular preadipocytes differentiation. Interestingly, porcine ELOVL fatty acid elongase 6 (ELOVL6), a regulator of fatty acid composition, was also identified as a target gene of miR-125a-5p during porcine intramuscular adipogenesis. Further studies show that miR-125a-5p overexpression reduced total saturated fatty acids (SFA) content and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)/SFA ratios while having no significant impact on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)/SFA and n-6/n-3 ratios. Taken together, our results identified that miR-125a-5p may be a novel regulator of porcine intramuscular adipogenesis and the fatty acid composition of porcine IMF.

Enrichment of C20-22 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Refined Liver Oil of Leafscale Gulper Shark, Centrophorus squamosus

ABSTRACTThe C20-22 polyunsaturated fatty acids (C20-22 PUFAs), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), were concentrated from the refined liver oil of deep sea leafscale gulper shark, Centrophorus squamosus, by sequential processes of winterization, urea complexation, and argentation chromatography. Winterization at 4°C using acetonitrile as solvent showed significant reduction of the total saturated fatty acid content (12%) with a concomitant increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids (36.3%). The urea complexation process significantly enriched the total polyunsaturated fatty acids (49.5%), with a reduction in saturated fatty acids (83.9%). Silica gel based argentation chromatography further concentrated the esters of C20-22 PUFA (>99 percent purity). Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy was used as a chemical fingerprinting tool to study the enrichment of C20-22 PUFAs at various stages of the purification process. An increase in the proton signal intensity at the olefinic region (at δ 4–6) and a decrease in the aliphatic signals (at δ 0.5–2) showed that the process successfully enriched the C20-22 PUFAs.Abbreviations: PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; FAME, fatty acid methyl esters; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; GCMS, gas chromatography mass spectrometry; FFA, free fatty acid.

Effects of dietary linolenic acid on growth, fatty acid composition, immune function and antioxidant status of juvenile blunt snout bream,Megalobrama amblycephala

A nine-week feeding trial was performed to determine the dietary linolenic acid (LNA; 18:3n–3) requirements of juvenile blunt snout bream. Six iso-nitrogenous, semi-purified diets were prepared with different concentrations of LNA (0–25 g/kg). Dietary LNA had no significant effects on survival rate. However, final fish weight, weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) increased with increasing dietary LNA concentrations up to 20 g/kg. Dietary LNA increased muscle LNA and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents, but decreased total saturated fatty acid content. Fish fed 20 g/kg LNA had the highest plasma alkaline phosphatase activity, total protein, albumin and white blood cell count levels. Additionally, fish fed 20 g/kg LNA had higher triglyceride levels than control fish. Plasma glucose increased with increasing dietary LNA concentrations. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities significantly increased with increasing dietary LNA concentrations up to 15 g/kg. Based on SGR and FER, the optimal dietary LNA requirements of juvenile blunt snout bream were 17.5 and 15.6 g/kg respectively.

Maternal and cord blood fatty acid patterns with excessive gestational weight gain and neonatal macrosomia.

This study evaluated the association of maternal excessive gestational weight gain with saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in maternal and cord serum. We included 77 pairs of women and their newborns and classified them into three groups as follows: mothers with normal gestational weight gain and their babies with normal birth weight in group I (30 pairs), mothers with excessive gestational weight gain and their babies with normal birth weight in group II (30 pairs), and mothers with excessive gestational weight gain and their macrosomic babies in group III (17 pairs). Serum fatty acid concentrations were determined through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No remarkable difference in maternal dietary intake was observed among the three groups. C16:0, C18:0, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were significantly higher in group III mothers than in group I mothers. Compared with group I neonates, total saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations were significantly lower but total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations were significantly higher in group II neonates (p<0.05). The n-6: n-3 ratio in maternal and cord serum was approximately 10:1 and 1.5:1, respectively. Women with excessive gestational weight gain who deliver a macrocosmic neonate tend to have higher total saturated fatty acid concentrations but lower docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in their neonate cord serum. Fatty acid concentrations in maternal and cord serum are not associated with maternal dietary pattern.

Effect of dietary lipid on growth performance, body composition, plasma biochemical parameters and liver fatty acids content of juvenile yellow drum Nibea albiflora

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the dietary lipid requirement and its effects on body composition, plasma biochemical parameters and liver fatty acids content in juvenile yellow drum Nibea albiflora. Six animal groups (initial weights, 17.7±0.20g) were fed isonitrogenous diets formulated with increasing lipid levels (52, 70, 94, 111, 129 and 153gkg−1, labeled as L50, L70, L90, L110, L130, L150, respectively) using menhaden oil, twice daily to apparent satiation, for 8 weeks. The results showed that the weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish fed L130 and L150 lipid diets were significantly higher than those of the animals on the L50 lipid diet. The feed conversion rate (FCR) of fish fed the L130 lipid diet was significantly lower compared with the values obtained for the other groups. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) of fish fed the L90 lipid diet was significantly higher than that of animals on L150 lipid. Whole body and muscle lipid contents increased with increasing dietary lipid level, and the dietary fatty acid profile was reflected in liver tissue. Liver eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents in fish fed with the L150 diet were significantly higher compared with the values recorded in the other groups. Total highly-unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) content in liver showed an increasing trend, whereas total saturated fatty acid (SFA) and mono-unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents in liver tended to decrease with increasing dietary lipid levels. The plasma triglyceride and cholesterol contents of juvenile N. albiflora increased with the increasing dietary lipid level. Analysis by the broken-line model of percent weight gain indicated the optimal dietary lipid level in juvenile N. albiflora to be 120gkg−1 of the diet.

Fatty acid profile of British Columbia suckler beef

In this study, the influence of feeding system on the fatty acid (FA) profile of suckler beef (SB), moderate grain-fed (MG), and grass-fed (GF) beef was compared. It was found that total saturated FA content was not affected; however, greater 14:0, total polyunsaturated FA content, and lower n-6/n-3 ratio suggest some transmittance of milk FA in SB calves (P &lt; 0.001).

Effects of Plant Oil Combinations Substituting Pork Back‐Fat Combined with Pre‐Emulsification on Physicochemical, Textural, Microstructural and Sensory Properties of Spreadable Chicken Liver PÂTÉ

AbstractThe effect of plant oils (sunflower and canola oil combinations) substituting 0–40% pork back‐fat combined with pre‐emulsification on the fatty acid profile, color, cooking loss, texture, microstructure and sensory evaluation of spreadable chicken liver pâtés was investigated. Pre‐emulsification back‐fat and plant oils, compared with the nontreated, affected significantly (P &lt; 0.05) the color, cooking loss, texture, microstructure and sensory evaluation of liver pâtés. As increasing the percentage of plant oils substituting back‐fat from 10 to 40%, especially to 30 and 40%, the total saturated fatty acid content significantly decreased (P &lt; 0.05), while polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acid significantly increased (P&lt;0.05), and had even and fine microstructures, less cooking loss, spreadable texture and favored sensory evaluation. Therefore, a healthier spreadable chicken liver pâté can be formulated with plant oil combinations substituting 30–40% pork back‐fat combined with pre‐emulsification without adversely affecting eating quality.Practical ApplicationsLiver pâté products are traditional and popular meat products manufactured and consumed throughout the world. However, most liver pâté products show some negative health perception due to their high animal fat contents (about 35–50%) and high amounts of saturated fatty acids. How to substitute animal fat without sacrificing product quality is still a challenge for liver pâté. Furthermore, chicken liver pâtés are not widely manufactured and studied well. The aim of this study was to determine suitable proportions of substitution back‐fat with plant oils (sunflower and canola oil combinations) which contain high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and proper pre‐emulsification the back‐fat and plant oils method, and then fully utilize chicken liver to produce more healthy spreadable chicken liver pâté to meet consumer's needs.

Increasing harvest maturity of whole-plant corn silage reduces methane emission of lactating dairy cows

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of increasing maturity of whole-plant corn at harvest on CH4 emissions by dairy cows consuming corn silage (CS) based diets. Whole-plant corn was harvested at a very early [25% dry matter (DM); CS25], early (28% DM; CS28), medium (32% DM; CS32), and late (40% DM; CS40) stage of maturity. In a randomized block design, 28 lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cows, of which 8 were fitted with rumen cannula, received 1 of 4 dietary treatments designated as T25, T28, T32, and T40 to reflect the DM contents at harvest. Treatments consisted of (DM basis) 75% CS, 20% concentrate, and 5% wheat straw. Feed intake, digestibility, milk production and composition, energy and N balance, and CH4 production were measured during a 5-d period in climate respiration chambers after an adaptation to the diet for 12 d. Corn silage starch content varied between 275 (CS25) and 385 (CS40) g/kg of DM. Treatments did not affect DM intake (DMI), milk yield, or milk contents. In situ ruminal fractional degradation rate of starch decreased linearly from 0.098 to 0.059/h as maturity increased from CS25 to CS40. Apparent total-tract digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, crude fat, starch, and gross energy (GE) decreased linearly with maturity. Treatments did not affect ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia concentrations, and volatile fatty acids molar proportions. The concentration of C18:3n-3 in milk fat decreased linearly, and the concentration of C18:2n-6 and the n-6:n-3 ratio increased linearly with maturity. A quadratic response occurred for the total saturated fatty acid concentration and total monounsaturated fatty acid concentration in milk fat. Methane production relative to DMI (21.7, 23.0, 21.0, and 20.1g/kg) and relative to GE intake (0.063, 0.067, 0.063, and 0.060 MJ/MJ; values for T25, T28, T32, and T40, respectively) decreased linearly with maturity. Also, CH4 emission relative to fat- and protein-corrected milk tended to decrease linearly with maturity (13.0, 13.4, 13.2, and 12.1g/kg of fat- and protein-corrected milk, for T25, T28, T32, and T40, respectively). Intake of GE and metabolizable energy, and energy retained, all expressed per unit of metabolic body weight, did not differ among treatments. Nitrogen intake, N use efficiency (milk N/N intake), and N balance were not influenced by treatments. Increasing maturity of whole-plant corn at harvest may offer an effective strategy to decrease CH4 losses with feeding CS without negatively affecting cow performance.

한국 충남 및 전북에서 생산된 유기우유와 일반우유의 이화학적 특성에 관한 연구

본 연구는 한국의 충남과 전북지역에서 생산되는 유기우유와 일반우유의 이화학적 성분분석을 통해 차이점을 구명하고자 수행하였으며, 각 지역에서 유기우유 및 일반우유 생산농가를 각각 5개씩 선정하여 3회(2월, 3월 및 8월) 우유를 채취하였으며, 일반성분, 무기물 및 지방산을 분석하였다. 유기우유의 유성분 중 유지방(p<0.01), 총 고형물(p<0.05), 유리지방산(p<0.01) 및 구연산(p<0.05)의 함량은 일반우유에 비해 유의적으로 낮았지만, 유단백질은 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 유기우유의 유당, 우유 중 요소태 질소(MUN) 및 체세포수는 일반우유와 차이가 없었지만, MUN은 전북지역의 우유가 충남지역보다 높았다(p<0.05). 우유내 무기물 중 P의 함량만 유기우유에서 높았고(p<0.01), Ca, K, Mg, Zn 및 Fe의 함량은 차이가 없었다. 지방산 분석 결과, 우유내 지방산 중 함량이 높은 palmitic acid나 oleic acid에서는 유의적 차이가 없었지만, stearic acid와 총 포화지방산은 일반우유에서 높았다(p<0.01). 또한, 불포화지방산인 palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eicosenoic acid, arachidonic acid는 유기우유에서 높았다(p<0.01). 따라서, 총 불포화지방산(p<0.01), 단일불포화지방산(MUFA, p<0.05) 및 고도불포화지방산(PUFA, p<0.01)의 함량도 유기우유에서 높게 나타났다. 본 연구결과, 한국의 충남 및 전북지역에서 생산되는 유기우유는 일반우유와 비교하여 지방함량 및 지방산 조성에서 많은 차이를 보였는데, 특히 유기우유는 건강에 유익한 고도불포화지방산의 함량이 높고, 소비자들은 식품의 안전성과 건강에 대한 관심이 커지기 때문에 앞으로 유기우유의 소비가 증대할 것으로 기대된다. This study was conducted to investigate the differences in the physicochemical properties of organic and conventional milk from Chungnam and Jeonbuk, Korea. The milk was collected from 10 organic and 10 conventional milk farms in February, March and August, and then analyzed for milk composition, minerals and fatty acids. Organic milk showed lower fat (p<0.01) and total solid (p<0.05), but higher phosphorous (p<0.01) content than conventional milk. However, there was no difference in the content of lactose or the somatic cell count. Organic milk showed lower (p<0.01) stearic acid and total saturated fatty acid content, but higher (p<0.01) total, mono-, and poly-unsaturated fatty acid content. These results showed that organic and conventional milks differ mainly in their fat and unsaturated fatty acid content. Due to increasing consumer interest in food safety and health, organic milk, which contains more beneficial fatty acids, might be preferred over conventional milk.

Dietary supplementation of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens alters fatty acids of milk and rumen fluid in lactating goats.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have high health amelioration potential and hence it is of great interest to increase the CLA content in dairy products. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of administration of high CLA producing Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens In-1 on fatty acid composition of milk and rumen fluid in lactating goats. Four groups (n = 5) of lactating goats were assigned the following treatments: Control (C) (basal diet); T1 (basal diet + linoleic acid source), T2 (basal diet + suspension of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens In-1, 10(9) CFU head(-1)) and T3 (basal diet + linoleic acid source + suspension of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens In-1, 10(9) CFU head(-1)). Rumen liquor and milk samples were collected on days 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 of the experiment and linoleic isomerase enzyme (LA-I) activity and fatty acid profiles were elucidated. Major effects of treatments were seen on day 30 of the experiment. Total CLA content of rumen fluid increased (P < 0.05) by 218.72, 182.26 and 304% whereas total saturated fatty acid (SFA) content was lowered (P < 0.05) by 6.1, 4.44 and 9.55% in T1, T2 and T3, respectively, as compared to control. Vaccenic acid in groups T2 and T3 increased (P < 0.05) by 66.67% and 105.7% as compared to control. In milk, total CLA increased by 2.03, 1.61 and 0.61 folds in T3, T2 and T1, respectively. Total monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid content increased (P < 0.05) in group T3 by 14.15 and 37.44%, respectively. Results of the present study indicated that administration of B. fibrisolvens In-1 along with a linoleic acid (LA) source is a useful strategy to alter the biohydrogenation pattern in the rumen that subsequently decreased SFA content while increased CLA and unsaturated fatty acids in ruminant's milk.

Effects of Nucleotides Supplementation of Infant Formulas on Plasma and Erythrocyte Fatty Acid Composition: A Meta-Analysis.

ObjectiveNucleotides (NTs) have been added to infant formulas for several years due to their health benefits. However, studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the association between NTs and fatty acid (FA) composition. A meta-analysis was performed to assess the effects of NTs supplementation of infant formula on erythrocyte and plasma FA composition.MethodsRandomized controlled trials that evaluated the association between NTs supplementation and FA composition and were published before October 2014 were included. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed using Q and I 2 tests.ResultsEight studies (364 infants) were included in the meta-analysis. NTs supplementation did not affect the concentrations of total saturated FAs (SMD= 0.05; 95% CI= -0.23–0.32; P = 0.75) or total monounsaturated FAs (SMD= -0.01; 95% CI= -0.28–0.27; P = 0.95) in erythrocyte membranes. Erythrocyte total n-3 (SMD= 0.15; 95% CI= -0.11–0.41; P = 0.27) and n-6 PUFA (SMD= -0.16; 95% CI= -0.42–0.10, P = 0.22) concentrations did not increase with NTs supplementation. The concentrations of erythrocyte n-3 PUFA (18:3, 20:5, 22:5, and 22:6) and n-6 PUFA (18:2, 20:3, 20:4, and 22:4) were not affected by NTs supplementation. NTs significantly increased plasma concentrations of 18:2 n-6 (SMD= 0.90; 95% CI= 0.47–1.33; P < 0.0001), 20:3 n-6 (SMD= 0.56; 95% CI= 0.14–0.97; P = 0.009), and 20:4 n-6 PUFA (SMD= 0.92; 95% CI= 0.50–1.35; P < 0.0001), and significantly decreased the concentration of plasma 18:3 n-3 PUFA (SMD= -0.60; 95% CI -1.12 to -0.09; P = 0.02). No effect was obtained on plasma 20:2 n-6 PUFA concentrations (SMD= 0.06; 95 % CI, -1.03 to -0.2; P = 0.93).ConclusionsOur meta-analysis revealed that NTs supplementation significantly increased plasma 18:2 n-6, 20:3 n-6, and 20:4 n-6 PUFA concentrations in infants, but did not affect erythrocyte FA composition.

Proximate Composition, Color and Nutritional Profile of Raw and Cooked Goose Meat with Different Methods

Proximate composition, color and nutritional profile of raw and cooked goose breast and leg meats were investigated. Water, pH, L* value, total saturated fatty acid (SFA), total polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), Ca, K, Mg, P and Zn contents of leg meat were higher than those of breast meat, while protein, fat, a* value, b* value, total monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), Na and Fe contents of breast meat were higher than those of leg meat. pH of breast meat increased with cooking, whereas pH of leg meat decreased. L* and a* values of the samples decreased with cooking, while b* values increased. Cooking caused a decrease in total MUFA content of breast meat, whereas total PUFA content increased. On the other hand, total SFA content of leg meat decreased with cooking, while total MUFA content increased. Cooking caused an increase Ca, Mg, P, Fe and Zn contents of breast meat, while only Fe content of cooked leg meat increased. Practical Applications There is limited information about goose meat in the literature. In addition, to the best of our knowledge, there are no reports on some quality properties of goose meat including fatty acid composition and mineral content and the effect of different cooking methods on them. Therefore, in the present study, we aim to explore some chemical composition (water, crude protein and crude fat), physicochemical properties (pH and color), fatty acid composition and mineral contents of raw and cooked goose meat with different cooking methods.

Study on Variation in Seed Morphology, Oil Content and Fatty Acid Profile of Madhuca longifolia Grown in Different Agro-Climatic Zones in Sri Lanka

The aim of this study was to determine the variation in morphology of seeds, seed oil content and the fatty acid profile of M. longifolia and, to find the relationship between oil content and fatty acid composition with environmental conditions. Seeds were collected representing four agro-climatic zones in Sri Lanka. The length (2.7333-3.4333 cm), width (1.0633-1.2967 cm) and the weight (0.9262-1.4018 g) were determined in seeds. Significant differences were there within agro-climatic zones. Oil from seed kernel was extracted with Soxhlet method using n-Hexane (bp. 65-70° C) and the fatty acid profile was determined using GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass spectrophotometry). Results reveal significant differences in oil content (50.07-53.85%) among agro-climatic zones. As the major fatty acids, Oleic, Stearic, Palmitic and Linoleic were resulted in all four agro-climatic zones. The total saturated fatty acid content (C18:0, C16:0, C14:0, C17:0, C19:0, C22:0, C24:0, C26:0, C20:0 and C8:0) varied from 40.87-47.20%. However the total unsaturated fatty acid content (C16:1, C18:1, C18:2, C20:1) was within the range of 49.6-53.86% (TMUFA+TPUFA), here the highest content was recorded in low country intermediate zone and the lowest in mid country intermediate zone. Oil content and the fatty acid composition were not correlated with the studied geographical parameters.

KUALITAS MINYAK BIJI KARET SEBAGAI MINYAK PANGAN ALTERNATIF PASCA PENGHILANGAN HCN

The rubber seeds (Hevea brasiliensis) can be used because rubber seed contains a high fat or oil contain so that it can be utilized as being edible oil. However, the problem is the presence of Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) toxic compound in the rubber seeds which is so dangerous. Cyanide acid it can be reduces with soaking and boiling process. The purpose of this research were to known quality of rubber seeds. Rubber seeds oil was produced after HCN content was reduced. Mean yield of rubber seeds was 20,13%. Quality testing is done with a few key parameters on which oil fatty acid composition, acid number, peroxide number and iodine number. Total saturated fatty acid content was 14.1% and an unsaturated fatty acid was 85.9%, the mean value of the acid number was 4.19 mgKOH / g, peroxide value MeqO 11.17 / kg and iodine number of 140 g iodine / 100 g. These results indicate that good quality oil for edible oils when compared with the standard.Keywords : rubber seeds, rubber seeds oil, edible oil

Gastrointestinal morphology, fatty acid profile, and production performance of broiler chickens fed camelina meal or fish oil

Gastrointestinal morphology, fatty acid profile, and production performance of broiler chickens fed camelina meal (CAM) or fish oil were investigated. One hundred and twenty eight 1‐day‐old Cobb chicks were randomly assigned to one of four treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times with eight chicks (n = 8). The experimental diets were: corn–soybean meal‐based with 3.2% corn oil (control), control + 10% CAM, 10% camelina meal + 3.2% fish oil (CAM + FISH), and 3.2% fish oil (FISH). Villous height (VH) was lowest in the jejunum of FISH and CAM + FISH (p&lt;0.04). Crypt depth (CD) was lowest in the jejunum of Control and CAM (p&lt;0.002). Villous perimeter was higher in control and CAM when compared to CAM + FISH and FISH (p = 0.02). The VH:CD followed the order of control &gt; CAM &gt; CAM + FISH = FISH (p&lt;0.0001). No difference was observed in villus width, surface area, and muscularis thickness. Total omega‐6 fatty acids were higher in the duodenum of control and CAM than FISH and CAM + FISH diets (p&lt;0.0001). Long chain (&gt;20‐C) omega‐3 fatty acids were higher in CAM + FISH and FISH (p&lt;0.0001). No significant differences were detected in the total saturated and total monounsaturated fatty acid content in the duodenum (p&gt;0.05). Weight gain varied significantly and was lowest for CAM + FISH and FISH diets at Day 21 and 42 (p = 0.01). There were no differences in feed intake between control and CAM diets. However, inclusion of fish oil reduced feed consumption (p = 0.019).Feeding camelina meal increased jejunal villus height, villus height: crypt depth and n‐3 fatty acid incorporation in the duodenum when compared to fish oil in broiler diets. Feeding fish oil led to reduction in 42 day body weight.