Total Replacement Of Soybean Meal Research Articles

Nutritional value of chickpeas in rations of lactating ewes and growing lambs

In two experiments, with 60 lactating Chios ewes and 72 growing Florina (Pelagonia) lambs, the effect of partial and total replacement of soybean meal with chickpeas ( Cicer arietinum L.) on productivity and composition of milk or meat was determined. In experiment 1, which lasted 12 weeks, ewes were allocated, after equal distribution for milk yield, body weight (BW) and lactation number, into three groups being CHKPEA0, CHKPEA120, and CHKPEA240 of 20 ewes each. Ewes in all groups were offered a concentrate mixture (1.15 kg/ewe/d, dry matter-DM-basis) and alfalfa hay (0.90 kg/ewe/d, DM basis). Soybean meal and chickpeas were present in the concentrate mixture in the inclusions (as fed basis): 100–0, 50–120, and 0–240 kg/t for groups CHKPEA0, CHKPEA120, and CHKPEA240, respectively. There were no differences among groups in average milk yield (1575 g/d), or milk fat (59.1 g/kg), protein (56.9 g/kg), lactose (49.3 g/kg) and ash (9.0 g/kg) contents. In experiment 2, which lasted 12 weeks, lambs were allocated to three groups (CHKPEA0, CHKPEA125, and CHKPEA250) of 24 lambs (12 male and 12 female each). Male and female lambs had an initial BW of 16.0, and 16.2 kg, respectively, and were fed a concentrate mixture (ad libitum) and alfalfa hay (0.36 kg/lamb/d, DM basis). Soybean meal and chickpeas were present in concentrate mixture in the inclusions (as fed basis): 140–0, 70–125, and 0–250 kg/t for groups CHKPEA0, CHKPEA125, and CHKPEA250, respectively. Male lambs grew faster than female lambs. No differences occurred among chickpea inclusion groups in final BW, BW gain, DM intake, or feed conversion ratio. Males had heavier carcasses, and most carcass components, than females, but there were no differences in fasted BW, cold carcass weight and carcass yield among groups. Isonitrogenous and isoenergetic partial and total replacement of soybean meal with chickpeas did not affect the productive performance of lactating ewes or growing lambs.

Digestibilidade de nutrientes em dietas de bovinos contendo uréia ou amiréia em substituição ao farelo de soja

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar efeitos da substituição do farelo de soja por uréia ou amiréia na digestibilidade de nutrientes e alguns parâmetros ruminais em bovinos. Seis novilhos da raça Nelore, com massa média inicial de 420 kg, foram utilizados em um delineamento de quadrado latino 3x3 duplicado. O farelo de soja foi utilizado em uma dieta deficiente em proteína degradável no rúmen, e a uréia e amiréia, em uma dieta adequada em proteína degradável no rúmen. O bagaço de cana-de-açúcar in natura foi a única fonte de volumoso (20% da matéria seca). O farelo de soja promoveu menor (P<0,05) consumo de matéria seca comparado aos tratamentos com uréia e amiréia. A digestibilidade da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, carboidratos não fibrosos, extrato etéreo e proteína bruta não diferiram (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. A digestibilidade da fibra em detergente ácido e fibra em detergente neutro foi superior (P<0,05) nas dietas contendo uréia e amiréia. Não houve efeito de tratamento e da interação tratamento x horários (P>0,05) nos valores de pH, ácidos graxos voláteis total, acetato, propionato, butirato e relação acetato:propionato do fluido ruminal. Observou-se maior (P<0,05) concentração molar de valerato, isobutirato e isovalerato no tratamento com farelo de soja, não havendo diferença (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos com uréia e amiréia. A substituição total do farelo de soja por uréia ou amiréia, ajustando a proteína degradável no rúmen na dieta de bovinos de corte, é viável.

Partially or totally replacing soybean meal and maize by chickpeas in lamb diets: intramuscular fatty acid composition

Twenty-six Barbaresca lambs were randomly divided into three groups at age 60 days (SBM, Chickpeas 20, or Chickpeas 42). The SBM lambs received a commercial pelletted diet. The Chickpeas 20 received a diet in which part of the maize and part of the soybean meal were replaced by 20% of chickpeas. The Chickpeas 42 lambs received a diet with 42% of chickpeas and with neither maize nor soybean meal. Animals were slaughtered at 132 days of age and fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat was determined in the longissimus dorsi muscle. The dominant fatty acid in the meat from animals of all the three groups was the C18:1 cis ( n-9). The proportion of this fatty acid was lower in the Chickpeas 42 lambs compared to the SBM and to the Chickpeas 20 lambs ( P<0.01). Meat from animals receiving 42% chickpeas had higher proportions of C18:3 ( n-6) than SBM animals ( P<0.01). The C18:2 9- cis, 11- trans (conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)) increased with the proportion of chickpeas and was higher in the Chickpeas 20 and in the Chickpeas 42 animals compared with the SBM animals ( P<0.05). The total replacement of soybean meal and maize by chickpeas gave a meat with higher proportions of C22:5 ( n-3). Finally, the sum of n-3 fatty acids tended to be higher in the diet with 42% chickpeas.

Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Other Beneficial Fatty Acids in Milk Fat from Cows Fed Soybean Meal, Fish Meal, or Both

Twelve multiparous Holstein cows at 48±8 DIM were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square with 21-d periods to determine the effect of replacing soybean meal with fish meal on feed intake, milk yield, and milk composition. Fish meal substituted for soybean meal on an isonitrogenous basis at 0, 25, 50, and 100% of supplemental protein. Total mixed diets were (DM basis) 25% corn silage, 25% alfalfa hay, and 50% concentrate mix. Intake of DM (27.9, 27.8, 26.1, and 25.8kg/d for diets 1 to 4, respectively) was similar for all diets. Milk yield (37.5, 37.8, 37.2, and 37.7kg/d) was not affected by diets. Milk protein percentages (3.23, 3.24, 3.31, and 3.35) increased with 100% fish meal supplementation and tended to be higher with 50% fish meal supplementation compared with 100% soybean meal diet. Milk fat percentages (3.18, 2.99, 3.04, and 2.87) and yield were lower with the 100% fish meal than with the 100% soybean meal diet. Concentration of n-3 fatty acids in milk fat (0.54, 0.56, 0.63, and 0.72g/100g fatty acids) increased as the proportion of fish meal in the diet increased. Concentrations of c9,t11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; 0.39, 0.44, 0.46, and 0.72g/100g fatty acids) and transvaccenic acid (TVA; 1.09, 1.19, 1.28, and 1.54g/100g of fatty acids) were higher with the 100% fish meal diet than with the 100% soybean meal diet. A total replacement of soybean meal with fish meal in the diet of lactating cows increased milk protein percentages and the beneficial fatty acids (CLA, TVA, and n-3 FA) in milk fat.

Replacement of Soybean Meal by Lupin Meal in Practical Diets for Juvenile Penaeus monodon

Abstract.The potential of lupin meal as an alternative protein source to soybean meal in isonitrogenous practical diets for the juvenile black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon was evaluated through the studies of growth, digestibility and pellet water stability. Five isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain 40% protein. Protein from dehulled Lupinus albus seed meal replaced 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the protein from defatted soybean in the diets. Juvenile P. monodon (4.35 × 0.31 g) were assigned randomly and fed each test diet at a daily feeding rate of 5 % body weight for 42 d in triplicate tanks equipped with a flow‐through sea water system. No statistically significant differences were observed in weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein conversion efficiency and apparent protein utilization of shrimp fed diets with 0, 25, and 50% replacement. Shrimp fed the diet with total replacement of soybean meal by lupin meal had the poorest performance (P &lt; 0.05) with regard to the above parameters. Survival was similar (87%) for all dietary treatments. The apparent dry matter digestibility and apparent protein digestibility were similar for all diets ranging between 70.5 and 72.8% and 89.7 and 90.8%, respectively. There was no significant difference in whole body composition (dry matter, lipid, protein and ash) of shrimp on the various diets. The poorest pellet water stability was displayed by the diet with 100% replacement while the diet containing a combination of soybean meal and lupin meal (50% replacement) was the most stable. The results have demonstrated that dehulled lupin seed L. albus meal has good potential as a substitute protein source for up to 50% of the protein from defatted soybean meal and could be included up to 17% inclusion level in juvenile P. monodon practical diets with no adverse effects on growth, feed intake, FCR, survival, feed utilization, body composition, and digestibility coefficients of dry matter and protein.

RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABABEANS (VICIA FABA L.) AS AN ALTERNATE SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR BROILERS

Seven experiments were conducted to determine the role of either raw or autoclaved fababeans (Vicia faba L. var. minor) in broiler chick diets. The proximate analyses and amino acid composition were determined and used as a base for formulating all rations. Based on a table value of 2980 metabolizable energy (ME) kcal/kg rations containing up to 20% ground raw beans had no deleterious effect on performance of chicks when energy, protein, methionine and lysine levels were equalized with those of a wheat-soybean diet. Increasing the level to 35% showed a significant reduction in feed efficiency in one experiment. Chicks fed diets containing autoclaved beans to 35% were significantly heavier and more efficient in feed utilization than those receiving raw beans in their diets. Rations containing levels of autoclaved beans to 64.5% resulted in a significant increase in feed to gain ratio. Pancreas and liver size was not affected irrespective of the level of beans fed. The ME of raw and autoclaved beans was determined to be 2142 and 2391 kcal/kg, respectively. Levels of autoclaved beans up to 72%, which represents a total replacement of soybean meal in starter diet, produced as good growth performance and carcass quality as a standard wheat-soybean diet. A combination of 20% raw beans and sufficient poultry by-product and hydrolyzed feather meal to replace all soybean meal resulted in a satisfactory performance in chicks to 4 wk of age.

EVALUATION DE LA FEVEROLE ET DU POIS TRAITES OU NON-TRAITES A LA FORMALDEHYDE COMME SOURCE DE PROTEINES POUR LA VACHE LAITIERE

A first experiment was conducted to determine the nutritive value of fababeans (F) and field peas (P) as protein supplement in partial or total replacement of soybean meal (TS) in the concentrate part of the diet for dairy cows. In a second experiment, the nutritive value of formaldehyde-treated F and P was compared to untreated F and P. In each of the two experiments, a replicated 4 × 4 latin square design was used with 3-wk experimental periods. Dairy concentrates were fed ad libitum with corn silage in a 1:1 ratio (corn silage:concentrate) on a dry matter (DM) basis. In addition, the cows were fed 2.7 kg/day of grass hay. In experiment 1, a concentrate (SU) containing 10.8% TS and 0.2% urea was compared to three concentrates. The first one containing 25.0% F and 6.2% TS (FS), the second one 40% F (F) and the third one 35.0% P and 8.0% TS (PS). Dry matter intake and milk production were similar (P &gt; 0.05) for all treatments at the level of 17.9, 17.8, 17.9 and 17.1 kg/day for DM and 22.7, 22.5, 22.7 and 21.7 kg/day of milk for treatments SU, FS, F and PS, respectively. Milk composition and digestibility of diets were not significantly (P &gt; 0.05) affected by any treatment. In the second experiment, F and P without formaldehyde treatment were compared to F (FFo) and P (PFo) treated with 0.3 ml of a 40% formaldehyde solution per 100 g of crude protein. The formaldehyde treatment had no beneficial effect on milk production and feed digestibility. However, milk protein content was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased with the formaldehyde treatment with values of 2.81, 2.95, 2.86 and 3.02% for treatments F, FFo P and PFo, respectively.

INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FABA BEANS AND CASSAVA ON PERFORMANCE, ENERGY AND NITROGEN DIGESTIBILITY AND THYROID ACTIVITY OF GROWING PIGS

Nutritional value of ground unprocessed faba beans (FB) was studied with 120 growing pigs from 4 wk of age to market weight of 84 kg. Fifteen diets were fed utilizing FB as a partial or total replacement for soybean meal (SBM) in a barley-based diet containing 0, 20 and 40% cassava during the first 9-wk starting phase. During this phase, average daily feed intake (ADF), average daily gain (ADG) and efficiency of feed conversion (EFC) were not significantly altered by partial replacement of SBM by FB (up to 21% of the diet). Supplementation of these diets with L-lysine and DL-methionine did not significantly improve performance. Total replacement of SBM by FB, even when supplemented with lysine and methionine produced significantly lower (P &lt; 0.01) ADF, ADG and EFC although amino acid supplementation significantly improved these diets. Cassava inclusion at up to 40% of the diet did not significantly reduce ADF, ADG or EFC and had no significant effects on blood thyroxine or triiodothyronine levels. Digestibility of energy and nitrogen tended to be reduced as FB levels increased, but the lowered digestibilities could account for only a small proportion of reduced performance. During the finishing phase, partial or total replacement of SBM by FB had no significant effects on EFC. FB diets produced significantly (P &lt; 0.01) lower ADF and ADG. The results suggest that FB supplemented with adequate lysine and methionine may be fed as partial replacement (up to 21% of the diet) for SBM to weanling pigs from 6 kg liveweight.