Total Protein Estimation Research Articles

Salvia hispanica (Chia) seeds afford hepatoprotection against Isoniazid and Rifampicin induced toxicity in a murine model

Salvia hispanica L. (chia) seeds are a rich source of omega-3 fatty acid and polyphenolic compounds with documented antioxidant property protecting against oxidative stress, which is implicated in the pathophysiology of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Hence, the present study evaluates the effects of Salvia hispanica seeds in an animal model of antitubercular drug induced hepatic damage. Adult wistar rats were divided into six groups; normal control, hepatotoxic control, test groups treated orally with ground Salvia hispanica seeds at doses 250,500 and 1000mg/day respectively, standard control receiving silymarin at a dose of 50mg/kg orally. Hepatotoxicity was induced by administering isoniazid with rifampicin at a dose of 100mg/kg each intraperitoneal. After administration of drugs for a period of 21 days, the blood samples were evaluated for estimation of liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP), total protein, albumin and total bilirubin and the liver was dissected and sent for histopathological evaluation. The hepatotoxic group showed a significant increase in liver enzymes and total bilirubin compared to normal control. There was a significant decrease in liver enzymes and total bilirubin in the drug treated and silymarin treated groups when compared to the control. However, there was no significant difference in protein and albumin between groups. Histopathological evaluation of the liver further confirmed the hepatoprotective potential of the seeds of Salvia hispanica. Salvia hispanica seeds protect against drug induced liver injury in a murine model and the underlying mechanism can be accorded to its antioxidant activity.

Fluorescence estimation of total protein in blood serum using N-doped carbon dots

In this article, Nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NCDs) were used as a fluorescent probe for the detection of total serum proteins. NCDs were synthesized by microwave-assisted method using citric acid as the carbon source and ethylenediamine as passivating agent. The strong intensity of fluorescence emission was observed at λex/λem ≈ 350/460 nm. The particles are found to be uniformly spherical with an average dimension of 10 nm. The fluorescence intensity of NCDs increased linearly with the addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentrations from 0.5 g/dL to 15 g/dL. The role of interfering agents was investigated and found that NCDs were sensitive to BSA specifically.

Changes in protein profile and encapsulation avoiding responses of entomopathogenic nematode in the American bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (H\xfcbner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The American bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly destructive agriculture pest of worldwide importance. The aim of the present study was to infect H. armigera larvae with entomopathogenic nematode juveniles for hematological study of proteins and encapsulation responses to evaluate using this nematode for the management of this pest. Total protein estimation and the electrophoretic profiling carried out in the hemolymph showed a high pathogenicity of Steinernema abbasi to H. armigera. The control group survived and succeeded to develop to adults, while the infected ones died within 24 h. An increase in the protein contents in the total and plasma hemolymph was observed just after 3 h of infection with an increase at 6 h and 9 h as symptoms of early defence of the insect. SDS-PAGE profile also showed an evolvement of a protein band of 46 kDa. No self-association or aggregation and binding of other proteins were found in the hemolymph as revealed by Native-PAGE. The encapsulation avoidance rate of nematode juvenile gave good results with (> 33%) in 2 IJs/larva to 5% in 20 IJs/larva doses at24 h post infection. Loss of hemolymph proteins continued for more than 24 h with a very low recognition of nematode rate in hemolymph, followed by the death of larvae within 48 h, which proved the high pathogenicity of S. abbasi and suppression of host immune system of H. armigera.

Neuroprotective effect ofPanax ginsengextract against cerebral ischemia–reperfusion-injury-induced oxidative stress in middle cerebral artery occlusion models

The present study investigated the in vivo neuroprotective role of Panax ginseng extract (PGE) pretreatment against transient cerebral ischemia in a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Rats were randomly divided as follows: group I, control; group II, sham-operated; group III, where animals were subjected to MCAO surgery; and group IV, where animals were orally administered 10 mL PGE per day (200 mg/kg of body weight per day) for 30 d followed by MCAO induction at day 31. Following 24 h of reperfusion, blood and tissue (brain, liver, and kidney) samples were collected for biochemical and histopathological examination. Biochemical testing included lipid profile, liver enzymes, kidney function tests, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, and total protein estimation. Tissue antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione) were assessed in brain, liver, and kidney tissues. MCAO-induced histopathological changes were also examined in the tissues. Pretreatment with PGE showed significant improvement in tissue antioxidant status in brain, liver and kidney tissues. PGE treatment maintains plasma lipid profile, liver enzymes, kidney function, and CRP, LDH, and glucose levels. Histologically, monocytes and macrophage infiltration were observed in the tissues of MCAO animals, whereas PGE treatment preserved tissue architecture and minimal monocyte infiltration. PGE supplementation showed a neuroprotective effect against ischemia–reperfusion injury by effectively increasing endogenous antioxidant enzyme activity.

Relative frequencies of odontogenic cysts and their protein and glucose content


 Background: Odontogenic cysts are derived from remnants of odontogenic apparatus entrapped within jawbones. The diagnosis of cysts is based on histology features; however, these features are not clear-cut in many cases, except for a few like OKC and Calcifying Odontogenic cyst. The knowledge of the content of these cysts may assist in the differentiation and diagnosis of the cysts. This study reviewed the pattern of jaw cysts presentation and further analyzed the glucose and protein contents of some odontogenic cysts among them. The findings from our local environment were compared with findings globally as regards jaw cysts.
 Methods: Aretrospective search of the departmental records of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology of the University College Hospital Ibadan was done from the year 2010 to 2017 for jaw cysts. The cystic content of odontogenic cysts was analyzed prospectively from 2016 to 2017 for total protein, albumin and glucose. Some cases of unicystic ameloblastoma were included because as at the time of obtaining the aspirate the working diagnosis was jaw cyst. Total protein, albumin and glucose estimations of the cysts were done by Biuret, Bromocresol Green and Glucose Oxidase methods respectively. The literature search was done on PubMed, using the keywords cysts, jaw cysts, odontogenic cysts, protein, albumin, glucose content.
 Results: 1,156 lesions were diagnosed within the study period of 7 years, among which 45 lesions (3.9%) were jaw cysts of odontogenic origin. Collectively the mean age at presentation was 30.8 (SD ± 17.2) years while it was 32.7 (SD±14.4), 21.6 (SD±14.6) and 40.1 (SD±24.0) years for radicular cyst, dentigerous cyst and OKC respectively. The mean concentration of total protein was highest in radicular cysts (6.2g/dL) compared with the dentigerous cysts.
 Conclusion: Radicular cyst is the most common odontogenic cyst followed by the dentigerous cyst. The radicular cyst favours the anterior maxilla while the dentigerous cyst favours the posterior mandible. Caution should be exercised when interpreting the results of protein estimation of odontogenic cystic fluids.
 

Relative Frequencies of Odontogenic Cysts and their Protein and Glucose Content

Background: Odontogenic cysts are derived from remnants of odontogenic apparatus entrapped within jawbones. The diagnosis of cysts is based on histology features; however, these features are not clear-cut in many cases, except for a few like OKC and Calcifying Odontogenic cyst. The knowledge of the content of these cysts may assist in the differentiation and diagnosis of the cysts. This study reviewed the pattern of jaw cysts presentation and further analyzed the glucose and protein contents of some odontogenic cysts among them. The findings from our local environment were compared with findings globally as regards jaw cysts.
 Methods: Aretrospective search of the departmental records of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Pathology of the University College Hospital Ibadan was done from the year 2010 to 2017 for jaw cysts. The cystic content of odontogenic cysts was analyzed prospectively from 2016 to 2017 for total protein, albumin and glucose. Some cases of unicystic ameloblastoma were included because as at the time of obtaining the aspirate the working diagnosis was jaw cyst. Total protein, albumin and glucose estimations of the cysts were done by Biuret, Bromocresol Green and Glucose Oxidase methods respectively. The literature search was done on PubMed, using the keywords cysts, jaw cysts, odontogenic cysts, protein, albumin, glucose content.
 Results: 1,156 lesions were diagnosed within the study period of 7 years, among which 45 lesions (3.9%) were jaw cysts of odontogenic origin. Collectively the mean age at presentation was 30.8 (SD± 17.2) years while it was 32.7 (SD±14.4), 21.6 (SD±14.6) and 40.1 (SD±24.0) years for radicular cyst, dentigerous cyst and OKC respectively. The mean concentration of total protein was highest in radicular cysts (6.2g/dL) compared with the dentigerous cysts.
 Conclusion: Radicular cyst is the most common odontogenic cyst followed by the dentigerous cyst. The radicular cyst favours the anterior maxilla while the dentigerous cyst favours the posterior mandible. Caution should be exercised when interpreting the results of protein estimation of odontogenic cystic fluids.

Wound Healing Activity of Alcoholic Extract of Tamarix Aphylla L. on Animal Models

To evaluate the wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Tamarix aphylla L. on animal model. Wound creation like circular excision and linear incision method were considered for this study. The various parameters were studied like DNA estimation, total protein estimation, estimation of Hexosamine and Uronic acid, estimation of lipid peroxides and antioxidant activity, Tensile Strength of tissues from incision wounds, Antioxidant activity, Antimicrobial activity, Period of epithelialization and finally TNF-a concentration in the wound tissue homogenate were estimated. The treatment groups with the extract showed significant antimicrobial activity with compare to the standard drug. Significantly, 93. 86% increase in the collagen content and significant 52% up regulation in tensile strength was observed in the treated group. 40% reduction was observed in epithelialization period of the treated wounds. The results of the current study confirm that the ethanolic extract of T. aphylla has potent wound healing capacity.

PILOT VALIDATION OF EARLY PREDICTORS FOR NEONATAL SEPSIS

Purpose: pilot development of the system estimating the risk for sepsis in newborns and determining its discrimination power.Methods. Design: a retrospective observational single-center study. 124 newborns with sepsis are included; 34 of them died. Kullback’s measure was used to estimate the information value of the examined clinical and laboratory variables. Disease outcome (whether survived or dead) was the response function. The discrimination power was determined using ROC-analysis.Results. The information value of the examined clinical and laboratory variables in the newborns was analyzed as related to the risk for sepsis. Early neonatal sepsis predictors include platelet count, total protein content, body mass and neutrophil count. Discrimination power of the mentioned predictors was calculated.Result. Determination of the risk for sepsis in a newborn based on the estimation of platelet count, neutrophil count, total protein and body mass is of moderate value.

Beneficial effects of Tryosine kinase Inhibitor Imatinib on Striatal Motor behaviour in 6-OHDA lesioned rat model

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia nigra and it affects movement, muscle control, balance and numerous other functions Studies have shown that Imatinib inhibitor of tyrosine kinase shows neuroprotective effect. This study evaluated the neuroprotective activity of Imatinib in 6-OHDA induced rat model of Parkinson’s disease. Animals were anaesthetized and placed in sterotoxic apparatus. 6-OHDA was injected into the forebrain bundle to induce fast and severe degeneration in dopaminergic neurons of Substantia nigra. Group I- vehicle control, group II- 6-OHDA induced, group III- 6- OHDA+Levodopa (6mg/kg), group IV- 6-OHDA+Imatinib(10mg/kg s.c). Treatment was given for14days after induction of 6-OHDA. The animals were subjected to behavioural parameters such as apomorphine induced rotations, grip strength, catatonia and biochemical parameters such as total protein estimation, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidase. In biochemical estimation total protein has been increased, glutathione is increased. Both lipid peroxidase and calcium level has been decreased when compared to 6¬- OHDA. In the present data shows of behavioural and biochemical parameters. The estimated parameters altered the normal behavior of the animal and the drug treatment protected the diseased brain of rat.

Influence of different SAR elicitors on induction and expression of PR-proteins in Potato and Muskmelon against Oomycete pathogens

Two cultivars each of potato namely; Kufri Badshah, Kufri Jyoti and muskmelon namely; Kajri and Punjab Hybrid were treated with varying concentrations of four different elicitors for induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against Phytophthora infestans causing late blight in potato and Pseudoperonospora cubensis causing downy mildew in muskmelon. Attempts were made to induce SAR with application of various SAR elicitors as spray i.e. Jasmonic acid (JA), Salicylic acid (SA), Benzothiadiazole (BTH) and Beta Amino butyric acid (BABA). These elicitors were sprayed on 3-week-old sprouts and effect on defence related proteins along with late blight and downy mildew severity was studied. Leaf samples were collected up to 7 days post treatment and used for estimation of total proteins. Sporangial solution (4.0 × 104 sporangia per ml) was sprayed after 1 week of elicitors spray. Per cent disease severity was recorded at 14 days post inoculation. SA, JA, BTH and BABA caused statistically significant (at 5% level) increase in total soluble protein in leaf samples. The best treatments for maximum induction of proteins were 500 μM each of SA, JA, and BTH and 50 mM for BABA. SDS–PAGE electrophoresis confirmed that exogenous application of JA, SA, BABA and BTH resulted in the induction of PR proteins of low molecular size along with some other proteins in both potato and muskmelon, which helped in induction of SAR against oomycete pathogens.

Morphological, Molecular, Biochemical and Nutritional Characterization of Three Major Thais Species from the Sindh Coast of Pakistan

Objective:The present study was conducted to investigate the biomass assessment, morphological and molecular identification, nutritive status and biochemical characterization of three majorThaisspecies (T. bufo,T. hippocastanumandT. rudolphi) from the Sindh Coast, Pakistan.Methods:Samples were collected from Buleji and Paradise Point at the Sindh Coast. Species were identified morphologically as well as genetically by amplifying two mitochondrial 16S rDNA & Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) and one nuclear (Histone H3) genes. Shell microstructure and chemistry were also studied by scanning electron microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). The body muscle was dissected and used for nutritional composition determination such as estimation of total protein, carbohydrates, lipids, protein fingerprinting by Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Size-Exclusion - Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography (SEC-FPLC), amino acid and fatty acid analysis.Results:Nutritionally, the total protein was found to be the major content followed by carbohydrate and lipid in the threeThais sp. The presence of medicinally important hemocyanin as abundant hemolymph protein was confirmedviaSDS-PAGE and SEC FPLC. Nine different types of fatty acids and a high concentration of essential amino acids were also determined.Conclusion:Our findings suggest thatThais sp.are nutritionally rich and can be consumed as a valuable marine resource to overcome the malnutrition problem in developing countries.

Method Development of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Approaches for Nondestructive and Rapid Estimation of Total Protein in Brown Rice Flour.

Rice varietal development and improvement programs are constantly seeking means to shorten the breeding cycle in order to deliver new, consumer-acceptable rice varieties to farmers and to consumers. Advances in molecular biology technologies have enabled breeders to use high-throughput genotyping to screen breeding lines. However, current phenotyping technologies, particularly for rice cooking and eating properties, have yet to match the efficiency of genotyping methodologies. A high-throughput and cost-effective phenotyping suite is essential because without phenotype, the value of genotypic information cannot be maximized. In this book chapter, we explore the application of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a high-throughput and nondestructive approach in characterizing rice grains, primarily describing method development and validation, instrument calibration, upgrading, and maintenance. We then focus on estimating protein content (PC) in brown rice as a case study because (1) PC is an attribute that contributes to the cooking behavior and the eating properties of cooked rice; and (2) proteins contain chemical bonds that can easily be detected by NIRS.

Distortion of protein analysis in primary neuronal cultures by serum albumin from culture medium: A methodological approach to improve target protein quantification

BackgroundPrimary neuronal cultures underpin diverse neuroscience experiments, including various protein analysis techniques, such as Western blotting, whereby protein extraction from cultured neurons is required. During immunoblotting experiments, we encountered problems due to a highly-abundant protein of 65–70 KDa present in the cell extracts, that interfered with total protein estimation, and immunodetection of target proteins of similar size. Previous research has suggested that serum proteins, specifically albumin, contained within commonly-used culture media, can bind to, or be adsorbed by, generic cell culture plasticware. This residual albumin may then be extracted along with cell proteins. New methodWe made simple modifications to wash steps of traditional cell lysis/extraction protocols. ResultsWe report that a substantial amount of albumin, accumulated from the standard culture media, is extracted from primary neuronal cultures along with the cellular contents. This contamination can be reduced, without changing the culture conditions, by modifying wash procedures. Comparison with existing methodsAccumulated albumin from neuronal culture media, in amounts equivalent to cellular contents, can distort data from total protein assays and from the immunoreactive signal from nearby bands on Western blots. By altering wash protocols during protein extraction, these problems can be ameliorated. ConclusionsWe suggest that the standard extended culture periods for primary neuronal cultures, coupled with the requirement for successive medium changes, may leave them particularly susceptible to cumulative albumin contamination from the culture media used. Finally, we propose the implementation of simple alterations to wash steps in protein extraction protocols which can ameliorate this interference.

In vivo models for assesment of wound healing potential: A systematic review

Abstract Introduction The wound is defined as an injury of a living tissue, arose due to either an accidental injury like cut of the cells or skin or sometime, maybe broken the tissue, which may cause the anomalies in the cellular ability to exhibit the protective mechanism. Wound healing is process of regaining the integrity of cell structure and layers of the skin. The normal healing process of wounds are categorized in 4 phases which includes hemostatic, inflammatory, fibrolastic and maturation. Purpose The present manuscript embarks on up to date information on different methods being used for wound healing assessment including incision, excision, burn wound and dead space models. The biochemical parameter which acts as wound healing markers are collagen estimation (hydroxyproline), hexosamine, DNA estimation, total protein estimation, wound Index, contraction area, epithelization period and tensile strength etc. Histologic evaluations is also an integral part of wound healing evaluation which, help in evaluating the cellular and matrix detail within the wound. Conclusion At present, molecular approaches are important to heal the wound. For assessment of potential of any herbal drug/synthetic compound, incision wound model, excision wound model, burn wound model and dead space model and their parameter are used.

Chemical studies on protein profile in albino rats under the effect of aqueous extracts of hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves and pomegranate (punica granatum) peels

Hibiscus rosa sinensis (HRS) leaves and pomegranate (punica granatum) peels (PP) have many medicinal applications. Effect of natural products (aqueous extract of Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaves (AEHRS leaves),pomegranate (punica granatum) peels (AEPP) and their mixture) on protein profile (total protein (TP), albumin (Alb) and albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio) concentrations at 7, 14 and 21 days of male albino rats was studied. Seventy two male albino rats were divided into twelve groups of six animals each (n=6). The first group served as the normal health control (I). Animals of the second group (II) were induced hyperglycemia (diabetic control group) by injection of 65 mg/kg bw of streptozotocin (STZ). Three groups (III, IV and V) were given hibiscus aqueous leaves extracts (AEHRS) orally daily, at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg bw respectively. Also, three groups (VI, VII and VIII) were given P. granatum aqueous peels extracts (AEPP) orally daily, at doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg bw respectively. Finally, three groups those IX, X and XI were given mixture of AEHRS leaves and AEPP orally daily, at doses of (125/125,225/225 and 350/350 mg/kg bw). In addition, one of streptozotocin (STZ) rats group was treated with AEHRS leaves and AEPP mixture 400/400 mg/kg bw (XII) respectively. Serum was separated for estimation of total protein (TP) and albumin (alb) as well as albumin/globulin (A/G) ratio was calculated after 7, 14 and 21 days. Protein profile contents results showed different changes at all experimental periods which sometimes observed some increased or decreased values comparing with normal health control group (I) only but highly significant increase was obtained when compared to diabetic control group (II) only. In view of these facts the improving and protective effect of AEHRS leaves, AEPP and their mixture against male albino rats protein profile was showed.

Biting activity of Phlebotomus sandflies fed on long term immunized hamster

ABSTRACT Phlebotomus papatasi is one of the common sand flies that found in Egypt. Three to five- days old 1080 non infected P. papatasi sandfly females were used in this study. They fed for 90-100 min. on blood of non immunized hamster for one time/week. Each hamster was re-exposed for an average of 18 exposures at one week interval after being immunized. immunized. Sand flies were observed to determine their biting activity as Fed or Half-fed. Then sera of control and immunized hamster was analyzed by using spectrophotometer. Three replicates of sand flies groups (each with 360 insects) were used. The results indicated a remarkable change in biting activity of sand flies through the investigated period (18 weeks) where a powerful biting through the first seven weeks was observed, followed by a significant decrease in number of biting activity during the rest of weeks. This can be explained by acquiring hamster immunity due to formation of antibodies in his blood. Multiple exposures to sandfly saliva induce an immune response in hamster which can control leishmaniasis in this animal. This immune response was reflected in results of total protein estimation where the total protein increased after successive bits compared to control. Therefore, we could concluded that the antibodies which have been formed in hamster against saliva of female sandfly have a repellent effect as well as immunized effect. Knowledge to be gained from the present study will contribute to recent trends in the future development of novel strategies for preventing disease transmission in Egypt.

Total Serum Protein Estimation and Its Correlation with Clinical and Histopathological Grading using Masson's Trichrome Stain in Patients of Oral Submucous Fibrosis.

Objectives:Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) caused by dense deposition of collagen fibers which is a protein. There is a plethora of research to evaluate degree of collagen deposition using various simple histochemical techniques, but its correlation with total serum protein (TSP) level has not been explored so far.Materials and Methods:This case–control study comprised total forty samples with thirty cases of OSMF and ten cases were selected as control group, divided into four groups as per Lai et al. classification. Histological grading was also done according to the Rooban et al.'s classification. Blood sample was collected to evaluate TSP estimation. Findings were tabulated, and comparisons were made between clinical, histological, and TSP estimation. Discrete statistical data were analyzed by Chi-square test, ANOVA, and t-test with a statistical analysis package (SPSS version software 6.0).Results:No significant correlation was obtained between clinical staging and histopathological grading. Definite correlation was obtained in TSP and globulin levels of OSMF patients and their grades of fibrosis histopathologically.Conclusion:In the present study, it was observed that biochemical investigations involving assessment of TSP can be used as a diagnostic tool in OSMF, along with histopathological examination.

A Method for Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles and Characterization of Exosomes from Brain Extracellular Space.

Extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes, secreted vesicles of endocytic origin, and microvesicles derived from the plasma membrane, have been widely isolated and characterized from conditioned culture media and bodily fluids. The difficulty in isolating EV from tissues, however, has hindered their study in vivo. Here, we describe a novel method designed to isolate EV and characterize exosomes from the extracellular space of brain tissues. The purification of EV is achieved by gentle dissociation of the tissue to free the brain extracellular space, followed by sequential low-speed centrifugations, filtration, and ultracentrifugations. To further purify EV from other extracellular components, they are separated on a sucrose step gradient. Characterization of the sucrose step gradient fractions by electron microscopy demonstrates that this method yields pure EV preparations free of large vesicles, subcellular organelles, or debris. The level of EV secretion and content are determined by assays for acetylcholinesterase activity and total protein estimation, and exosomal identification and protein content are analyzed by Western blot and immuno-electron microscopy. Additionally, we present here a method to delipidate EV in order to improve the resolution of downstream electrophoretic analysis of EV proteins.

Influence of sodium butyrate on salmonella infection in broiler chicks

One hundred and ten 1-day-old broiler chickens were obtained from commercial breeder farm and kept under strict hygienic measures and were proved to be salmonella free. The birds were divided into 5 equal groups. The first group was kept as negative control. The second group was infected with (1×108) Salmonella entertidis intra crop at 8th day of age. The third group was given Sodium butyrate 0.98 mg/mL orally in drinking water from the first day till the end of experiment at 40th day of age. The fourth group was treated with Sodium butyrate from the 1st day as in the 3rd group and infected with Salmonella enteritidis at 8th day of age. The fifth group was infected with inoculum containing (1×108) Salmonella entertidis intra crop at 8th days of age and treated Sodium butyrate 0.98 mg/mL in drinking water for 5 successive days after appearance of signs. Blood and serum samples were collected from each group at 14, 21 and 28 days of age for estimation of macrophages phagocytosis, malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), total protein, albumin, globulin and Nitric Oxide (NO). Live body weight and feed intake were recorded for each repetition ondays 7, 14, 28 and 35. Reisolation of inoculated organism from the muscle, liver, and two ceci of experimentally infected chicks was carried out and confirmed by PCR. Tissue specimens from intestine were collected for histopathological examination. The results showed significant increase in total protein and globulin level in groups 2, 3 and 4. MDA showed significant decrease in group 2 and 4 in the first week, on the other hand MDA showed significant decrease in group 2 and 5 in the second week, but decrease in group 2 only in the third week. SOD showed significant decrease in group 2 in the first week, but in the second week, there were decrease in groups 2, 4 and 5. While SOD showed significant increase in groups 3, 4 and 5 in the third week. NO showed significant increase in groups 2 and 3 in the first week but in the second week there was significant increase in NO level in groups 2, 3 and 4 but in the third week the results revealed significant increase in groups 3 and 4 only. Macrophage showed significant decrease in groups 2 and 5. Phagocytic activity showed significant decrease in group 2 and significant increase in group 3. Body weight showed significantincrease in group 3 during the second and the third week of experiment, but in the fourth and fifth week there was significant decrease in group 2 and increase in group 3. Histopathological examination revealed that Group 3 (sodium butyrate) showed high absorptive surface from tall and thick intestinal villi and hyper activation of intestinal crypts and proliferation of villous enterocytes. The results indicated that sodium butyrate can be used as antioxidant so improve the growth performance in chickens under stress and this may be attributed to enhancing the immune response and reduce tissue damage. It was concluded that sodium butyrate can be used in control and prevention of salmonella infection in chickens

Impact of Hypoproteic Diet on Liver Function and Thrombopoiesis in New Zealand White Rabbits

Protein under nutrition may play a role in the development and progression of liver disease. The relationship between hypoproteic diet, liver function and subsequently thrombopoiesis has not been fully documented; hence, this study sets out to determine it in normal rabbits. The broad objective of this work is to determine the relationship between a hypoproteic diet, liver function and thrombocyte indices in normal rabbits. Twenty New Zealand White Rabbits weighing 950-1050g were used. They were assigned into two groups (A and B) of ten rabbits each and fed with rabbit chow containing 30% protein for a period of four weeks. Group A animals were changed to a 4% protein feed while group B animals were maintained on 30% protein feed. Blood samples were obtained from the marginal ear vein of the Rabbits after the period of acclimatization (4 weeks) and analyzed for baseline data and twice at eight weeks intervals post-acclimatization. The samples were taken into 2ml EDTA tubes and 5ml plain tubes for the determination of platelet counts, AST, alanine transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphate (ALP), plateletcrit (PCT), platelet distribution width (PDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), Total Protein estimation, Albumin estimation and thrombopoietin assay using standard protocols. It was observed that Platelet counts, MPV, Total protein and Albumin levels were significantly lower (P≤ 0.05) in the rabbits fed hypoproteic diet compared to the rabbits of the control group while AST, ALT, ALP and thrombopoietin levels were significantly increased (P≤ 0.05) in the rabbits fed hypoproteic diet compared to the rabbits of the control group. The PCT values were decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group but were not statistically significant (P≥ 0.05). These findings suggest that hypoproteic diet impaires liver function and induce platelet destruction leading to low platelet count and alteration of platelets indices.