Total Protein Estimation Research Articles

Extracellular Proteomic Profiling from the Erythrocytes Infected with Plasmodium Falciparum 3D7 Holds Promise for the Detection of Biomarkers.

Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum), which causes the most severe form of malaria, if left untreated, has 24h window in which it can cause severe illness and even death. The aim of this study was to create the most comprehensive and informative secretory-proteome possible by combining high-accuracy and high-sensitivity protein identification technology. In this study, we used Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 (Pf3D7) as the model parasite to develop a label-free quantification proteomic strategy with the main goal of identifying Pf3D7 proteins that are supposed to be secreted outside the infected erythrocytes in the spent media culture during the in-vitro study. The spent culture media supernatant was subjected to differential and ultra-centrifugation steps followed by total protein extraction, estimation, and in-solution digestion using trypsin, digested peptides were analyzed using Nano-LC coupled with ESI for MS/MS. MS/MS spectra were processed using Maxquant software (v2.1.4.0.). Non-infected erythrocytes incubated spent cultured media supernatant were considered as control. Out of discovered 38 proteins, proteins belonging to P. falciparum spp. were EGF-like protein (C0H544), Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone GRP170 (C0H5H0), Small GTP-binding protein sar1 (Q8I1S0), Erythrocyte membrane protein 1, PfEMP1 (Q8I639), aldehyde reductase (Q8ID61), Conserved Plasmodium proteins (Q8IEH3, Q8ILD1), Antigen 332, DBL-like protein (Q8IHN4), Fe-S cluster assembly protein (Q8II78), identified and chosen for further in-depth investigation. This study highlights the value of secretory Plasmodium proteins play crucial roles in various aspects of the disease progression and host-pathogen interactions which can serve as diagnostic markers for malaria infection.

Estimation of Total Proteins and Minerals Content of Bovine Brucellosis and Anaplasmosis in Some Local Dairy Farms in Kosti, Sudan

Bovine brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is a significant bacterial infectious zoonotic disease not only poses a threat to animal health but also presents economic challenges and public health concerns due to its potential transmission to humans. Humans can contract the disease through direct contact with infected animals or consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. Bovine anaplasmosis is a haemolytic disease of cattle caused by the bacterium Anaplasma marginale which can cause adult mortality, abortion, weight loss, and a reduction in performance. This paper described the results obtained from the effects of brucellosis and anaplasmosis on serum proteins and the level of the macro elements (Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium). These minerals play an essential role in animal metabolism. Out of fourteen Bovine serum samples, five samples were found to be positive for Brucella (35.72%) and four samples were found to be positive for Anaplasma (28.57%), the remaining samples were negative. Total protein (Tb) and (Alb) levels were significantly increased (P<0.01) in both brucellosis and anaplasmosis cattle compared with controls. On the other hand Globulin (Glob) was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in brucellosis cattle compared to the controls, also the present study showed that, concentration of Na, Ca, and Mg minerals were significantly increased in case of Brucellosis compared to the controls and significantly low (P<0.05) in potassium level, while animals infected with anaplasmosis showed an increased level of Na and K and decreased level in Mg. In summary, comprehension of laboratory medicine parameters is crucial for monitoring animal health and diagnosing diseases like brucellosis and anaplasmosis. These parameters are essential for implementing effective control measures and ensuring livestock well-being. The objective of this study was to estimate the total proteins and minerals content of Bovine Brucellosis and Anaplasmosis in ...

Influence of Blood Glucose, Total Protein and Haemoglobin at The Time of Induced Estrus on Conception Rate on Anestrus Crossbred Cows

The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of blood glucose, total protein and haemoglobin at the time of induced estrus on conception rate in 30 postpartum anestrus crossbred dairy cows. The cows were treated with progesterone intravaginal (CIDR) based estrus induction protocol with double fixed timed inseminations at 12 and 24 h after injection of last GnRH. estrus induction response was 100% with majority of the cows (80%) showed intermediate intensity of estrus. On the day of first AI, blood was collected from all the animals for the estimation of glucose, total protein and haemoglobin. The mean time to onset of estrus from the time of removal of CIDR was 44.85 ± 7.23 h. The overall conception rate in the present study was 30 % (9/30). In the present study, the mean values of glucose, total protein and haemoglobin at the time of estrus were 43.81 ± 1.14 mg/dl, 7.78 ± 0.24 g/dl and 8.68 ± 0.22 g/dl respectively. The mean glucose, total protein and haemoglobin levels in the anestrus cows which were included in the study are lower than the normal range. There is no significant different in the biochemical parameters among the cows showing weak, intermediate and intense intensity of estrus. Similarly, there is no significant difference in the biochemical parameters between the cows that conceived and cows not has not conceived. The findings in the present study clearly indicates that poor nutritional status may be the cause for the anestrus condition of the animal under field conditions.

The correlation of spot urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio with 24-h urinary protein excretion in various glomerulopathies.

Proteinuria is an important and well-known biomarker of many forms of kidney injury. Its quantitation is of particular importance in the diagnosis and management of glomerular diseases. Its quantification can be done by several methods. Among these, the measurement of 24-h urinary protein excretion is the gold standard method. However, it is cumbersome, time-consuming, and inconvenient for patients and is not completely foolproof. Many alternative methods have been tested over time albeit with conflicting results. Among the latter, the measurement of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (uPCR) in single-voided urinary samples is widely used. The majority of studies found a good correlation between uPCR in single urine samples with 24-h urinary protein estimation, whereas others did not. To investigate the correlation of spot uPCR with 24-h urinary protein estimation in patients suffering from different forms of glomerulopathies at a single large-volume nephrological center in Pakistan. This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted at the Department of Nephrology, Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation, Karachi, Pakistan from September 2017 to March 2018. All newly presenting adult patients with proteinuria who were being investigated for suspected glomerulonephritis and persistent proteinuria with ages between 18 to 60 years were enrolled. All patients were given detailed advice regarding 24-h urine collection starting at 7:00 AM for total protein and creatinine excretion estimations. A spot urine sample was collected the next day at the time of submission of a 24-h urine sample for measuring uPCR along with a blood sample. The data of patients were collected in a proforma. SPSS version 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. A total of 157 patients were included. Their mean age was 30.45 ± 12.11 years. There were 94 (59.8%) males and 63 (40.2%) females. The mean 24-h urinary protein excretion was 3192.78 ± 1959.79 mg and the mean spot uPCR was 3.16 ± 1.52 in all patients. A weak but significant correlation was observed between spot uPCR and 24-h urinary protein excretion (r = 0.342, P = 0.01) among all patients. On subgroup analysis, a slightly better correlation was found in patients older than 47 years (r = 0.78), and those with body mass index > 25 kg/m2 (r = 0.45). The Bland and Altman's plot analysis comparing the differences between spot uPCR and 24-h protein measurement also showed a wide range of the limits of agreement between the two methods. Overall, the results from this study showed a significant and weakly positive correlation between spot uPCR and 24-h urinary protein estimation in different forms of glomerulopathies. The agreement between the two methods was also poor. Hence, there is a need for careful interpretation of the ratio in an unselected group of patients with kidney disease.

Evaluation of Total Protein in Malaria Parasitaemia

Malaria endemicity is most common in the tropical region, continuous transmission still occurs in about 85 countries and regions. The liver is very essential in overall body physiology and it plays a very important role in the life cycle of malaria and its function may be altered due to malaria parasitaemia. This cross sectional study was aimed at evaluating the level of total protein in malaria parasitaemia among children attending Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital, Palmars, Omega Children Hospital, Early Breed Group of Schools, St Francis Nursery and Primary school and Staff Nursery and Primary school in Port Harcourt, Rivers state Nigeria. Of the 1000 subjects within 1-10 years, 694 subjects had malaria parasitaemia while 306 subjects had no malaria and thus made up the control group. Venipuncture technique was used to collect samples for estimation of malaria parasite density and total protein (TP) using biuret method. The results showed low (873.8±30.44), moderate (3248±109.31) and high malaria (24813.8±877.22) densities with TP values of 42.70±0.50g/l, 43.21±0.60g/l and 39.64±0.60g/l respectively. There was a significant difference (P-value<0.05) in total protein (TP) levels among various groups of malaria densities. This study has shown that the impact of malaria on the liver health vary depending on the level of the infestation.

Estimation of Serum Minerals, Total Protein and Liver Enzymes in HIV Patients Receiving Haart in Federal Medical Centre, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Aims: This study was aimed to estimate serum minerals level (calcium, zinc, phosphorus), total protein and liver enzymes (ALT and AST) in patients taking HAART at Federal Medical Centre Keffi, Nasarawa state. Nigeria.
 Study design: This study engaged a cross-sectional study design to investigate the liver enzyme alterations and the level of serum minerals in patients taking HAART when compare with treatment naïve (Pre-HAART) controls.
 Place and duration of the study: The study was conducted in Federal Medical Center Keffi, Nasarawa State-Nigeria. Data collection spanned a specific duration from December, 2022 to March, 2023.
 Method: A total of 143 subjects were involved in the study of which were 59 HIV positive patients on HAART, 34 Pre-HAART patients and 50 healthy subjects served as controls. 5ml venous blood sample was collected after taking aseptic precaution from the study subjects into plain vacuum tubes; sample was left for 30 minutes at room temperature and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 4 minutes. Sero-negativity of the control (healthy patients) was confirmed by HIV TRI-DOT test. Serum total calcium, serum phosphorus, serum zinc. Total proteins were estimated using spectrophotometer while AST and ALT were estimated by colorimetric method.
 Result: The study indicated that both pre-HAART and HAART patients showed significantly higher (P<.05) AST and ALT activities compared to sero-negative patients. Pre-HAART patients had lower Zinc (11.22±4.86) and TP (43.18±22.52) levels than sero-negative patients, with Zinc (16.58±4.20) and TP (65.47±12.79). In contrast, HAART patients experienced a significant increase (P<.005) in Zinc (14.29±3.41) and TP (61.56±18.87) levels compared to pre-HAART patients (11.22±4.86) and (43.18±2.52). No significant difference in serum calcium level in all groups. Patients on HAART and sero-negative patients displayed normal Phosphorus level which is significantly higher in pre-HAART patients.
 Conclusion: This study concluded that the serum level of ALT and AST were increased in HIV positive patients on HAART and pre-HAART patients. HAART improved level of serum zinc and total protein.

Effect of anti‐fouling organotin compound (TBTCl) and the ameliorative role of spirulina on Lamellidens marginalis

AbstractOrganotin compounds (OTs) belong to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) group and are capable of persisting up to 40 years due to their chemical nature. Tributyltin (TBT) is an anti‐fouling agent and can easily leach out into water threatening the aquatic life. Molluscs are sensitive towards the presence of toxins in their surrounding environment and respond accordingly to overcome stress conditions. Lamellidens marginalis, a freshwater bivalve is popular for its food value and pink pearls. The present study focuses on the effect of Tributyltin chloride (TBTCl), a form of TBT, on Lamellidens marginalis under laboratory conditions. The 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50) was calculated to be 1 mg L−1. Bivalves were segregated into three sub‐groups that is, group I; control, group II; experimental (treated with 0.2 mg L−1 TBTCl that is, 1/5th of LC50 value), group III; experimental (treated with 0.2 mg L−1 TBTCl + 0.003% w/v spirulina). A static non‐renewal toxicity assay was performed for 96 h. Estimation of total protein, acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and glycogen was carried out. An overall decrease in the total protein, ACP, ALP, glycogen, and ALT was observed in both the experimental groups (Groups II and III) in comparison to the control group whereas, the concentration of AST was found to increase in hepatopancreas. Integrated biomarker response index (IBR) value was calculated to be 12.60 for control and 10.56 and 11.29 for groups II and III, respectively in hepatopancreas. Similarly, in gill tissue the values were 3.69, 1.37, and 3.43, respectively. After treatment with nutritional supplement spirulina, a higher BRI (biomarker response index) value of 3.3 for group III was observed, suggesting the therapeutic role of spirulina in test organisms. BRI value derived for group II was 2.7 indicating more severity of TBTCl compared to group III in the absence of spirulina.

Temporal variability in foliar protein content and trypsin inhibitory levels in two host trees of tropical Tasar silkworm Antheraea mylitta, Drury

Aim: Variation in total soluble proteins and protease inhibitor levels were investigated to determine nutritional and plant defense status in different leaf types of Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight and Arn., and Schleichera oleosa (Lou.) Oken, two host tree species of the economically important, non-mulberry Tasar silkworm, A. mylitta. Methodology: Quantitative spectrophotometric assays based on diagnostic amidolytic substrates were conducted to assess serine protease inhibitor activities in young, semi-mature and mature leaf types. A microplate quantification assay for total protein estimations was used with leaf types sampled over a year. Efficacy of total trypsin inhibitor and chymotrypsin inhibitor activities detected in T. arjuna (a primary host plant) was further evaluated on gut extracts of fourth instar A. mylitta and Pieris brassicae L. (a Pierid pest of crucifers) to assess the physiological adaptation of larvae to dietary antifeedants. Molecular provenances with rbcL genes were obtained that are available as NCBI accessions #MN460810 for T. arjuna and #MT010554 for S. oleosa. Results: Intra-specific variations were evident in leaf phenology of two tree species. Generally, young leaf type of both tree species had high levels of total protein and trypsin inhibitory activities, while mature leaf type of T. arjuna had low total protein content and trypsin inhibitor levels. Mature leaf type of S. oleosa had low trypsin inhibitor levels during the months of July and August. Midgut proteases of A. mylitta and P. brassicae were significantly more susceptible (p≤0.05) to both trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors detected in young and semi-mature leaf types of T. arjuna than the mature leaf type. Interpretation: In this study, differential inhibition of digestive proteases in A. mylitta and P. brassicae by protease inhibitors from different leaf types of T. arjuna, suggested adaptation to dietary antifeedants. Such reports on nutritional quality, foliar antifeedants, phenology and host plant utilization are relevant for strategies to domesticate the tropical Tasar silkworm, A. mylitta. Key words: Antheraea mylitta, Protease Inhibitors, Terminalia arjuna, Total protein, Tree phenology

Comparing the Therapeutic Potency of Camel Milk and Whey Protein Against Toxicity-Induced by Levofloxacin in Male Albino Rats.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Levofloxacin (LFX) is a wide-spectrum antibiotic that is used to treat many types of infections. Camel milk (CM) and camel whey protein (CWP) are natural antioxidants that work as dietary supplements that enhance immune defenses. The goal of this study was to estimate the therapeutic efficacy of camel whey protein and camel milk, in addition to the toxic effects of the antibiotic levofloxacin. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> As 42 male albino rats were divided as follows: G1: Control, G2: CM orally for 15 days, G3: CWP orally for 15 days, G4: LFX orally for 10 days, G5: LFX for 10 days and followed with CM daily for 15 days and G6: LFX for 10 days followed by CWP orally for 15 days. At the end of the study blood sera from all groups were collected for estimation of serum total protein, albumin, globulins and glucose. Sections of the liver and kidney were separated for estimation of GSH, CAT, GSH-PX. All data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance. <b>Results:</b> The LFX treatment induced a decrease in serum levels of proteinogram, glucose, hepatic and renal values of oxidative stress and raising values of serum kidney and liver functions, hepatic and renal MDA. The treatment of LFX-treated rats with CWP led to a more increase in serum proteinogram, glucose, hepatic and renal (GSH, CAT, GSH-PX) a decline in serum values of (urea, ALAT, ASAT, ALP, BIL, T.P, D. BIL, Ind. BIL creatinine), hepatic and renal MDA than the treatment with CWP did. <b>Conclusion:</b> The use of CWP after LFX-treatment showed greater therapeutic potency than the use of CM.

Piperine Exhibits Potential Antibiofilm Activity Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Accumulating Reactive Oxygen Species, Affecting Cell Surface Hydrophobicity and Quorum Sensing.

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria often develop biofilm through different mechanisms in promoting pathogenicity. Hence, the antibiofilm molecule needs to be examined separately on both organisms to manage the biofilm threat. Since the antibiofilm activity of piperine against Staphylococcus aureus was already reported; here, we aimed to examine the antibiofilm activity of it against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen that can cause several healthcare-associated infections by exploiting biofilm. Several experiments like crystal violet assay, estimation of total protein, measurement of extracellular polymeric substance, and microscopic analysis confirmed that lower concentrations (8 and 16µg/mL) of piperine could inhibit the microbial biofilm formation considerably. Besides, it could also reduce the secretion of virulence factors from P. aeruginosa. Further investigation showed that the cell surface hydrophobicity and microbial motility of the test organism got reduced under the influence of piperine. Piperine exposure was found to increase the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that resulted in the inhibition of biofilm formation. Furthermore, the molecular simulation studies suggested that piperine could affect the quorum sensing network of P. aeruginosa. Towards this direction, we noticed that piperine treatment could decrease the expression of the quorum sensing gene (lasI) that resulted in the inhibition of biofilm formation. Besides biofilm inhibition, piperine was also found to disintegrate the pre-existing biofilm of P. aeruginosa without showing any antimicrobial property to the test organism. Thus, piperine could be used for the sustainable protection of public-healthcare by compromising the biofilm assembly of P. aeruginosa.

Comparative Study on Hybrid and Traditional Seed Cultivars of Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.)

Abstract: Four cultivars of finger millet were taken in study, two were hybrid cultivars (KMR-340 and MR-6) and other two were traditional cultivars (MR-1 and GPU-28). Tests have been conducted for this study such as germination test, estimation of chlorophyll, total protein, total phenols, enzymatic activity and phytochemical analysis. The results revealed that highest rate of germination percentage and vigour index in hybrid cultivar i.e., MR-6 it has 86% of germination on 14th day. Chlorophyll content also high in MR-6 (0.075 mg/g) on 14th day. Total protein content was more in hybrid cultivars KMR-340 (145 mg/g) on day 14th than traditional cultivars. Whereas enzymatic activity and total phenol content was highest in traditional cultivars.

Depth wide distribution and metabolic potential of chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms reactivated from deep continental granitic crust underneath the Deccan Traps at Koyna, India.

Characterization of inorganic carbon (C) utilizing microorganisms from deep crystalline rocks is of major scientific interest owing to their crucial role in global carbon and other elemental cycles. In this study we investigate the microbial populations from the deep [up to 2,908 meters below surface (mbs)] granitic rocks within the Koyna seismogenic zone, reactivated (enriched) under anaerobic, high temperature (50°C), chemolithoautotrophic conditions. Subsurface rock samples from six different depths (1,679-2,908 mbs) are incubated (180 days) with CO2 (+H2) or HCO3 - as the sole C source. Estimation of total protein, ATP, utilization of NO3 - and SO4 2- and 16S rRNA gene qPCR suggests considerable microbial growth within the chemolithotrophic conditions. We note a better response of rock hosted community towards CO2 (+H2) over HCO3 -. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing shows a depth-wide distribution of diverse chemolithotrophic (and a few fermentative) Bacteria and Archaea. Comamonas, Burkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia, Ralstonia, Klebsiella, unclassified Burkholderiaceae and Enterobacteriaceae are reactivated as dominant organisms from the enrichments of the deeper rocks (2335-2,908 mbs) with both CO2 and HCO3 -. For the rock samples from shallower depths, organisms of varied taxa are enriched under CO2 (+H2) and HCO3 -. Pseudomonas, Rhodanobacter, Methyloversatilis, and Thaumarchaeota are major CO2 (+H2) utilizers, while Nocardioides, Sphingomonas, Aeromonas, respond towards HCO3 -. H2 oxidizing Cupriavidus, Hydrogenophilus, Hydrogenophaga, CO2 fixing Cyanobacteria Rhodobacter, Clostridium, Desulfovibrio and methanogenic archaea are also enriched. Enriched chemolithoautotrophic members show good correlation with CO2, CH4 and H2 concentrations of the native rock environments, while the organisms from upper horizons correlate more to NO3 -, SO4 2- , Fe and TIC levels of the rocks. Co-occurrence networks suggest close interaction between chemolithoautotrophic and chemoorganotrophic/fermentative organisms. Carbon fixing 3-HP and DC/HB cycles, hydrogen, sulfur oxidation, CH4 and acetate metabolisms are predicted in the enriched communities. Our study elucidates the presence of live, C and H2 utilizing Bacteria and Archaea in deep subsurface granitic rocks, which are enriched successfully. Significant impact of depth and geochemical controls on relative distribution of various chemolithotrophic species enriched and their C and H2 metabolism are highlighted. These endolithic microorganisms show great potential for answering the fundamental questions of deep life and their exploitation in CO2 capture and conversion to useful products.

A Comparative Study on Total Muscle Protein Content of Anabas testudineus, Labeo gonius, Labeo rohita and Heteropneustes fossilis and to analyze their Electrophoretic Banding Pattern using SDS-PAGE

India is undergoing nutrition transition and is facing the dual burden of malnutrition, problem of under-nutrition and malnutrition deficiencies. Fish is one such food that can solve the problem. Fresh fish flesh provides an excellent source of protein for human diet, which is relatively of digestibility, biological and growth promoting value for human consumption. The present study is aimed to determine the total muscle protein content of freshly killed fishes belonging to different species (Anabas testudineus [E1], Labeo gonius [E2], Labeo rohita [E3] and Heteropneustes fossilis [E4]) and also to analyze the electrophoretic banding pattern of muscle protein from the above species through SDS - PAGE gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis can be used to separate and visualize proteins. In SDS -PAGE, proteins are separated based on size. When protein samples are applied to such gels, it is usually necessary to know the protein content or concentration of the sa mple. The total muscle protein estimation was done by Lowry’s method using BSA protein as standard. The optical densit y was measured at 660 nm. The results showed that the total protein concentration of sample E1, E2, E3 and E4 was found to be 8.31±0.314 mg/ml, 7.65±0.333 mg/ml, 6.98±0.315 mg/ml and 8.98±0.483 mg/ml respectively. The SDS-PAGE electrophoresis done in case of different fish species showed variation in the banding patterns, in which E1 and E4 showed maximum number of bands as compared to E2 and E3. Fishes belonging to the gro up of catfishes and perches were found to contain more amount of protein as compared to Indian Major Carps and Minor Carps. Therefore, fishes play a vital role as it is an important and cheaper source of quality animal proteins.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Psilotrichum elliotti Baker – A PROMISING MEDICINAL PLANT

The present study was performed to explore the biochemical estimation and antioxidant activities of Psilotrichum elliotti Baker (whole plant) belonging to Amaranthaceae using different solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous extract. The estimation of total carbohydrate, protein, phenols, tannin and flavonoids were quantified using the standard biochemical procedures. in vitro antioxidant activity of DPPH assay, Hydroxyl scavenging, Hydrogen peroxide radicals, Superoxide scavenging, antioxidant capacity were determined using standard procedures. Methanolic extract has shown the highest antioxidant activity when compared to other solvents and the wide range of phenols (28.89 ±3.6 GAE mg/g) and flavonoid (27.33±3.4 QE mg/g) component were present in the methanolic extract. The results of this analysis found out that Psilotrichum elliotii can offer a treasured source of natural antioxidant properties and nutritive biochemical compounds that could assist pharmaceutical sectors discover novel drugs. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Biochemical analysis, Phenols, Psilotrichum elliotii.

Assessment of adenosine deaminase levels and lypmhocyte counts in tubercular ascitis

Ascitis is the pathological accumulation of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity. Ascitis is manifestation of number of diseases. Traditional classification of ascitis into “Exudative” and “Transudative” which involves estimation of ascitic fluid total protein, which is ≥ 2.5 g/dl in exudates and <2.5 g/dl in transudate. To estimate and compare the ascitic fluid ADA levels between the tubercular ascitis and non-tubercular ascitis and to correlate the levels of ascitic fluid ADA with total protein, albumin, sugar, SAAG and lymphocytes in subjects with tubercular ascites. In our study, we included a total of 140 subjects, out of which 21 (15%) subjects had tubercular ascitis. Out of 140 subjects 105 of them had cirrhosis of liver and 35 of them had ascitis due to other causes. Biochemical analysis for Protein, albumin, LDH and Glucose were performed on Automated Biochemistry Analyser and ADA was estimated by ADA-MTB kit method. The mean levels of total protein and albumin in Group T were 5.4±0.98 and 3.4±0.96 and in Group NT were 2.2±1.1 and 3.2±1.1 respectively. There were statistically significant elevated levels of total protein and decreased albumin in Group T as compared to Group NT.

Evidence of Risk Factors Associated with Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease in Newly Diagnosed Adult Hypertensive Patients in NAUTH Nnewi, Nigeria

Aims & objectives: Due to other chronic diseases that are associated with hypertension and kidney disease, little or no attention has been paid to the existence of polycystic kidney disease in Nigeria. The present study aimed at assessing the prevalence of some risk factors of ADPKD among hypertensive adult patients in NAUTH, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria
 Study design: A cross-sectional and prospective study
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at Medical out-patient, cardiology and nephrology units of NAUTH Nnewi between February and June, 2019.
 Methodology: A total of 160(80 newly diagnosed hypertensive and 80 normotensive subjects) aged between 25-75 years were randomly selected. Estimation of serum electrolytes, urea, creatinine, total calcium, eGFR and total protein, BMI and waist-hip ratio of the subjects were taken were done using standard laboratory methods.
 Results: 12.5% of the hypertensive subjects have undergone dialysis, 7.5% had kidney transplant, 13.8% had hematuria, 20% had proteinuria, 27.5% had recurrent kidney infection, 15% had kidney stone, 43.8% experienced abdominal/side pain, 20% have had abdominal hernias and 46.3% had elevated urea/creatinine. Mean values of age, BMI and WHR were significantly higher in hypertensive than control subjects (p =.05). Similarly, serum creatinine, urea, sodium and chloride were significantly higher with lower eGFR in hypertensive when compared with control group (p =.05). eGFR in female was significantly lower compared with male hypertensive (p = .05). The mean SBP and DBP were significantly higher in hypertensive compared with control group (p = .05).
 Conclusion: 30% of the hypertensive subjects had multiple signs and symptoms of ADPKD, suggesting evidence of high prevalence of ADPKD in the hypertensive patients. Routine screening of family members with hypertension and symptomatic cases of hypertension using ultrasound imaging is strongly recommended for confirmation of presence PKD.

Correlation of Serum Biochemical Parameters and Oxidative Stress in Malnourished Children: A Case-control Study

Introduction: There are evidence regarding enhanced oxidative stress in the form of serum Malondialdehyde (MDA) and depleted activities of serum zinc and iron in malnourished children. The deficiency of trace elements predisposes the susceptibility to various infections. Changes in oxidant and antioxidant levels may be responsible for grading in Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM). Aim: To correlate the levels of serum biochemical parameters such as proteins, zinc, iron with oxidative stress in the form of Malondialdehyde (MDA), in malnourished children of 1-5 years of age and also to compare the findings with age and gender matched well-nourished children. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted in the Biochemistry Department at Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India, from January to December 2014. A total of 202 children (aged 1-5 years) were included in the study. Out of these, 103 children were undernourished and 99 children were healthy control. Out of 103 undernourished children 46 were severe malnourished and 57 were moderate malnourished. Blood samples were analysed for the estimation of serum zinc, iron, MDA, albumin and total protein. T-test, one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Pearson correlation were used for statistical analysis and p-value <0.001 was considered significant. Results: Mean weight of moderate malnourished (10.44±2 kg) and severe malnourished children (9.36±1.54 kg) were significantly low (p-value <0.001) when compared with control group (12.73±2.36 Kg). Compared to controls (0.71±0.18 nmol/mL) the serum MDA level were significantly high (p-value <0.001) in both moderate (1.84±0.38 nmol/mL) and severe (3.44±0.59 nmol/mL) malnourished children. Serum zinc and serum iron levels, serum total protein and albumin of malnourished cases were significantly low (p-value <0.001) as compared to the control subjects. Conclusion: Compared to control, the malnourished children had significant high level of serum MDA while low levels of serum zinc, iron, albumin, globulin and total proteins. Early replacement of antioxidants, nutrients, proteins, zinc and iron supplement could be useful in the therapy of this disease.

Piperine exhibits promising antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus by accumulating reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Staphylococcus aureus causes numerous community-acquired and nosocomial infections in humans by exploiting biofilm. In this context, this study aims to impede the formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm by exposing the cells to a plant-based alkaloid, piperine. Our study revealed that piperine exhibited considerable antimicrobial activity against the test organism. However, we had tested the lower concentrations (up to 32µg/mL) of piperine to observe whether they could show any antibiofilm activity against the same organism. Several experiments, like crystal violet (CV) assay, estimation of total biofilm protein, and fluorescence microscopic observations, established that lower concentrations (up to 16µg/mL) of piperine showed efficient antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In this connection, we also noticed that the lower concentrations (8 and 16µg/mL) of piperine showed a considerable reduction in microbial metabolic activity. Besides, it was also observed that the mentioned concentrations of piperine did not compromise the microbial growth of the target organism while exhibiting antibiofilm activity. To understand the underlying mechanism of microbial biofilm inhibition under the influence of piperine, we observed that the compound was found to accumulate reactive oxygen species in the bacterial cells that could play an important role in the inhibition of biofilm formation. Furthermore, the tested concentrations (8 and 16µg/mL) of piperine were able to inhibit the motility of the test organism that might compromise the development of biofilm. Thus, piperine could be considered as a potential agent for the effective management of biofilm threat caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Efficacy of Serum Levels of Antioxidants in Oral Submucous Fibrosis Patients

Background and Aim: Serum total protein, albumin and uric acid are plasma’s potent antioxidant defense; it comes out convincing enough to be used as a reliable marker of oxidative stress in the body and could be helpful in the early identification of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), against the other invasive and not so cost effective diagnostic adjuncts. Hence the present study was aimed to compare the serum levels of total protein, albumin and uric acid in oral submucous fibrosis patients.Material & Methods: Patients were assigned to one of three groups: Group one consisted of 25 healthy individuals, Group two consisted of 25 individuals with chewing tobacco habit without OSMF, Group three consisted of 25 patients with chewing tobacco habit with OSMF. Participants were instructed to fast overnight. On the following day between 8 and 10 AM, 5 ml of venous blood was drawn from each subject using a sterile disposable syringe taking care to prevent hemolysis. Assay of albumin & total protein were carried out using the bromocresol green method and that for uric acid was carried out by biuret method.Results: Mean serum levels of Total protein decreased from group I to group III; difference was not found to be statistically significant. Serum levels of Albumin decreased from group I to group III; difference was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). Serum levels of Uric acid decreased from group I to group II; difference was found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the degree of oxidative damage in OSMF can be assessed by estimation of serum Total Protein, Albumin & Uric Acid levels in affected patients. Underlying deficiency of antioxidants can be corrected by dietary supplementation of these antioxidants. This may be helpful for successful management of OSMF and for avoiding the consequences of malignancy.

Cuminaldehyde exhibits potential antibiofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation: a way forward towards sustainable biofilm management.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa often causes various acute and chronic infections in humans exploiting biofilm. Molecules interfering with microbial biofilm formation could be explored for the sustainable management of infections linked to biofilm. Towards this direction, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of cuminaldehyde, an active ingredient of the essential oil of Cuminum cyminum was tested against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this regard, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cuminaldehyde was found to be 150μg/mL against the test organism. Experiments such as crystal violet assay, estimation of total biofilm protein, fluorescence microscopy and measurement of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) indicated that the sub-MIC doses (up to 60µg/mL) of cuminaldehyde demonstrated considerable antibiofilm activity without showing any antimicrobial activity to the test organism. Moreover, cuminaldehyde treatment resulted in substantial accumulation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) that led to the inhibition of microbial biofilm formation. To this end, the exposure of ascorbic acid was found to restore the biofilm-forming ability of the cuminaldehyde-treated cells. Besides, a noticeable reduction in proteolytic activity was also observed when the organism was treated with cuminaldehyde. Taken together, the results demonstrated that cuminaldehyde could be used as a promising molecule to inhibit the biofilm formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.