Total Number Of Teeth Research Articles

Impact of public health and patient-centered prevention strategies on periodontitis and caries as causes of tooth loss in high-income countries.

In high-income countries, the oral health of the population is influenced by public health interventions, widespread use of oral care products, dental practice measures, and the cost of dental treatment. We compiled information on changes of the prevalence of proximal and upstream determinants of periodontitis, caries, and tooth loss over the last three decades to outline their potential effects on changes of oral health during this period. Information was retrieved from repeated cross-sectional studies and from published literature. While both the prevalence of edentulism and the number of missing teeth (from the DMF-T index) decreased, the number of sound teeth as well as the total number of teeth increased. The prevalence of severe periodontitis was unchanged, whereas the prevalence of periodontal health and moderate periodontitis may have increased to a minor extent. Concerning oral health risk factors, the proportion of individuals with tertiary education increased, while smoking prevalence declined. More and more people used oral care products. Whether one reimbursement system worked better than another one in terms of tooth retention could not be elucidated. In tooth retention, population-wide use of fluoridated toothpastes had the greatest impact. To some extent, the higher number of teeth present may be related to the more frequent use of interdental cleaning aids and powered toothbrushes. Since there was no decrease in severe periodontitis in most cohorts, periodontal interventions probably contributed little to improved tooth retention.

Accuracy of Tooth Segmentation in the Digital Kesling Setup of Two Different Software Programs: A Retrospective Study.

Introduction Precise virtual setup creation and orthodontic appliance fabrication depend on accurate teeth segmentation from intraoral scans. This accuracy is also fundamental for successful orthodontic treatment, as it ensures correct diagnosis and optimal treatment planning. A number of software packages that facilitate the building of virtual setups have been made available in recent years. The performance of these software packages on automatic tooth segmentation has not been widely studied. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of automated teeth segmentation in the digital Keslingsetup of Ortho Studio (Maestro 3D Dental Studio, Bordeaux, France) and OrthoAnalyzer (3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark) software systems. Materials and methods All the scans were taken from the same intraoral scanner (Runyes 3D intraoral scanner; Runyes Medical, Ningbo, China). The scans were stored and imported as stereolithography (STL) files into the Maestro Ortho Studio and 3Shape OrthoAnalyzer software systems. Subsequently, the digital photos underwent alignment in both software applications, an essential stage in each respective workflow prior to any further processing. The digitized images were automatically segmented in Maestro and 3Shape software by a single researcher. For each software interface, the accuracy of teeth segmentation was assessed. An independent t-test, with a significance level set at p < 0.05, was used to evaluate the statistical significance between the two software segmentations. Results The total number of teeth segmented by both software programs utilizing the 12 intraoral scans was 336 for both groups. Successful identification of the tooth segments was 98.21% (n = 330) for 3Shape software and 98.8% (n = 332) for Maestro software. There was no significant difference in the accuracy of determining the tooth segmentations between anterior and posterior teeth, respectively, between both groups, with a p-value of 0.523. Conclusion There were no statistically significant differences between the two software programs, and both demonstrated high success rates for auto-tooth segmentation. Although both programs had excellent success rates, Maestro 3D performed more accurately than 3Shape OrthoAnalyzer.

Automated Analysis of Tooth Anatomy and Pathological Conditions from Orthopantomogram using Deep Neural Networks

This research project aims to automate the identification, labeling, and counting of teeth, as well as the classification of abnormalities and detection of caries in dental X-rays, specifically orthopantomograms (OPGs). It involves several deep neural networks and learning algorithms. The first module uses semantic segmentation with a U-net model to create masks for tooth detection, which are then refined with the YOLOv3 detector, achieving 80% accuracy. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) helps find tooth midpoints and count the total number of teeth. The second module classifies abnormalities and pathologies using transfer learning with the Inceptionv3 model, yielding moderate accuracy. Caries detection is performed with thresholding and segmentation. The third module detects three treated pathologies—root canal treatments, crowns, and implants—using Faster RCNN and Inceptionv3, showing fair accuracy. Overall, the automated approach demonstrates promising results for enhancing X-ray image interpretation and diagnosing oral diseases.

Exploring the link between tooth loss, cognitive function, andbrain wellness in the context of healthy aging.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of using MRI-derived tooth count, an indirect and nonspecific indicator of oral/periodontal health, and brain age gap (BAG), an MRI-based measure of premature brain aging, in predicting cognition in a population of otherwise healthy adults. This retrospective study utilized data from 329 participants from the University of South Carolina's Aging Brain Cohort Repository. Participants underwent neuropsychological testing including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), completed an oral/periodontal health questionnaire, and submitted to high-resolution structural MRI imaging. The study compared variability on cognitive scores (MoCA) accounted for by MRI-derived BAG, MRI-derived total tooth count, and self-reported oral/periodontal health. We report a significant positive correlation between the total number of teeth and MoCA total scores after controlling for age, sex, and race, indicating a robust relationship between tooth count and cognition, r(208) = .233, p < .001. In a subsample of participants identified as being at risk for MCI (MoCA <= 25, N = 36) inclusion of MRI-based tooth count resulted in an R2 change of .192 (H0 = 0.138 → H1 = 0.330), F(1,31) = 8.86, p = .006. Notably, inclusion of BAG, a valid and reliable measure of overall brain health, did not significantly improve prediction of MoCA scores in similar linear regression models. Our data support the idea that inclusion of MRI-based total tooth count may enhance the ability to predict clinically meaningful differences in cognitive abilities in healthy adults. This study contributes to the growing body of evidence linking oral/periodontal health with cognitive function.

ПРИЧИНЫ УДАЛЕНИЯ ЗУБОВ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ ПСИХИАТРИЧЕСКОГО СТАЦИОНАРА

According to the literature, in a mentally healthy population, the main cause of tooth extraction is complications of caries and periodontitis, mainly in elderly and senile patients. In patients with psychiatric pathology, many authors note the high prevalence of dental diseases and emphasize the need for tooth extraction.&#x0D; The aim of the investigation was to study the structure of dental diseases requiring tooth extraction in psychiatric hospital patients.&#x0D; Material and methods of research. Information was copied from 1812 dental records of patients who were on inpatient treatment at the V.N. Bekhterev RCPB in the period from 2014 to 2016 at the age of 16 to 82 years (879 men and 933 women). The main reason for hospitalization of most patients was the diagnosis of schizophrenia (59%). The statistical software package SPSS 13.0 (1999) was used for statistical processing of the results.&#x0D; The results of the study. During the study period, the dental surgeons of the RCPB received 1812 patients who had 2187 teeth removed. Mostly, the tooth extraction operation was performed for chronic periodontitis (47.2%). The greatest number of removals for periodontitis was observed in elderly patients (57.1%). The smallest number of teeth removed due to periodontitis was observed in the group of middle-aged patients (45–59 years) and amounted to 36.3% of the total number of teeth removed. This is due to the predominance of chronic periodontitis in these patients, which is comparable to the indicators in patients without psychiatric pathology. In the group of elderly and senile patients, tooth extraction surgery for chronic periodontitis was performed in 49.3% of cases.&#x0D; Conclusions. The main reason for tooth extraction in mentally ill patients was chronic periodontitis and its exacerbation – 47.2%. The average age of these patients was 59.16 ± 14.33 years in men and 52.91 ± 11.85 years in women. The predominance of chronic periodontitis in the structure of the causes of tooth extraction in patients of the middle age group indicates an early clinical manifestation of inflammatory and destructive changes in the periodontium.

Efficacy of Diode Laser 940 nm in Dentine Hypersensitivity Reduction: A Clinical Trial

Background: Dentin hypersensitivity is a discomfort arising from unprotected dentin as a response to heat, cold, touch, or pressure stimuli. Various treatment modalities, including laser light, have been used to manage such a problem. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of diode laser 940 nm, with different powers in managing dentin hypersensitivity. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 January–5 April 2023 on a cohort of patients presented to the dental department clinics of our college with dentine hyper-sensitivity. A 10-second continuous mode diode laser light 940 nm at two different powers was used to evaluate its desensitizing effect for managing dentin hypersensitivity for six patients with a total number of teeth treated, 38 teeth. A jet of air/water was applied for a specific period and a certain distance from the tooth surface. Scores were documented for evaluating responses using the VAS scale. Results: A statistically significant decrease in dentine hypersensitivity was found immediately after one treatment session and after a 14-day follow-up period. Conclusions: It was established that using a diode laser (940 nm) successfully resolved instant and longstanding dentin hypersensitivity pain.

An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Calcium Hydroxide as A Root Canal Sealer Constituent

A descriptive, comparative study was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Dhaka Dental College Hospital, Bangladesh, from December 2014 to November 2015, to evaluate the effectiveness of calcium hydroxide as a root canal sealer constituent. A total of 60 patients were selected by purposive sampling technique. Patients were divided into two equal groups of 30: group-I had zinc-oxide eugenol [ZOE] cement as a root canal sealer, while group-II had calcium hydroxideor sealapex [Ca(OH)2] cement as a root canal sealer. Total number of teeth treated by single-visit root canal therapy. Out of 60 patients, 37(61.7%) patients were male. In ZOE group, the highest incidence was in age group 21-30 years, where as in Ca(OH)2 group, it was in 11-20 years. The mean age of the patients was 27.62±6.20 years in ZOE group and 25.0±6.14 years in Ca(OH)2 group. 21(70.0%) mentioned trauma as an etiological factor followed by caries 4(13.33%) in ZOE group, while 18(60.0%) patients mentioned trauma followed by caries 6(20.0%) in Ca(OH)2 group. In ZOE group, the incidence of pain was 23(76.67%), and in Ca(OH)2 group, 22(73.33%) reported pain. Periapical radiolucency follow-up findings were significantly better at 3-month and 6-month follow-ups in the Ca(OH)2 group. The difference inthe final outcome of effectiveness in both ZOE and Ca(OH)2 group in the management of periradicular pathosis was statistically not significant (P&gt;0.05). The present study findings revealed that single-visit root canal therapy was equally effective in the management of endodontically involved teeth with periradicular pathosis. After 12 months, in follow-up with post-operative clinical and radiological evaluations, Ca(OH)2 sealer group showed better results than ZOE sealer group. However, in shorter follow-ups, Ca(OH)2 sealer group showed significantly better findings as compared to ZOE sealer groups. &#x0D; CBMJ 2023 July: vol. 12 no. 02 P: 141-149

Retrospective evaluation of the prevalence of endodontic-periodontal lesions on panoramic images in the latest classification of periodontal and peri-implant diseases

Aims: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of endodontic-periodontal lesions (EPLs) and EPL grades 1–3 without root damage in patients with and without periodontitis according to the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases.&#x0D; Methods: This study included 500 panoramic radiographs from the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of İstanbul Medipol. Each radiograph was evaluated by a calibrated investigator for diagnostic signs. Patients’ age, sex, total number of teeth, total number of implants, number of filled teeth, number of missing teeth, number of caries, presence of fixed prosthesis, full mouth periodontal diagnosis and determination of the region with the highest radiographic bone loss without EPL were recorded in all patients. For patients with EPL, the presence of EPL and its grading according to the 2017 World Workshop on Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, the presence of furcation involvement, degree of furcation involvement, the presence of caries in the related tooth, and restoration in the relevant tooth material were also evaluated.&#x0D; Results: The mean age was higher for patients with EPL teeth than without EPL teeth (p

Përdorimi i diod lazerit në mjekimin endodontik te periodontitet apikale kronike

The complete elimination of microorganisms from the root canal is difficult due to the complex anatomy of the canal, the microbial invasion of the dentinal tubules, and the for- mation of the intracanal biofilm, which gives rise to contin- uous apical periodontitis. The use of lasers in the treatment of caries complications has led to the improvement of various endodontic diagnoses. The aim is to provide clin- ical-radiological data on increasing the effectiveness and quality of endodontic treatment, using a diode laser with a wavelength of 980 nm and a laser power of 0.8–1.0 W in the radicular canals, in the treatment of chronic apical periodontitis. Materials and methods: Eighty-four patients aged between 20 and 70 years were treated, with a total number of teeth of 91; of these, 64 were mono radicular and 27 multi radicular. We divided the patients into two groups; where the first group was the control one, with 40 patients in which 30 single-root teeth and 11 multi- root teeth were selected and treated with the traditional method by performing chemical-mechanical processes. The second group, which was the study one, treated 44 patients from which 36 single-root teeth with chronic peri- odontitis with periapical destruction and 14 multi-root teeth were selected; in this group, in addition to the chemical-mechanical processes, was also applied the diode laser with a wavelength of 980 nm. The cases were observed clinically and radiologically in dynamics for a period of time ranging from 6 to 12 months. Results: We highlighted that the number of complications in chronic apical periodontitis was reduced to a large per- centage in the diode laser group (study group), which achieved 96 % success after 12 months and 4 % failure. As for the control group, there were many complications in the first 6 months and after 12 months, where the final result was 78.1% success, while complications were 21.9%. Conclusions: The quality of root canal treatment with the traditional endodontic treatment protocol has not been sufficient to achieve a clinical effect for a long time. Modification of this protocol by diode laser processing showed high-quality sterilization of canals and rapid reduction of de- structive focus by stimulating osteogenesis.

Prevalence of Root Canal Treatments among Diabetic Patients: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

(1) Apical periodontitis (AP) is the inflammatory response of the periapical tissue to bacterial antigens and toxins arriving from inside the root canal after pulp necrosis. To control AP, it is necessary to interrupt the passage of antigens from the root canal to the periapex, which is achieved via a root canal treatment (RCT), which is the indicated endodontic therapy in cases of AP. The prevalence of root-filled teeth (RFT) is an indicator of the frequency of endodontic infections and the degree of dental care. Diabetes is associated with AP and has been identified as the main prognostic factor in RCT. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review with meta-analysis answering the following question: What is the prevalence of RFT among diabetic patients? (2) This study was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines 2020. A literature search was undertaken without limits on time or language until 12 January 2023 in PubMed-MEDLINE, Embase and Scielo. All studies reporting the prevalence of RFT among diabetic patients via radiographic examination; both panoramic and periapical radiographs were included. Meta-analyses were calculated with Open Meta Analyst software. The main outcome variable was the prevalence of RFT, calculated as the total number of RFT divided by the total number of teeth, which is expressed as a percentage. As a secondary outcome variable, the prevalence of diabetic patients with at least one RFT, expressed as a percentage, was also calculated. The quality of evidence of the included studies was analyzed according to the guidelines provided by the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine in Oxford. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, which was adapted for cross-sectional studies. To estimate the variance and heterogeneity amongst the trials, the Higgings I2 test was employed. (3) Eight studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Four studies were classified as having a high risk of bias, and four were classified as having a moderate risk of bias. The prevalence of RFT was estimated for 37,922 teeth and 1532 diabetic patients. The overall calculated prevalence of RFT among diabetic patients was 5.5% (95% CI = 4.1–6.9%; p &lt; 0.001). The percentage of diabetics who had at least one RFT was 42.7% (95% CI = 23.9–61.4%; p &lt; 0.001). (4) This systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that the prevalence of RFT among diabetic patients is 5.5%. More than 40% of diabetics have at least one RFT. In daily clinics, dentists should suspect that patients are undiagnosed diabetics when multiple RCT failures are observed in the same patient.

EXPERT SYSTEM APPLICATION FOR DIAGNOSIS OF DENTAL DISEASES BASED ON WEBSITE USING BAYESIAN THEOREM METHOD

Teeth are small parts located in the upper or lower jaw. Each tooth is embedded in the gums, with its roots penetrating the gum line and entering the jawbone. The total number of teeth in the upper and lower jaw is 32. Teeth are divided into five types, each with a different function. Maintaining dental health is very important, as there are various dental diseases caused by leftover food consumed. Therefore, researchers have developed a system for diagnosing dental diseases by collecting symptoms that have been gathered through interviews with experts and patients, as well as collecting journals related to teeth. Then, all the data is entered into the application to determine the probability of the patient having a certain type of dental disease using the Bayes Theorem method.

Dietary Intake of Vitamin D and Dental Caries Incidence in People with Overweight and Obesity

Abstract Aims The aims of the present study are to investigate the relationship between the anthropometric indicators and peculiarities of the nutritional intake in people with overweight and obesity and the risk factors for the development of dental caries in adults. Materials and Methods The study involved 264 individuals aged between 18 and 60 years. The following risk factors for the development of dental caries were traced: diet (carbohydrate intake), oral hygiene habits and social status in overweight and obese people. The dental caries incidence was determined through the DMFT index, by assessing the total number of teeth which are decayed (D), missing (M) due to caries, or filled (treated, F). Results The age-related distribution was as follows: from 18 to 25 years – 14.4%; from 25 to 35 years – 16.7%; from 35 to 50 years – 42.4%; and over 50 years – 26.5%. The established average BMI was 25.60 ± 4.359, with the lowest and highest measured values – 18.5 and 37.55, respectively. The value of DMFT was 12.55 ± 5.545. A direct correlation between the elevated incidence of dental caries in patients with overweight and obesity was revealed. No significant relationship was found between the decreased nutritional intake of vitamin D and the incidence of dental caries in individuals with Class I and Class II obesity. Conclusion Dental caries and obesity have a similar etiology – improper dietary habits, excessive consumption of foods containing low molecular weight carbohydrates and carbonated beverages. The reported higher levels of dental caries in these groups could be explained by an improper diet and more frequent snacking.

The dentition of the extinct megamouth shark, Megachasma applegatei (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae), from southern California, USA, based on geometric morphometrics

Megachasma applegatei is an extinct megamouth shark (Lamniformes: Megachasmidae) commonly found in late Oligocene‒early Miocene marine deposits of the western USA, that is known only from isolated teeth exhibiting odontaspidid tooth design. In this study, we investigated the tooth morphometry of the extant megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios) and smalltooth sandtiger (Odontaspis ferox: Odontaspididae) to aid in the reconstruction of the dentition of M. applegatei based on the tooth morphometry of 207 isolated fossil teeth from the lower Miocene Jewett Sand of southern California. Our landmark-based geometric morphometric analyses show that M. applegatei not only possesses a wider morphological range of teeth than M. pelagios, but also has morphological variation that can be corresponded to different tooth types in O. ferox, forming a unique heterodont dentition typical for macrophagous lamniform sharks known as the ‘lamnoid tooth pattern’. Therefore, our study suggests that the dentition of M. applegatei could have also exhibited the lamnoid tooth pattern. In order to reconstruct the dentition of M. applegatei, specific tooth specimens plotted on the morphospace of M. applegatei were selected by identifying teeth of specific tooth types in the corresponding morphospaces of M. pelagios and O. ferox. However, because the total number of teeth per each dental series cannot be ascertained, we generated three sets of reconstructed dentition for M. applegatei. The first set modeled the dentition of O. ferox, the second set representing an intermediate form between O. ferox and M. pelagios, and the third set mimicking the dentition of M. pelagios, with the assumption that the true dental pattern for M. applegatei lies somewhere between the first and third tooth sets, possibly close to the second set. This study represents the first case of using geometric morphometrics to reconstruct the dentition of an extinct shark.

Tooth loss and periodontal status in patients with cardiovascular disease in the Serbian population: A randomized prospective study.

Chronic periodontal infections may predispose to cardiovascular disease. Since tooth loss may be due to periodontitis it is assumed that tooth loss can also predisposes cardiovascular disease. The aim was to investigate the possible relationship between the severity of the clinical picture of periodontitis and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. We evaluated the association between clinical periodontal parameters, tooth loss and cardiovascular incident. A total of 100 subjects (50 subjects diagnosed with cardiovascular disease and 50 in control group without cardiovascular disease) underwent a dental examination. Tooth loss in all participants was caused only as a consequence of periodontitis. In addition to periodontal status, conventional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (hypertension, smoking, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes) were measured, too. Periodontal status was worse in patients in the group with cardiovascular disease compared to the group without cardiovascular disease. A significant association was observed between tooth loss levels and cardiovascular disease. In the group of patients who had cardiovascular disease, tooth loss was more than 50%. In the group of patients without cardiovascular disease, tooth loss was about 20% of the total number of teeth. A significant association was observed between tooth loss levels and cardiovascular disease prevalence. This study presents relationship between number of teeth and cardiovascular disease, indicating a link between oral health and cardiovascular disease.

Oral Health Status of Outpatients with Schizophrenia in Ankara, Türkiye: A Descriptive Study.

To evaluate the oral health status and denture treatment needs of a group of outpatients with schizophrenia. One hundred and eighty-eight patients diagnosed with schizophrenia were evaluated. Socio-demographic characteristics, eating habits, alcohol consumption, smoking status, oral hygiene attitudes, medical status, medications and the data related to dental visit were obtained via structured questionnaire of 45 questions. Medication information were confirmed from hospital records. The DMFT score (the Total of decayed, missing and filled teeth), denture status, Community Periodontal Index of Treatment (CPITN) and attachment loss were recorded in accordance with the criteria defined by the WHO. The mean DMFT score was 11.1±8.6. Total number of teeth decreased, while the number of decayed teeth and DMFT scores increased with age (p<0.001). There was no relationship between the anticholinergic effects of antipsychotics and the teeth count, number of decayed, filled and missing teeth, and the DMFT scores. The CPITN assessment revealed that 71.6% of the patients had healthy periodontium, 7.4% exhibited gingival bleeding upon probing, and 21% had dental calculus. Psychotropic medication and tooth brushing habits were associated with CPITN scores. Male sex was associated with higher frequency of denture need (p<0.001), while no association was observed with the education level and antipsychotic use (p>0.001). Physicians and dentists have to work in coordination to maintain good oral health of patients with schizophrenia. Patients should be encouraged for regular dental check-ups and dentist should take utmost care of the oral hygiene maintenance.

Prevalence of Periodontal Disease and Caries Associated with Erupted Third Mandibular Molar

Aim: To assess the prevalence of periodontal disease and caries on 2nd mandibular molar in association with erupted 3rd molars. Methodology:: This cross sectional study was conducted at the Periodontology Department, Avicenna dental college, Lahore from July 2021 to June 2022. A total of 81 patients were examined in the age range of 21-50 years. Patients of both genders were assessed. Data was entered and analysed by IBM SPSS 25. Level of significance was kept at p-value ≤ 0.05 Results: Total of 81 patients were examined with the total number of teeth evaluated were 156. Age taken as demographic variable was further divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of patients between the age range of 21-30 years n=18 (22.22%). Group 2 have patients between the age range of 31-40 years n=43 (53.09%) and Group 3 consisted of age range of 41-50 years patients n=20 (24.69%).Highest prevalence of distal caries was related to level A (68.33%) and periodontal disease was prevalent in level C followed by level B molars Conclusion: Regardless of eruption status, 3rd molar is associated with occurrence of periodontal disease and caries on 2nd mandibular molars. Ergo, regular clinical evaluations and monitoring are required even in apparently symptom free 3rd mandibular molars, as their existence is analogous to Distal Surface Caries (DSC) and PPD≥5mm development in mandibular 2nd molars. Else, to improve the long term survival of 2nd mandibular molars, prophylactic extraction of 3rd mandibular molars can be considered as a treatment option. Keywords: Eruption status, distal surface caries, periodontal disease.

Evaluation of serum and salivary PCSK9 and IL6 and its association with periodontal inflammation and atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.

and Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess, compare and correlate the ability of PCSK9 and IL6 as potential common serum and salivary biomarkers for stage III/IV periodontitis and the risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. 76 patients were alloted into 4 groups consisting of subjects with clinically healthy periodontium and stage III/IV periodontitis with and without ACVD. Clinical parameters - PD, CAL, number of teeth, PI, mSBI, TC, Tg, HDL and LDL were recorded. Serum and saliva samples were obtained and subjected to ELISA for quantifying the biomarker levels. The level of these biomarkers was found to be the lowest (IL6 Serum: 21.92±14.54, IL6 Saliva: 12.34±7.72, PCSK9 Serum: 178.82±35.07, PCSK9 Saliva: 80.82±25.43) in group I and highest in group IV (IL6 Serum: 73.4±24.86, IL6 Saliva: 37.66±15.77, PCSK9 Serum: 346.54±45.11, PCSK9 Saliva: 157.72±43.28). The clinical parameters PI, mSBI, PPD, CAL, total number of teeth, TC, HDL and LDL showed a significant correlation with biomarkers PCSK9 and IL6. This study features the elevation of serum and salivary PCSK9 and IL6 in periodontitis and ACVD. A triad of serum and salivary PCSK9 and IL6 along with the clinical markers of periodontal disease can relatively predict the future risk of developing ACVD.

Comparison between Periodontal Self-examination and Self-reported Periodontal Disease among Selected Adults in Kuala Lumpur

Periodontal disease, generally known as a silent disease, is one of the major global oral health burdens that contributes to tooth loss in adults. This study was to compare findings and agreement between periodontal self-examination (SE) and self-reported (SR) assessments in detection of periodontal disease among selected adult patients in Kuala Lumpur. The subjects were patients who attended the periodontic clinics in Faculty of Dentistry, UKM. Periodontal patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned into two groups, SE and SR groups. Patients in the SE group performed a periodontal SE using illustrated written manual with questionnaire, while those in the SR group answered questionnaire. Both groups were given similar content of questionnaire. Clinical oral examinations were carried out on all patients by a single trained calibrated examiner. A total of 172 patients (86 in each group) participated in the study with the mean age of 48 years (SD 12.6). Majority of them had severe periodontal disease. Only item “total number of teeth” had showed good agreement (p &lt; 0.01) between groups. SR group showed higher sensitivity for all items (mobility, colour, recession and bleeding). Meanwhile, the SE group demonstrated higher specificity for items on mobility, recession and bleeding. Both SR and SE assessment areas were reliable in measuring total number of teeth in periodontal patients. SR assessment is more sensitive in detecting periodontal disease in terms of items for mobility, colour, recession and bleeding.

A retrospective study of endodontic treatment among patients in Southwest Nigeria

Aims: To determine pattern of demand, reasons for root canal treatment (RCT) and survey routine practices of RCT in Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja (LASUTH). Methods: A retrospective review of hospital records of patients who had done RCT in Endodontic Unit of Restorative clinic of LASUTH, Lagos State, Nigeria from January 2016 to December 2019. Information on age, gender, ethnicity, tooth treated, indications for treated tooth, obturation techniques, obturation materials, irrigants and intramedicaments used were obtained. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 23. Results: A total of 231 patients’ records were retrieved. 220 records had complete data, of which 100 (45.4%) males and 120 (54.5%) females. Age range was 18–86 years while mean age was 38.6 ± 1.47. Highest incidence of RCT (24.1%) was found in 30–39 years age group. Commonest indication for RCT was apical periodontitis 145 (58.9%). Total number of teeth treated was 246. Upper central incisors were 56 (22.8%) which were treated most endodontically. More maxillary 176 (71.5%) teeth underwent RCT than 70 (28.5%) mandibular teeth. Step-back technique 226 (92.3%) was the commonest used. Irrigants frequently used were sodium hypochlorite alternating with normal saline 246 (100.0%). More of calcium hydroxide 201 (81.7%) was utilized as canal medicaments. Gutta-percha was solely used as obturation material and endoseal as sealant in this study. Conclusion: Most of endodontic practices done in this study used conventional preparations and obturation techniques. There was need for community dental awareness to prevent and treat early carious lesions.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SPROCKET FOR FORMULA STUDENT VEHICLE

In a Formula student vehicle, the sprocket is one of the important components in the chain drive which transmits power from the engine output shaft to the drive shaft. To ensure efficient power transmission, sprocket should be designed and manufactured properly. In this study the driven sprocket of the formula student vehicle has been designed in Solid works and analysed using FEA. ANSYS software has been used to perform Static analysis to calculate the stresses induced and deformations in the sprocket. And then the Fatigue analysis has been done to determine the Fatigue life and damage. The sprocket is then optimized for weight reduction and re-analysed in ANSYS for safety and reliability. Chain sprocket is one of the most important parts used in transmitting power from the engine to the drive shafts. This study mainly deals with the design and analysis of rear sprocket of a Formula Student car. This sprocket is designed such that it is light in weight and functions efficiently. The type of chain used is roller type chain. The main challenge faced is determining the proper material and number of teeth for chain sprocket. Many iterations were carried mathematically to determine the total number of teeth and final drive ratio. The CAD model was created in SolidWorks and Finite Element Analysis was carried out in ANSYS Static Structural module. Initially a solid sprocket was created without any slots for different materials and Static structural analysis was performed. For doing static analysis, the forces and torques acting on the teeth of sprocket were calculated. Boundary conditions