Total Gas Consumption Research Articles

The strategic implications of the second Russia–China gas deal on the European gas market

At the end of 2014, Russia and China signed a framework for their second natural gas agreement. According to this agreement, Russia will supply 30 billion cubic metres of gas to China over 30 years via the future Altai pipeline, which will connect Asian and European gas markets. This paper analyses the long-term impacts of this second agreement on the European gas market, based on a modified Hotelling model. We found that gas exports to China could result in re-optimisation of the Russian profit maximisation strategy in Europe via a stock effect, which occurs when the marginal production cost is affected by the remaining stock. The results show that the export supply to Europe could decrease by 11.8 bcm annually under a stock elasticity equalling unity. Furthermore, gas exports to China will reduce the long-term potential of Russia to supply gas to Europe. While scarcity of gas reserves may not be an issue for Russia in the medium term, it could become more important in the future. Our results show that Russia could take a stronger bargaining position after 2051. Overall, total gas consumption in Europe could decrease by 8.5 bcm annually.

Carbon emissions, energy consumption and economic growth: An aggregate and disaggregate analysis of the Indian economy

This study investigates the long and short run relationships among carbon emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in India at the aggregated and disaggregated levels during 1971–2014. The autoregressive distributed lag model is employed for the cointegration analyses and the vector error correction model is applied to determine the direction of causality between variables. Results show that a long run cointegration relationship exists and that the environmental Kuznets curve is validated at the aggregated and disaggregated levels. Furthermore, energy (total energy, gas, oil, electricity and coal) consumption has a positive relationship with carbon emissions and a feedback effect exists between economic growth and carbon emissions. Thus, energy-efficient technologies should be used in domestic production to mitigate carbon emissions at the aggregated and disaggregated levels. The present study provides policy makers with new directions in drafting comprehensive policies with lasting impacts on the economy, energy consumption and environment towards sustainable development.

The biomethane producing potential in China: A theoretical and practical estimation

Biomethane has been developed rapidly in many countries as a renewable energy which upgraded from biogas. China also began to pay attention to it even though we still at a initial stage, primarily, understanding the biomethane potential and development prospect, choosing appropriate biomass as the biomethane source is very important. In this work, the theoretical and practical biomethane producing potential from five main biomass resources in China were estimated with appropriate methods based on the data collected, and during calculation, two appropriate energy crops were assumed to be planted on marginal lands for biomethane production. Our estimation showed that the theoretical and practical biomethane potentials in China can reach to 888.78 and 316.30billionm3 per year, agricultural waste should be the preferential development biomass, and planting energy crops on marginal lands is the most promising way to enhance biomethane production in China. Finally, biomethane is compared with natural gas, and the result showed that 48.15% of the practical biomethane potential can meet the total Chinese natural gas consumption in 2013.

Effects of higher domestic gas prices in Russia on the European gas market: A game theoretical Hotelling model

Domestic gas prices in Russia are substantially lower than export netback prices. The Russian government aims to increase the domestic price level in the long term. The objective of this paper is to analyse the long-term effects of higher gas prices in Russia on the European gas market. The analysis is based on a modified analytical and a numerical Hotelling model. The main findings are as follows. Under a price elasticity of demand equalling −0.5, a 70% increase in the domestic gas price in Russia results in an annual average reduction in domestic gas consumption of 116bcm. The export supply to Europe could be affected via two channels: (i) a stock effect and (ii) scarcity rents. The results show that in the presence of a stock effect with an elasticity equalling unity, the annual average increase in the export supply to Europe could account for 33.7bcm. Although Russia may not face a resource constraint in the short and medium terms, scarcity effects could become more relevant in the future. A reduction in domestic gas consumption could reduce the future scarcity rent, implying a higher potential for exporting gas in the long term. Overall, total gas consumption in Europe could annually increase by 17.5bcm on average. As the stock elasticity increases, so does the increase in total gas consumption. Furthermore, the results show that increasing the domestic gas price is associated with an annual average increase in the export tax revenue from gas of 38.4billion USD and an annual average reduction in the domestic gas subsidy of 34.1billion USD.

ON THE STAR FORMATION LAW FOR SPIRAL AND IRREGULAR GALAXIES

A dynamical model for star formation on a galactic scale is proposed in which the interstellar medium is constantly condensing to star-forming clouds on the dynamical time of the average midplane density, and the clouds are constantly being disrupted on the dynamical time scale appropriate for their higher density. In this model, the areal star formation rate scales with the 1.5 power of the total gas column density throughout the main regions of spiral galaxies, and with a steeper power, 2, in the far outer regions and in dwarf irregular galaxies because of the flaring disks. At the same time, there is a molecular star formation law that is linear in the main and outer parts of disks and in dIrrs because the duration of individual structures in the molecular phase is also the dynamical time scale, canceling the additional 0.5 power of surface density. The total gas consumption time scales directly with the midplane dynamical time, quenching star formation in the inner regions if there is no accretion, and sustaining star formation for ~100 Gyr or more in the outer regions with no qualitative change in gas stability or molecular cloud properties. The ULIRG track follows from high densities in galaxy collisions.

Possibilities of increasing resource efficiency in nitrogen fertilizer production

Fertilizer production is one of the most important industries for ensuring a growing demand for food resources. Regrettably, this industry is characterized by high energy intensity. Even today, fossil fuel such as natural gas is the main raw material and the main source of primary energy in nitrogen fertilizer production. According to the data of the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Lithuania, about 40 % of total natural gas consumption in Lithuania is used in the fertilizer production company. Evaluation of the possibilities to reduce energy intensity and use alternative resources in nitrogen fertilizer production is the main objective of this research. All the technological processes of nitrogen fertilizer production in the analyzed company are objects of research of this work. Recent researches into the area of cleaner chemical product production are reviewed and systematized. The methods of cleaner production (CP), industrial ecology, material flow analysis, environmental impact assessment, and evaluation of environmental efficiency are integrated into the methodology of this work. Results of the initial environmental analysis of nitrogen fertilizer production processes show that the analyzed company has already implemented several CP projects with a view to minimizing energy intensity and air emissions. Despite their efforts, an enormous amount of energy is wasted in the main and additional processes (for example, ammonia production, cooling process, and heat energy production). Several alternatives for resource efficiency and energy saving have been suggested when doing the research. This paper presents the results of the feasibility analysis of three case studies in which pollution prevention methods are applied jointly with industrial symbiosis.

A learning method for energy optimization of the plug-in hybrid electric bus

The optimal energy management for a plug-in hybrid electric bus (PHEB) running along the fixed city bus route is an important technique to improve the vehicles' fuel economy and reduce the bus emission. Considering the inherently high regularities of the fixed bus routes, the continuous state Markov decision process (MDP) is adopted to describe a cost function as total gas and electric consumption fee. Then a learning algorithm is proposed to construct such a MDP model without knowing the all parameters of the MDP. Next, fitted value iteration algorithm is given to approximate the cost function, and linear regression is used in this fitted value iteration. Simulation results show that this approach is feasible in searching for the control strategy of PHEB. Simultaneously this method has its own advantage comparing with the CDCS mode. Furthermore, a test based on a real PHEB was carried out to verify the applicable of the proposed method.

Technology Focus: Natural Gas Processing and Handling (April 2015)

Technology Focus Of the top 10 largest discoveries in 2013, half are natural-gas discoveries and all are in offshore environments, primarily in Africa (Mozambique, Angola, and Tanzania), Far East Asia (Malaysia), and transcontinental countries (Egypt), with estimated resources of more than 4,000 million BOE. The rest of the discoveries are mainly light oil, very likely containing associated gas. To bring gas from remote locations to the markets will remain an imposing task, with unavoidable challenges in terms of exploration, production, processing, and transportation, especially now when both oil and gas prices are low. The leading countries in natural-gas production in 2013, the same as in 2012, were the US (687.6 billion m3, 20.6% of total world gas production), the Russian Federation (604.8 billion m3, 17.9%), and Iran (166.6 billion m3, 4.9%). On the consumption side, the natural-gas consumption growth rate has been steady in the past decade (2003–13) with an average growth rate of 2.6%, while 2010 had a negative growth rate of -2.1%; 2011 had the highest rate at 7.6%; and, in 2013, the growth rate was 1.4%. The US is, by far, the leading country in natural-gas consumption (737.2 billion m3, 22.2% of total world gas consumption), followed by the Russian Federation (413.5 billion m3, 12.3%), China including Hong Kong SAR (164.2 billion m3, 4.95%), and Iran (162.2 billion m3, 4.8%). China had the highest gas-consumption incremental of 15.3 billion m3 from 2012 to 2013, followed by the US (14.2 billion m3), Brazil (5.9 billion m3), and Germany (5.3 billion m3). On the transportation side, the numbers are similar: Approximately 1035.9 billion m3 of gas was transported in 2013, which was a 1.5% increase over 2012. Of that, approximately 68.6% was transported by pipelines and the rest was by liquefied natural gas (LNG) in 2013 vs. 68.0% for pipelines and 31.8% for LNG in 2012. The Russian Federation, Qatar, Norway, and Canada are the top four countries in exporting gas (225.5, 125.5, 106.2, and 78.9 billion m3, respectively) and accounted for more than 51% of total world gas movement. The Russian Federation remains the dominant player in pipeline transportation, moving approximately 30% of total global pipeline gas, while Qatar moved more than 32% of the total LNG worldwide. With so many new gas discoveries in offshore locations, transporting gas across water will remain one of the major challenges in gas monetization, and pipelines and LNG (including floating LNG) will remain the primary means of natural-gas transportation. More information will be presented at the SPE Workshop on Gas Field Developments— Pushing the Limits, which is scheduled for 8–11 March 2015 in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia. JPT Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org. OTC 24674 Accurate Phase- Equilibria Predictions for Hydrates of Multicomponent Natural Gases by Prathyusha Mekala, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, et al. OTC 25413 Qualification of a Cryogenic Floating Flexible Hose Enabling Safe and Reliable Offshore LNG Transfer for Tandem FLNG Offloading Systems by Vincent Lagarrigue, Trelleborg, et al. SPE 172079 Improving Gas/Condensate Recovery Factor and Addressing the Flow- Assurance Issue With an Innovative and Highly Accurate Fluid Sensor for Wet-Gas Business by B. Pinguet, Schlumberger

Implementation of Energy Efficiency Measures in a Semiconductor Building

This article focuses on the implementation of energy efficiency measures in a semiconductor building. Those measures include system optimization on the terminal units (TBs), office air-handling units (AHUs), make-up air units (MAUs), exhaust systems, fan filter units (FFUs), fan tower units (FTUs) and recirculation air-handling units (RAHs), fan coil units, and central chiller plant and boiler plant. Twelve permanent power meters were installed throughout the building to measure the total building electricity demand, solar generated electricity demand, HVAC and non-HVAC equipment demand to quantify the energy savings from the implementation of the energy efficiency measures.The electricity demand data have been collected for two years at 15-minute intervals and evaluated, with the energy saving adjusted by the outside air temperature. The electricity saving for this building is about 54.49 kWh/ft2/year (589.64 kWh/m2/year), which reduces the total building electricity consumption about 20%. The gas savings is about 0.1MMBtu/ft2/year (493 km3 of natural gas/year, 30% of the total building gas consumption) based on the daily reading from the facility engineer. The simple payback without incentives is 1.5 years.

An assessment of energy security in Thailand’s power generation

Presently, electricity power generation in Thailand mainly relies on natural gas approximately 70% of the total primary energy demand. Furthermore, around 37% of the total natural gas consumption is imported from neighboring countries. The Thai government developed a new power development plan in 2010 (PDP) to strengthen its energy security due to excessive reliance on natural gas for electricity generation and mitigate CO2 emissions by planning to install new nuclear power plants by 2030. Particularly after the nuclear power disaster in Fukushima, Japan in 2011, public opinion remains in opposition with nuclear technology, raising issues concerning the feasibility of this potential energy source.It is found that an intensive coal power plants scenario is the highest emission of CO2 per kWh and its electricity unit cost is higher than PDP about 7.35%. If nuclear and new coal power plants cannot be implemented according to PDP plan, a renewable energy scenario is possible. This option not only strengthens the energy security, but it significantly mitigates the intensity of CO2 emission per kWh higher than PDP about 7.14%. However, this only can be achieved by increasing the electricity unit cost by 14% compared to the price estimated by the 2010 PDP.

Cold gas properties of theHerschelReference Survey

We study the properties of the cold gas component of the interstellar medium of the Herschel Reference Survey, a complete volume-limited (15 ≲ D ≲ 25 Mpc), K-band-selected sample of galaxies spanning a wide range in morphological type (from ellipticals to dwarf irregulars) and stellar mass (109 ≲ Mstar ≲ 1011 M⊙). The multifrequency data in our hands are used to trace the molecular gas mass distribution and the main scaling relations of the sample, which put strong constraints on galaxy formation simulations. We extend the main scaling relations concerning the total and the molecular gas component determined for massive galaxies (Mstar ≳ 1010 M⊙) from the COLD GASS survey down to stellar masses Mstar ≃ 109 M⊙. As scaling variables we use the total stellar mass Mstar, the stellar surface density μstar, the specific star formation rate SSFR, and the metallicity of the target galaxies. By comparing molecular gas masses determined using a constant or a luminosity dependent XCO conversion factor, we estimate the robustness of these scaling relations on the very uncertain assumptions used to transform CO line intensities into molecular gas masses. The molecular gas distribution of a K-band-selected sample is significantly different from that of a far-infrared-selected sample since it includes a significantly smaller number of objects with M(H2) ≲ 6 × 109 M⊙. In spiral galaxies the molecular gas phase is only 25–30% of the atomic gas. The analysis also indicates that the slope of the main scaling relations depends on the adopted conversion factor. Among the sampled relations, all those concerning M(gas)/Mstar are statistically significant and show little variation with XCO. We observe a significant correlation between M(H2)/Mstar and SSFR, M(H2)/M(Hi) and μstar, M(H2)/M(Hi) and 12 + log (O/H), regardless of the adopted XCO. The total and molecular gas consumption timescales are anticorrelated with the specific star formation rate. The comparison of HRS and COLD GASS data indicates that some of the observed scaling relations are nonlinear.

가스발생기의 연료과잉가스 후연소용 O2/CH4가스 공급시스템 설계

나로우주센터에 구축되는 연소기 연소시험설비(CCTF)에는 한국형발사체(KSLV-II)에 적용된 터보펌프식 엔진의 가스발생기 시험시 생성되는 연료과잉가스를 연소시키기 위한 후연소시스템이 포함되어 있다. 후연소시스템은 <TEX>$O_2$</TEX>와 <TEX>$CH_4$</TEX> 가스를 공급받아 연료과잉가스를 소모시킨다. 본 연구는 연소기 연소시험설비의 상세설계 자료를 바탕으로 후연소시스템의 가스공급시스템에 대해 AMESim 상용프로그램을 이용하여 해석하였다. 그 결과 상세설계에 적용된 레귤레이터, 공급배관, 오리피스크기 등으로 가스사용량을 예측하고, 상세설계의 타당성을 검증하였다. Combustion Chamber Test Facility (CCTF) to be constructed in Naro Space Center for re-burning the fuel-rich gas of gas generator have afterburner system. The afterburner system is supplied the Oxygon (<TEX>$O_2$</TEX>) gas and Methane (<TEX>$CH_4$</TEX>) gas to reduced the harmful exhaust gas. The detailed design for the planned CCTF afterburner system is simulated and analysed by AMESim program through the all of gas supply system components. Afterburner system is performed to verify the pipe size, orifice diameter, and gas supply conditions according to the total gas consumption from analysis of gas supply system.

Cold gas properties of theHerschelReference Survey

The HRS is a complete volume-limited sample of nearby objects including Virgo cluster and isolated objects. Using a recent compilation of HI and CO data we study the effects of the cluster on the molecular gas content of spiral galaxies. We first identify M* as the scaling variable that traces the total H2 mass of galaxies better. We show that, on average, HI-deficient galaxies are significantly offset from the M(H2) vs. M* relation for HI-normal galaxies. We use the M(H2) vs. M* scaling relation to define the H2-deficiency parameter. This parameter shows a weak and scattered relation with the HI-def, here taken as a proxy for galaxy interactions with the cluster environment. We also show that, as for the HI, the extent of the H2 disc decreases with increasing HI-deficiency. These results show that cluster galaxies have, on average, a lower H2 content than similar objects in the field. The slope of the H2-def vs. HI-def relation is less than 1, while the D(HI)/D(i) vs. HI-def relation is steeper than the D(CO)/D(i) vs. HI-def relation, thereby indicating that the H2 gas is removed less efficiently than the HI. This result can be understood if the HI is distributed on a flat disc more extended than the stellar disc, thus less anchored to the gravitational potential well of the galaxy than the H2. There is a clear trend between the NUV-i colour and H2-def, which suggests that H2 removal quenches the activity of star formation. This causes galaxies migrate from the blue cloud to the green valley and, eventually, to the red sequence. The total gas-consumption timescale of gas deficient cluster galaxies is comparable to that of isolated systems, and is significantly larger than the typical timescale for total gas removal in a ram pressure stripping process, thus suggesting that ram pressure, rather than starvation, is the dominant process driving the evolution of these cluster galaxies.

In situ quantification of chlorine dioxide gas consumption by fresh produce using UV–visible spectroscopy

The objective of this research was to quantify the chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas, a potent sanitizing agent, absorbed by fresh produce in real time during treatment. The information generated allows for understanding how critical variables such as quantity of absorbed ClO2 gas and rate of ClO2 gas consumption relate to other performance metrics without requiring post-processing of the produce. Therefore, a new in situ approach to measure the total absorption of ClO2 gas by fresh produce requiring minimal sample preparation was developed using a system equipped with a UV–vis spectrophotometer. The system can simulate ClO2 gas treatment at constant and varying concentrations within a package and/or chamber. Strawberries were selected as model fresh produce to assess the system and to evaluate the impact of concentration and time of exposure on total ClO2 gas consumption. It was found that strawberries consume ClO2 gas rapidly and that longer exposure times (17 and 84min) for continuous exposure resulted in around 45% ClO2 absorption whereas shorter exposure times (7min) consumed less than 20% of the injected ClO2 because the latter did not reach steady state ClO2 consumption prior to completion.

The Effect of Molar Liquid Water-Gas Ratio on Methane Hydrate Formation

Experimental results and analysis among different hydrate research groups are very often not transplantable, partly due to the intrinsic stochastic nature of hydrate formation, partly due to different experimental conditions, gas compositions and analyzing techniques used or applied. In the present work the effect of the molar liquid water-gas ratio (γm) on both nucleation and growth of methane hydrate has been examined. Structure I methane hydrates were formed under isochoric conditions in stirred cell during constant cooling, and the point of spontaneous nucleation (PSN) was recorded. The results show that change of γm gave no significant effect on average induction time, average nucleation rate or average sub-cooling at PSN. Nevertheless, nucleation behaved more stochastic when the volume fraction of water and γm increased. Moderate γm values that were closer to the theoretical hydration number (5.9 to 6 at the experimental conditions) could achieve larger total gas consumption and higher hydrate formation rate. Imbalanced γm values (either highly water-excess or highly gas-excess) may however lead to smoother behavior of crystal growth.

Prediction of Long Term Residential Natural Gas Consumption Using ANN

Prediction of residential natural gas consumption in 20 next years was performed in this paper. Artificial neural network (ANN) was used to predict the natural gas in the Kerman, the biggest province in the Iran. The Kerman is included with ten important cities where gas consumption was estimated in each city. The minimum temperature in each year, population growth rate and number of each year were considered as three input variables while the gas consumption in residential section was as an output. The ANN was trained and tested using the data from 2000 to 2008 and applied for prediction in 20 next years from 2008-2028. The predicted result show that the total gas consumption in residential section will increases approximately 1.8 time in 20 next years.

A mathematical modeling for incorporating energy price hikes into total natural gas consumption forecasting

In some countries that energy prices are low, price elasticity of demand may not be significant. In this case, large increase or hike in energy prices may impact energy consumption in a way which cannot be drawn from historical data. This paper proposes an integrated adaptive fuzzy inference system (FIS) to forecast long-term natural gas (NG) consumption when prices experience large increase. To incorporate the impact of price hike into modeling, a novel procedure for construction and adaptation of Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy inference system (TS-FIS) is suggested. Linear regressions are used to construct a first order TS-FIS. Furthermore, adaptive network-based FIS (ANFIS) is used to forecast NG consumption in power plants. To cope with random uncertainty in small historical data sets, Monte Carlo simulation is utilized to generate training data for ANFIS. To show the applicability and usefulness of the proposed model, it is applied for forecasting of annual NG consumption in Iran where removing energy subsidies has resulted in a hike in NG prices.

The Study on Comprehensive Utilization of Liquefied Natural Gas

In recent years, the price of oil has been soaring. As an alternative energy, natural gas could well be the main energy of the future development. Next twenty years will be the age of rapid natural gas growing. It has been predicted that China will be one of the largest global natural gas consumers. Twenty-five percent of country’s total natural gas consumption was imported. However, China is unable to be self-sufficient in natural gas resources in last ten years. So it is necessary to depend on imports to meet the rapid rise in natural gas demand. There are two main channels to import natural gas: pipeline transportation and ship-loading liquefied natural gas. Due to the limitation of pipeline transportation, ship-loading LNG will be China’s major import channel in the future. LNG is irreplaceable, wide-used, clean and low-carbon. With continued progress in mining technique and the discoveries of unconventional energy, the available natural gas resources in China will be increasingly rich; this enables sustainable development in energy. The introduction and innovation of liquefaction technique and the localization of LNG technique will improve the embarrassing dependence on imported process technology and supply strong technique support for the development of LNG. Domestic liquefied natural gas plants’ out-put is expected to exceed 7.5 million tons per year. As the key measure to reduce PM 2.5 emission, LNG will gradually replace oil as a new-generation car fuel and become the new surpass the old-timer. With the implementation of LNG terminal project, the reception capacity will gradually increase. It is predicted that the reception capacity of China will reach about 65 million tons per year in 2015. Based on the present data, the utilization and promotion of LNG will explosively grow. This article is concerned with the following topics: utilization of LNG, the future of LNG, and some related problems and suggestions regarding LNG.

NEW GREENHOUSE CONCEPT WITH HIGH INSULATING DOUBLE GLASS AND NEW CLIMATE CONTROL STRATEGIES - MODELLING AND FIRST RESULTS FROM A CUCUMBER EXPERIMENT

ISHS International Symposium on Advanced Technologies and Management Towards Sustainable Greenhouse Ecosystems: Greensys2011 NEW GREENHOUSE CONCEPT WITH HIGH INSULATING DOUBLE GLASS AND NEW CLIMATE CONTROL STRATEGIES - MODELLING AND FIRST RESULTS FROM A CUCUMBER EXPERIMENT

A digitally controlled rotating field plasma source for analytical spectrometry

A highly flexible technology for constructing plasma sources based on the rotating field concept and the digitally controlled modulation of plasma heating is presented with the plasma source operating at audio and ultrasonic frequency adjustable in the 6–100 kHz range and powered in the 50–250 W range. The device allows for the production of non-stationary plasma discharge sustained by a rotating electric field produced within 5 electrodes positioned in the plane around the axis, while the plasma is temporarily stretched between at least two electrodes. A stable symmetrical low-flow helium discharge is formed at atmospheric pressure operating at total gas consumption of 100–1500 mL min−1 and it is self-igniting. The plasma fundamental parameters can be easily controlled in the wide range including He excitation temperature, OH rotational temperature and electron number density between 2200 and 3300 K, 850 and 1600 K, and 0.6 and 2.0 × 1014 cm−3, respectively. Therefore, the excitation power of the source may be controlled by variations of the pulse width, frequency, commutation mode and gas flow rate. The device is shown to be useful for atomic emission spectrometric determination of hydride forming elements and mercury at the ng mL−1 level. The excess of hydrogen produced in the hydride generation process can be tolerated by the helium plasma. Also, the plasma can be stably operated with argon, air and nitrogen.