Total Fatty Acid Composition Research Articles

Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Castor Bean <i>Ricinus communis</i> L. Seed Oil

The oil content of castor seeds depends on the genotype; it is also affected by the environmental conditions, cultural practices and time of harvesting. The oil from castor bean seed obtained from Zaria in Northern Nigeria was extracted using a soxhlet method. The yield of the oil from the Castor beans is 37.8%. The physicochemical properties and fatty acid composition of the seed oil of castor bean were studied. The physicochemical analysis of the oil showed iodine value 93.50 mg/g; saponification value 182.61 mgKOH/g; peroxide value 5.7 meq/kg; acid value 15.57 mgKOH/g; free fatty acid value 7.8 and ester value 165.57 mgKOH/g. The fatty acid profile showed that the ricinoleic acid comprises about 86.96% of the total fatty acid composition. The major saturated fatty acids are palmitic (0.56%) and oleic (5.1%). Other fatty acids present were Octanoic acid 0.29% and pentanoic acid 1.33%. The castor seed oil is rich in ricinoleic acid which shows that the oil is a good source of ricinoleic acid.

A comparative investigation on the in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials of subextracts from the aerial parts of Daphne oleoides Schreb. subsp. oleoides

Daphne oleoides Schreb. subsp. oleoides is an evergreen shrub which is known for its folkloric usage against various ailments such as arthritic and infectious diseases. The aim of the present study was to comparatively investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory (nitric oxide inhibitory effects), antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS+ and FRAP tests) and antimicrobial activities of the extract/subextracts from the aerial parts of D. oleoides Schreb. subsp. oleoides (Thymelaeaceae). The powdered aerial parts were first extracted with methanol and then partitioned into five subextracts (n-hexane, dichloromethane (CH2Cl2), ethyl acetate (EtOAC), n-butanol and remaining water) by succesive solvent extractions. The chemical compositions of the extracts were compared with regard to their total phenolic, total flavonoid contents and fatty acid compositions. The CH2Cl2 and n-hexane extracts exerted the highest inhibitory effect on NO production (61.67±3.97% inhibition at 50μg/ml and 67.91±1.17% inhibition at 100μg/ml, respectively) of LPS-induced Raw 264.7 cells. The EtOAC subextract showed the highest antioxidant effect evaluated by DPPH (IC50: 0.35±0.12mg/ml) and FRAP (4.54±0.01mM FeSO4/mg extract) tests. The CH2Cl2 subextract was shown to contain the highest levels of flavonoids (0.837±0.035mg QUE/mg extract) and was also found to be rich in phenolics (1.063±0.011mg GAE/mg extract). Fatty acid analysis of the n-hexane extract revealed hexadecanoic acid and 9,15-octodecadienoic acids to be the major components. The n-hexane and CH2Cl2 subextracts exerted the highest antimicrobial potential.

Erratum to: Closely related intertidal and deep-sea Halomonhystera species have distinct fatty acid compositions

The deep-sea free-living nematode Halomonhystera hermesi, dominant in the sulphidic sediments of the Hakon Mosby mud volcano (1280 m, Barent sea slope), is part of the mainly estuarine Halomonhystera disjuncta species complex consisting of five cryptic species (GD1–GD5). Cryptic species have a very similar morphology raising questions on their specific environmental differences. This study analyzed total fatty acid (FA) compositions of H. hermesi and GD1, one of H. hermesi’s closest relatives. Additionally, we experimentally investigated the effect of a temperature reduction, salinity increase and sulphide concentrations on GD1’s FA composition. Because nematodes are expected to have low amounts of storage FA, total FA compositions most likely reflect FA contents of cellular membranes. The deep-sea nematode H. hermesi had significantly lower saturation levels and increased highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFAs) proportions due to the presence of docosahexanoic acid (DHA—22:6ω3) and higher eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA—20:5ω3) proportions. HUFAs were absent in H. hermesi’s food source indicating the ability and need for this nematode to synthesize HUFAs in a deep-sea environment. Our experimental data revealed that only a decrease in temperature resulted in lower saturated fatty acids proportions, indicating that the FA content of H. hermesi is most likely a response to temperature but not to sulphide concentrations or salinity differences. In experimental nematodes, EPA proportions were low and DHA was absent indicating that other factors than temperature, salinity and sulphides mediate the presence of these HUFAs in H. hermesi.

Growth of high oil yielding green alga Chlorella ellipsoidea in diverse autotrophic media, effect on its constituents

Growth of Chlorella ellipsoidea was analyzed using various autotrophic media viz. Bold's basal medium (BBM), wright's cryptophyte medium (WC), closterium medium (C), and blue green medium (BG11) medium. BG11 was showed to be the most excellent medium for growth and biomass production (3.2gL−1). WC was the best medium for lipid production. Maximum lipid production 1184mgL−1(a mass fraction of 37% on dry weight basis) was achieved when the cells in the late-exponential growth phase in BG11 medium were collected by centrifugation and reinoculated into WC media. The findings of gravimetric method were comparable with nile red fluorescence method of lipid determination. Total fatty acid (TFA) composition varies with culture media composition. Highest TFA yield of 2.2gL−1 and a TFA content of a mass fraction of 24.1% (DW) with a mass fraction of 95% TFA C18 (a mass fraction of ~71.5%) and C16 (a mass fraction of ~23.5%) was obtained with BG11 medium after reinoculation into WC media. C. ellipsoidea was discovered as rich source of protein and carbohydrate also.

음식물류 폐기물의 혐기성 소화 시 식종 방법에 따른 start-up 특성 평가

This study was performed to evaluate the characteristics of start-up of anaerobic digestion from food waste with different inoculum ratios. The hydrogen yield was similar with different inoculum ratios. The hydrogen production rate increased with increasing inoculum ratio. But the specific hydrogen production rate decreased with increasing inoculum ratio. Total volatile fatty acids composition analysis showed that butyrate and acetate were the prevalent products in all reactors, followed by lactate and propionate. The acetate was most prevalent product in reactors at <TEX>$X_0/S_0=0.080$</TEX> and 0.159. But in reactors at <TEX>$X_0/S_0=0.239$</TEX> and 0.318, butyrate accounted for greater than 50% of the total volatile fatty acids.

Effects of Variety, Maturation and Growing Region on Chemical Properties, Fatty Acid and Sterol Compositions of Virgin Olive Oils

AbstractChemical properties, fatty acid and sterol compositions of olive oils extracted from Gemlik and Halhalı varieties grown in Hatay and Mardin provinces in Turkey were investigated during four maturation stages. The olive oil samples were analyzed for their chemical properties such as free acidity, peroxide value, total carotenoid, total chlorophyll, total phenolic contents, antioxidant activity, fatty acid and sterol compositions. Chemical properties, fatty acids and sterol profiles of olive oil samples generally showed statistically significant differences depending on the varieties, maturation and growing areas (p &lt; 0.05). As free fatty acid contents and total phenolic contents increased, total carotenoid and chlorophyll contents decreased throughout the maturity stages. Total carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of oil samples from Mardin were higher than those of Hatay. The total phenolic compounds of olive oil samples ranged from 20.62 in Gemlik to 525.22 mg GAE/kg oil in Halhalı from Hatay. In general, the phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of olive oil samples were positively associated. Oleic acid content was the highest 71.53 % in H1 samples in Hatay. Total sterol contents were 1194.33 mg/kg in Halhalı and 2008.66 mg/kg in Gemlik from Hatay. Stigmasterol contents of oils obtained from Hatay were lower than those of Mardin. Oleic acid, palmitic acid, β‐sitosterol, ∆‐5‐avenasterol and campesterol contents fluctuated with maturation for each of variety from both growing regions. These results showed that the variety, growing area and maturation influence the chemical properties, fatty acid and sterol compositions.

Molecular and biochemical taxonomic tools for the identification and classification of plant-pathogenic Penicillium species

ABSTRACTFive species of Penicillium (Penicillium chrysogenum, P. funiculosum, P. griseofulvum, P. implicatum and P. oxalicum) are implicated in seed-borne diseases. Here, we report the discovery of molecular markers based on the internal transcribed spacer regions of fungal ribosomal DNA (rDNA), which are described as primary DNA barcode markers of fungi, for rapid diagnosis and early detection of Penicillium spp. The present markers are expected to be useful for the prevention of seedling and systemic plant diseases associated with Penicillium spp. Our findings, which provide valuable insights into the taxonomy of Penicillium spp., should contribute to improve safety of agricultural produce, thereby protecting both humans and animals from harmful food contaminants such as mycotoxins. In addition, we examined the cellular fatty acid composition of five species of Penicillium. The species studied were found to possess similar fatty acid composition; however, they differed in terms of relative concentration. The principal fatty acids were oleic acid (C18:1) and linoleic acid (C18:2), comprising 80% or more of the total fatty acid composition of these species. These fatty acid profiles may be useful for characterization and identification of fungi. Data derived from the present study highlight the importance of using polyphasic methods for accurate species-level identification of Penicillium.

Peanut cultivar selection for BLSS in terms of the biomass productivity, nutritional quality, photosynthetic character and mineral ions up-take by PTNDS cultivation

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) has been selected as one of the crop candidates for BLSS, because its seeds have high nutritional value, being rich in vegetable oil and protein. Porous-Tube Nutrient Delivery System (PTNDS) has been successfully used for crop cultivation in controllable environments. In this paper, four peanut cultivars ('HY25', 'HY28', 'HY31' and 'BS1016') were evaluated in terms of yield, photosynthetic efficiency, insoluble fiber and ions uptake efficiency. Besides protein, total oil content and fatty acid composition were monitored in the seeds. 'HY25' plants showed much higher yield and harvest index, in addition to the lower lignin content of inedible biomass. Data showed that 'HY25' had the higher photosynthetic capacity of peanut leaves with regard to highest photosynthetic rate, qP and ΦPSII, lowest energy dissipation (qN) values, whereas instantaneous carboxylation efficiency and water use efficiency carotenoids content were no difference with the other cultivars. ‘BS1016′ showed the lowest photosynthetic capacity contrarily. These suggested that ‘HY25′ could be the most suitable for the cultivation in a closed controlled environment with PTNDS. While, both cations and anions except NH4+ and H2PO4−, were accumulated excessively compared to controls, especially with anions in PTNDS. Hence, further studies are needed in order to improve the nutritional quality of seeds and modify the fertilization strategy of this cultivar in the growth environment feasible during a closed environment and space mission.

Seasonal changes in the total fatty acid composition of six marine water fish species from Marmara Sea

Seasonal changes in the total fatty acid composition of six marine water fish species from Marmara Sea

Abstract 1051: Activation of PI3K pathway in breast cancer associates with tumor phospholipid fatty acid composition

Abstract Background Ever since the discovery of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway key role in breast cancer resistance, several molecules have been developed to target this pathway. However, mechanisms of resistance restrain their efficacy. An in-depth understanding of the interactions of PI3K pathway is essential to improve its blockade and avoid resistance. Preclinical studies reported that lipid composition of cancer cells altered the activation of PI3K pathway, thus suggesting another possible molecular interaction with lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the activation of PI3K pathway and tumor lipid composition in breast cancer patients. Methods Frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor specimens were retrieved for 50 French patients with stage I to III primary breast cancer treated uniformly with surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, radiation therapy and endocrine therapy. The tumor specimens were analyzed for PIK3CA gene mutation, PTEN protein expression by immunohistochemistry, and pAktS473, pAktT308, mTOR, pS6K, and S6RP by protein array. Tumor total fatty acid (FA) and phospholipid FA compositions were analysed using mass spectroscopy. Pearson test was used for correlation analyses. Results Mean age was 53 years. All tumors were ER or PR positive and HER-2 negative, and 76% were node positive. PI3K mutation was observed in 14% of cases, and 34% were PTEN negative or had low PTEN expression. Mean tumor satured fatty acid (SFA) level was 33.78 mol%, monounsaturated FA (MUFA) level was 46.46 mol%, n-6 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) level was 18.08 mol%, and n-3 PUFA level was 1.68 mol%. Large and high grade tumors had a higher SFA content. MUFA rich tumors were frequently low grade. There was a positive correlation between d18:1/C20:0 ceramide level and Akt, mTOR and p70S6K expression. mTOR expression also correlated with 18:0 lysophosphatidylserine (lysoPS), 36:1 PS, 38:3 PS, 38:5 PS, 40:5 PS, 40:6 PS, 34:0 phosphatidylcholine (PC), 34:1 PC, and 38:3 PC. Conclusions Our results show that SFA associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and that PI3K pathway activation significantly correlated with fatty acid composition of specific tumor phospholipids. These results suggest a potential role of tumor lipid metabolism in PI3K pathway activation. Citation Format: Nawale Hajjaji, Flavie Arbion, Alain Fautrel, Claire Villalva, Lucie Karayan-Tapon, Marie-Lise Jourdan. Activation of PI3K pathway in breast cancer associates with tumor phospholipid fatty acid composition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 1051.

Effect of seasonal variation on lipid and fatty acid profile in muscle tissue of male and female Silurus triostegus.

Fatty acid (FA) compositions of total lipid, phospholipid (PL) and triacylglycerol (TAG) fractions have been determined in muscle tissues of Silurus triostegus. The distributions of saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) proportions were found to be different among total lipid, PL and TAG fractions from lipids in muscle tissues of the male and female S. triostegus in all seasons. Triacylglycerol contained a lower proportion of PUFA and a higher proportion of MUFA and SFA than PL while PL contained higher proportion of PUFA than proportion of MUFA and SFA compared to TAG. Triacylglycerol and PL fatty acid compositions in muscle tissues of the male and female fish species were found different. The most abundant fatty acids in the investigated seasons were palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1 n-9), palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n-7) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 n-3). It was shown that the total lipid content and FA compositions in muscle tissues of the male and female S. triostegus were influenced by reproduction period and season.

Gas chromatographic analysis to compare the fatty acid composition of fifteen lichen species, with a focus onStereocaulon

AbstractThe composition of fatty acids (FAs) is known to discriminate families within genera of bacteria, fungi, octocorals and algae. Here, we applied the more sensitive gas chromatographic (GC) analysis to investigate the taxonomic value of using FA composition to discriminate 15 species of lichen, including three chlorolichens (twoCladoniaspecies andStereocaulon scutelligerum), nine tripartite lichens (Stereocaulonspecies) and three cyanolichens (Lichina pygmaea,Collema cristatum,Peltigera membranacea). One macroscopic cyanobacterium (Nostocsp.), corresponding to the photobiont partner ofPeltigeraandCollemacyanolichens, was included for comparison. Five lipid extraction methods were evaluated, usingStereocaulon scutelligerum. Shaking at 80 °C with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) was the most efficient and reproducible method. The total FA composition of the 16 species was compared, using GC coupled with flame ionization detection or mass spectrometry. A statistical hierarchical cluster analysis was used to determine the similarity between the FA profiles, based on total, saturated, unsaturated and branched-chain FAs (BCFAs). The BCFA profile allowed a distinction between theStereocaulonspecies and the cyanolichens, in contrast to all the other types of FAs. A detailed characterization of eight FA subclasses, provided by the GC analysis, suggested a preferential pathway for the biogenesis of unsaturated FAs through desaturases, which was especially favoured in the cyanolichens.

PH and CO2 effects on Coelastrella (Scotiellopsis) rubescens growth and metabolism

We studied effects of рН and СО2 enrichment on the physiological condition and biochemical composition of a carotenogenic microalga Coelastrella (Scotiellopsis Vinatzer) rubescens Kaufnerova et Elias (Scenedesmaceae, Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae), a promising source of natural astaxanthin. The microalga was grown at a constant pH (5, 6, 7 or 8) maintained by direct СО2 injection. The air-sparged culture served as the control. Cell division rate and size, dry biomass productivity, the rates of nitrogen and phosphorus uptake as well as photosynthetic pigment and total lipid content and fatty acid composition were followed. С. rubescens possessed a narrow-range рН tolerance (the optimum рН 6–7). Under these conditions, the highest values of the maximum (1.0–1.1 1/day) and average (0.3–0.35 1/day) specific growth rate, chlorophyll а (4.8–4.9%) and total carotenoid dry weight percentages (1.7–1.8%) were recorded. Cell lipid fatty acid unsaturation index (1.851) and polyunsaturated fatty acid percentage (36–39%) and С18:3 ω3/С18:1 ω9 ratio (3.8–4.5) were also the highest under these conditions. A decline of рН to 5 brought about severe stress manifesting itself as a cell division cessation, photosynthetic apparatus reduction, two-fold increase in cell volume, accumulation of dry weight and lipids and a considerable decline in fatty acid unsaturation. Cultivation of С. rubescens without СО2 enrichment resulted in a rapid alkalization of the medium to рН 9.5–10.5 impairing the physiological condition of the cells. Reasons of the deteriorative effects of suboptimal pH values on the physiological condition of C. rubescens are discussed.

Meat Colour Stability and Fatty Acid Profile in Commercial Bison and Beef

&lt;p&gt;Commercial bison meat has been found to discolour more rapidly than beef in retail display. The influence of fat content, fat composition and vitamin E on the colour stability of commercially produced bison and beef were examined. &lt;em&gt;Longissimus&lt;/em&gt; samples from grain-fed beef (n = 20) and grass-fed bison (n = 14) were analyzed for fat content, fatty acid composition, vitamin E levels, pigments, TBARS and retail stability. Intramuscular fat content was lower and richer in PUFA in bison (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01) compared to beef. Pigment and TBARS levels in bison were significantly higher (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01), leading to higher (&lt;em&gt;P&lt;/em&gt; &amp;lt; 0.01) metmyoglobin levels. Regression analysis results showed that differences in total fat content and fatty acid composition were the most responsible factors for early discolouration of commercial bison meat compared to commercial beef. In conclusion, total fat and fatty acid composition can be manipulated to improve the colour stability of bison meat.&lt;/p&gt;

Functional analysis of diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 genes from Camelina sativa and effects of CsDGAT1B overexpression on seed mass and storage oil content in C. sativa

Camelina (Camelina sativa), which belongs to the Brassicaeae family, is an emerging oilseed crop with the potential to expand biodiesel production to arid land. During storage oil synthesis, diacylglycerol acyltrasferase1 (DGAT1) catalyzes the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) and free fatty acids to triacylglycerol (TAG). In this study, three DGAT1 genes (CsDGAT1A, CsDGAT1B, and CsDGAT1C) were isolated from developing C. sativa seeds. The deduced amino acid sequences of the three CsDGAT1 genes shared more than 84 % identity with those of DGAT1 genes from Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus. CsDGAT1A, B, and C transcripts were detected in various C. sativa organs, including developing seeds. Fluorescent protein-fused CsDGAT1A, B, and C were localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of tobacco epidermal cells. When the CsDGAT1A, B, and C genes under the control of the BnNapin promoter were expressed in an Arabidopsis AS11 mutant, which is defective in DGAT1, the amounts and composition of total fatty acids in dry seeds were restored to those of the wild type, indicating the three CsDGAT1 genes to be functionally active. In transgenic C. sativa plants overexpressing CsDGAT1B, the levels of total seed oils were increased by ~24 % compared with non-transgenic lines. Transgenic C. sativa embryos with enhanced seed oil contents harbored larger embryonic cells and a greater number of cells compared with the wild type. Transgenic Camelina plants with increased oil contents can be used as renewable resources for the production of biodiesel and non-petroleum-based biomaterials.

Effect of cultivar, season and locality on lipid content and fatty acid composition of cactus pear seed oil

Opuntia ficus-indica (cactus pear) seeds are rich in linoleic acid and have beneficial properties for nutritional, industrial and pharmaceutical purposes. The total lipid content and fatty acid composition depends on various factors, including cultivar, degree of maturity, climate, harvesting season as well as agricultural practices. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive seed oil quality analysis by investigating variation among cultivars across locations over two seasons. Seed oil content and fatty acid content, as well as the ratios thereof, differed among cultivars, seasons and locations. Cultivar × location × season interactions were significant for oil content. Levels of oleic acid (C18:1c9) were significantly influenced by the cultivar × location interaction. Mono-unsaturated fatty acid content was significantly influenced by cultivar × location and location × season interactions. Oil content was significantly correlated with levels of palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid. The cultivars ‘Van As’, ‘Turpin’, ‘Roedtan’ and ‘Meyers’ showed good associations with oil content and C18:1c9, while Bloemfontein was the most stable location.

Short- and long-term acclimation patterns of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) along a depth gradient.

The giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, is exposed to highly variable irradiance and temperature regimes across its geographic and vertical depth gradients. The objective of this study was to extend our understanding of algal acclimation strategies on different temporal scales to those varying abiotic conditions at various water depths. Different acclimation strategies to various water depths (0.2 and 4m) between different sampling times (Jan/Feb and Aug/Sept 2012; long-term acclimation) and more rapid adjustments to different depths (0.2, 2 and 4m; short-term acclimation) during 14d of transplantation were found. Adjustments of variable Chl a fluorescence, pigment composition (Chl c, fucoxanthin), and the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle pigments were responsible for the development of different physiological states with respect to various solar radiation and temperature climates. Interestingly, the results indicated that phlorotannins are important during long-term acclimation while antioxidants have a crucial role during short-term acclimation. Furthermore, the results suggested that modifications in total lipids and fatty acid compositions apparently also might play a role in depth acclimation. In Aug/Sept (austral winter), M.pyrifera responded to the transplantation from 4m to 0.2m depth with a rise in the degree of saturation and a switch from shorter- to longer-chain fatty acids. These changes seem to be essential for the readjustment of thylakoid membranes and might, thus, facilitate efficient photosynthesis under changing irradiances and temperatures. Further experiments are needed to disentangle the relative contribution of solar radiation, temperature and also other abiotic parameters in the observed physiological changes.

Detection and treatment of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency in psychiatric practice: Rationale and implementation.

A body of translational evidence has implicated dietary deficiency in long-chain omega-3 (LCn-3) fatty acids, including eicosapenaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the pathophysiology and potentially etiology of different psychiatric disorders. Case–control studies have consistently observed low erythrocyte (red blood cell) EPA and/or DHA levels in patients with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Low erythrocyte EPA + DHA biostatus can be treated with fish oil-based formulations containing preformed EPA + DHA, and extant evidence suggests that fish oil supplementation is safe and well-tolerated and may have therapeutic benefits. These and other data provide a rationale for screening for and treating LCn-3 fatty acid deficiency in patients with psychiatric illness. To this end, we have implemented a pilot program that routinely measures blood fatty acid levels in psychiatric patients entering a residential inpatient clinic. To date over 130 blood samples, primarily from patients with treatment-refractory mood or anxiety disorders, have been collected and analyzed. Our initial results indicate that the majority (75 %) of patients exhibit whole blood EPA + DHA levels at ≤4 percent of total fatty acid composition, a rate that is significantly higher than general population norms (25 %). In a sub-set of cases, corrective treatment with fish oil-based products has resulted in improvements in psychiatric symptoms without notable side effects. In view of the urgent need for improvements in conventional treatment algorithms, these preliminary findings provide important support for expanding this approach in routine psychiatric practice.

Effect of light-emitting diode (LED) vs. fluorescent (FL) lighting on laying hens in aviary hen houses: Part 2 – Egg quality, shelf-life and lipid composition

In this 60-wk study, egg quality, egg shelf-life, egg cholesterol content, total yolk lipids, and yolk fatty acid composition of eggs produced by Dekalb white laying hens in commercial aviary houses with either light-emitting diode (LED) or fluorescent (FL) lighting were compared. All parameters were measured at 27, 40, and 60 wk of age, except for egg shelf-life, which was compared at 50 wk of age. The results showed that, compared to the FL regimen, the LED regimen resulted in higher egg weight, albumen height, and albumen weight at 27 wk of age, thicker shells at 40 wk of age, but lower egg weight at 60 wk of age. Egg quality change was similar between the lighting regimens during the 62-d egg storage study, indicating that LED lighting did not influence egg shelf-life. Eggs from both lighting regimens had similar cholesterol content. However, cholesterol concentration of the yolk (15.9 to 21.0 mg cholesterol/g wet weight yolk) observed in this study was higher than that of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) database (10.85 mg/g). No significant differences in total lipids or fatty acid composition of the yolks were detected between the two lighting regimens.

Authentication ofCoffea arabicaaccording to Triacylglycerol Stereospecific Composition

Stereospecific analysis is an important tool for the characterization of lipid fraction of food products. In the present research, an approach to characterize arabica and robusta varieties by structural analysis of the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction is reported. The lipids were Soxhlet extracted from ground roasted coffee beans with petroleum ether, and the fatty acids (FA) were determined as their corresponding methyl esters. The results of a chemical-enzymatic-chromatographic method were elaborated by a chemometric procedure, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). According to the total and intrapositional FA composition of TAG fraction, the obtained results were able to characterize roasted pure coffee samples and coffee mixtures with 10% robusta coffee added to arabica coffee. Totally correct classified samples were obtained when the TAG stereospecific results of the considered coffee mixture (90 : 10 arabica/robusta) were elaborated by LDA procedure.