Sanitation service chains (SSCs) often consist of a complex mix of different components, frequently involving the coexistence of non-sewered sanitation (e.g., septic tanks) and sewered sanitation. Poorly-maintained components within these chains can lead to substantial, yet potentially avoidable greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, we developed a model for estimating the impact of GHG mitigation measures along SSCs that feature overlapping and poorly maintained non-sewered and sewered sanitation, taking the interdependencies of the GHG emissions of these components into account. To this end, we employed mass balance, empirical emission equations, and a carbon footprint estimation model to estimate GHG emissions by component at baseline and under four mitigation scenarios using an example SSC in Hanoi. The results showed that the SSC is predominantly methane-emitting, with poorly-maintained septic tanks and sewers being the primary contributors to the GHG emissions. Annual septic tank emptying was also identified as an effective strategy for reducing GHG emissions and it accounted for a 31-38 % decline in total emissions relative to baseline emission level. Scenario comparison further showed that removing septic tanks and upgrading sewers, even though associated with a slight increase in N2O emissions from the wastewater treatment plant, offer the greatest long-term mitigation potential, yielding 15-24 % lower emissions than annual emptying septic tanks with sewer upgrades. Additionally, if septic tanks are not removed, they will remain the primary source of GHG emissions even after upgraded sewer and centralized treatment is established. However, in cases where septic tank removal poses social challenges, frequent emptying remained a robust and immediately applicable mitigation option. Overall, this study provides a framework for identifying and quantifying major GHG emission reduction strategies for complex SSCs. Additionally, the results obtained indicated that managing septic tanks and sewers are important climate action strategies for ensuring sustainable city-wide inclusive sanitation.

Optimization of wastewater treatment plant layout, siting, and environmental protection strategies based on odorous gas dispersion.

The Kathmandu Valley has experienced a sharp decline in air quality over the last few decades, primarily due to a surge in vehicular emissions driven by rapid and unmanaged urbanization. This study aimed to quantify the annual emissions from the vehicular sector and assess the potential reductions achievable through the electrification of public buses. A bottom-up approach was employed, incorporating real-time traffic data, structured surveys, and localized emission factors to quantify the total vehicular emissions. Approximately 1235 kilotons of GHGs and 85 kilotons of ambient air pollutants were estimated annually. Public buses, although comprising only 6% of the vehicle fleet, contributed nearly half of the total GHG emissions due to their use of diesel fuel, longer travel distances, and low fuel economy. The study presents the first scenario-based replacement analysis conducted in the context of Kathmandu. The results demonstrate that replacing 100% of diesel buses with electric alternatives could reduce GHG emissions by 49% and air pollutants by 17%. Additionally, a review of national and local policies highlights ambitious but under-implemented targets for transport electrification. The study provides valuable insights for emission mitigation through targeted electrification, emphasizing the need for infrastructure, incentives, and coordinated policy support at both the national and local levels to realize sustainable urban mobility in Nepal.

Pakistan, contributing less than a fraction of 1% of the total greenhouse gas emissions, is among the most affected countries by climate change. This paper attempts to analyze this scenario of influence caused within the framework of the international climate change dialogue with regard to the climatic diplomacy of Pakistan to examine the difficulties as well as opportunities created within the changed international perspective of Pakistan on this issue. This study offers qualitative analysis regarding the scenario of change that occurred regarding the alteration caused within the framework of the international climate change scenario within the changed perspectives of Pakistan on the dialogues of climate change, along with equality within the framework of finances. It applies qualitative thematic analysis, which relates to the records of the UNFCCC conferences of the parties, national policy papers, Post Disaster Needs Assessment reports, and peer-reviewed literature to show how the narrative of diplomacy in Pakistan has changed over the years. The conclusion suggests, based on the Pakistani scenario of vulnerability to climate change, along with some local reforms within the native framework of the Pakistani scenario regarding flood management within the initiatives of Living Indus, Pakistan will have to continue imposing a value and justice agenda on global agendas and collaborating in an indigenous radical reform agenda.

Climate change is driven by increasing greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2). Developing countries such as Indonesia face a dilemma between meeting energy demands for development and reducing CO2 emissions. The aim of this study was to analyze trends of CO2 emissions in Indonesia during the period 1970–2023, utilizing secondary data from Our World in Data to obtain a comprehensive overview of national emission dynamics and Indonesia’s contribution at regional and global levels. A quantitative descriptive analysis method was applied using time-series data for the period 1970–2023, complemented by comparative analysis to evaluate temporal trends, dominant emission sources, and Indonesia’s proportional contribution at the Southeast Asia and global scales. The results indicate that Indonesia contributes approximately 3% of total global CO2 emissions and has the highest emission level in Southeast Asia, highlighting its strategic role in global climate change mitigation efforts. Historically, CO2 emissions in Indonesia showed a significant increase over the study period, rising from 3.37×108 tons in 1980 to 1.18×109 tons in 1984, largely due to economic growth from industrialization and increased energy consumption. The highest increase in CO2 occurred in 1997 due to forest fires and the El Niño phenomenon. Furthermore, the findings show that fossil fuel consumption, particularly coal, was the dominant contributor to national emissions in 2020. In conclusion, continued dependence on fossil energy remains a major challenge for Indonesia in achieving mitigation targets, underscoring the importance of energy transition and improved land-management strategies to curb future emission growth.

The increasing carbon dioxide emission in the atmosphere is one of the significant environmental concerns globally. Household consumption has proven to be the highest contributor (60 % - 70%) to the global emission of CO2 . Hence, the focuses on the Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission of some selected items, i.e. fuel and electricity in Guwahati city. The study aims to investigate on the differences between income and expenditure, and also to calculate the total GHG emissions emitted from the selected items among households belonging to different income groups. The study reveals that, electricity and Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) are the main carbon footprint generators as compared to kerosene. Correlation analysis indicates a strong relationship between the income and expenditure generating total GHG emissions in the very high-income group of households. However, people’s perception, choices, demand and desires are also considered in choosing alternate source of energy (kerosene) especially in case of very low-income group of households.

Power generation and transmission systems face increasing challenges in coordinating maintenance planning under economic pressure and carbon emission constraints. This study proposes an optimization framework that integrates preventive maintenance scheduling with operational dispatch decisions, aiming to achieve both cost efficiency and emission reduction. A bi-layer scenario-based mixed-integer optimization model is formulated, where the upper layer determines annual preventive maintenance windows, and the lower layer performs hourly economic dispatch considering renewable generation and demand uncertainty. To manage the exposure to extreme carbon outcomes, a Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) constraint is embedded, jointly controlling economic and environmental risks. A parallel cut-generation decomposition algorithm is developed to ensure computational scalability for large-scale systems. Numerical experiments on six-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems demonstrate that the proposed model reduces total carbon emissions by up to 32.1%, while maintaining cost efficiency and system reliability. The scenario analyses further show that adjusting maintenance schedules according to seasonal carbon intensity effectively balances operation and emission targets. The results confirm that the proposed optimization framework provides a practical and scalable approach for achieving low-carbon, reliable, and economically efficient power system maintenance planning.

Aim: To examine the specific characteristics of the industrial microclimate in steelmaking shops, analyse the heat balance of thermal units, and justify engineering solutions aimed at improving microclimatic conditions using an electric arc furnace as an example. Methodology: An analysis of existing scientific publications on occupational safety in metallurgy, occupational hy-giene, and heat engineering has been carried out. Calculations were performed to assess the thermal balance of the steelmaking furnace and the aspiration system for gas and dust extraction. Results: It has been established that in modern steelmaking shops the air temperature at workplaces during the warm season often exceeds the maximum permissible levels by 2–14 °C, reaching 31–35 °C, with reduced humidity of 33–55 % and significant thermal radiation of up to 8000 W/m². During the cold season, the temperature in certain open areas de-creases to 3–18 °C. It has been determined that 70–75 % of the total heat emission in a steelmaking shop is generated by in-frared radiation from molten metal and heated surfaces, which leads to worker overheating. The heat balance of an electric steelmaking furnace is characterised by substantial losses: only about 50–60 % of the supplied energy is retained as the heat of the produced steel, while the remainder is dissipated through slag, cooling water, refractory lining and exhaust gases. The latter carry away up to 10 % of the energy and reach temperatures of approximately 1500 °C, with dust concentrations of 1.5–8 g/m³. A comparison of ventilation schemes has been performed. Conventional shop aeration does not ensure adequate removal of excess heat or harmful emissions. A combined aspiration system for the electric furnace has been proposed, inte-grating a local hood above the furnace and an extraction duct in the furnace roof. The optimal parameters of this system have been calculated: a gas velocity in the duct of approximately 6 m/s, an exhaust gas volume of around 24 000 m³/h, and a pipeline diameter of 0.5–0.55 m. Scientific novelty: For the first time in the context of a steelmaking shop, the application of a combined aspiration method with an adjustable mobile duct has been substantiated. This solution enables effective capture of hot gases and dust while maintaining pressure beneath the furnace roof close to the regulatory level. Practical significance: The implementation of the proposed ventilation system in a steelmaking shop will reduce the air temperature in the working area, as well as dust and gas pollutant concentrations, to regulatory levels, thereby improving working conditions and reducing occupational risks for personnel.

To address the limitations of existing power system low-carbon dispatching studies—such as over-reliance on generation-side carbon mitigation, price-oriented demand response (DR) failing to guide carbon reduction, and the low solution efficiency of traditional carbon emission flow (CEF)-based two-stage models—this paper proposes a data-driven CEF framework integrated with a bi-level economic and low-carbon dispatching model. First, a data-driven CEF calculation method is developed: It eliminates the need for complex power flow post-processing while maintaining calculation accuracy through multiple linear regression. On this basis, a bi-level optimization model is constructed: The upper level focuses on optimizing the economic and low-carbon objectives of power grid operation, while the lower level regulates industrial, commercial, and residential load aggregators (LAs) via carbon-intensity-oriented DR strategies and economic compensation mechanisms. Finally, a sample-based optimization algorithm combined with convex relaxation is proposed to solve the model, avoid the static setting of power flow and carbon intensity, and improve solution efficiency. Case studies demonstrate the following: the proposed method reduces the calculation time of node carbon intensity from 5 min to less than 100 ms, with the coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.969 to 0.998; compared with the two-stage method, it achieves a 4.26% reduction in total scheduling cost, a 3.80% decrease in total carbon emissions, a 53.27% drop in carbon trading cost, and a 21.6% shortening in iteration time. These results verify that the proposed method can effectively enhance the source−load interaction and improve the accuracy and efficiency of low-carbon scheduling. This study provides a feasible technical path for the low-carbon transition of new-type power systems.

This study used the IstructE tool to assess the carbon footprint of a kindergarten in China, in order to explore the uniqueness of the carbon footprint of children's education buildings in educational-type buildings. Based on the architectural drawings, the structural details such as beams, columns, floor slabs, interior and exterior walls, and doors and windows of this kindergarten were analyzed in detail. This research result provides a reference for the design of other such buildings that adopt sustainable design concepts. The assessment showed that the total life cycle carbon emissions of the A1-A5 modules were 275 tCO2e/m2, and the Scors rating was only a D grade. Through sensitivity analysis, it was found that replacing low-strength or precast concrete could effectively reduce the carbon content of the building.

Purpose: This study aims to examine the relationship between institutional ownership and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Methodology/approach: The research sample consists of 182 companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2018–2022, with data collected from Bloomberg and Osiris databases. The analysis was conducted using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method with STATA 17 software. Findings: The results indicate that institutional ownership has a negative and significant association on total GHG emissions, particularly on Scope 1 emissions. However, the association of institutional ownership on indirect emissions (Scope 2 and 3) is not statistically significant. Practical and Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study contributes by providing empirical evidence that institutional investors are more effective in reducing direct emissions, while their influence on supply chain and energy consumption-related emissions remains limited. The findings offer valuable insights for companies in enhancing transparency and improving their carbon emission management strategies. Research Limitation: This study is limited to Indonesian firms over a specific period. Future research should include more countries, a longer timeframe, and additional variables like renewable energy policies and government incentives for broader insights.

Indonesia’s transition to renewable energy, highlighted by the operation of Sidrap and Tolo 1 wind farms, faces a significant challenge: managing the end-of-life of wind turbine blades. These blades, primarily composed of Glass Fibre-Reinforced Plastic (GFRP), are challenging to recycle due to their composite structure. A circular economy framework must be developed to address this issue, focusing on material recirculation and waste reduction. This study explores upcycling strategies as a core component of the framework, aiming to repurpose decommissioned blades into functional products while minimising environmental impact. Using secondary data and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), three upcycling scenarios are assessed: turning blades into pedestrian bridges, housing foundations, and fishing vessels. Each scenario shows considerable potential for reducing CO2 emissions by replacing traditional materials like steel, concrete, and wood with repurposed blade components. The results highlight the practicality and environmental advantages of applying circular economy principles to Indonesia’s wind energy sector. Developing a strong framework for blade upcycling not only encourages sustainable infrastructure but also strengthens Indonesia’s dedication to renewable energy systems. This approach provides a scalable model for other regions encountering similar challenges in renewable energy waste management.The system boundaries are limited to the material substitution phase and exclude upstream and downstream processes such as blade cutting, transportation, installation, and maintenance. This simplification is intended to isolate the environmental benefits of material replacement and align with similar comparative studies. However, it is acknowledged that these excluded processes, especially for large, heavy blade sections, can contribute significantly to the overall environmental impact. Their omission represents a limitation of this study and may lead to an underestimation of total emissions. Future research should incorporate these phases for a more comprehensive assessment.

The study quantified nitrous oxide (N₂O), methane (CH₄), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from key agricultural machineries used in rice farming systems across the tropical lowland regions, particularly Cagayan Valley. Fuel consumption and machinery data were obtained from the Department of Agriculture – Regional Agricultural Engineering Division (DA-RAED). Emissions were estimated using IPCC Inventory Software (2006 Guidelines, Tier 1- 2 methodologies), with disaggregation by machinery, gas, and province. Total emissions from the agricultural machinery under study amounted to 143.66 Gg, dominated by hand tractors (130.71 Gg; 90.99%), followed by four-wheel drive tractors (8.37 Gg; 5.83%), rice combine harvesters (4.37 Gg; 3.04%), mechanical rice transplanters (0.10259 Gg; 0.07%), and precision seeders (0.09703 Gg 0.07%). At the provincial level of tropical lowland settings, Isabela and Cagayan recorded the highest emissions (77.75 Gg; 53.04% and 66.03 Gg; 45.02%, respectively), while Nueva Vizcaya and Quirino accounted for the lowest (1.80 Gg; 1.23% and 1.06 Gg; 0.72%, respectively). These findings highlight the environmental impact of mechanization in rice farming and emphasize the need for climate-smart strategies, including improved energy efficiency, adoption of low-emission technologies, and integration of renewable energy sources.

This study presents the first multi-year, sectorally disaggregated greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory for Pakistan covering 2018-2023, capturing pre-pandemic, pandemic, and post-pandemic dynamics. Using the 2006 IPCC Guidelines and national activity data by sector, emissions were quantified across energy, industrial processes and product use (IPPU), agriculture, forestry, and other land use (AFOLU), and waste sectors. Total GHG emissions declined by 7% during 2019-2020, with energy sector emissions falling 16% from 217 Mt CO2-eq in 2018 to 184 Mt CO2-eq in 2020, before rebounding 7% in 2021. A further 18% reduction in 2023, driven by lower industrial and transport energy use, brought emissions to 363 Mt CO2-eq. IPPU emissions tracked economic fluctuations, rising 21% in 2021 and falling 12% in 2023, while AFOLU and waste emissions increased steadily by 2-3% annually, reflecting structural drivers. These findings indicate that pandemic-related reductions were temporary and economically driven, underscoring the need for structural decarbonization. Sustained mitigation requires renewable energy expansion, energy efficiency improvements, low-carbon industrial technologies, and climate-smart practices in agriculture and waste management. The study provides a robust evidence base to guide Pakistan's mitigation strategies, supporting alignment with Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets and long-term climate and sustainable development goals.

Abstract Aim Medical waste contributes 5–10% of plastic waste. Chest drain (CD) bottles are single-use items, typically changed daily, exacerbating this problem. Each CD bottle in our unit generates 2.53 kg of CO₂e (production, transport, disposal). With simple nursing education, we changed the protocol from daily CD bottle changes to changing only when the bottle is full (1800 ml) or when drainage colour changes. Method This QI project included a retrospective (July 2023–October 2023) analysis of post-ILGO patients. Patients with abandoned procedures or CD bottle changes in ITU were excluded. Post-intervention, a prospective analysis (December 2023–April 2024) was undertaken. Data included length of stay, total CD bottles, carbon emissions, and financial savings. Results 20 patients were included in each cycle. First cycle, 185 CD bottles (median 7) were used during a median stay of 7 days, generating 468.93 kg of CO₂e and costing £1,424.50. Post-intervention, 47 CD bottles (median 2) were used during a median stay of 8 days, generating 119.13 kg of CO₂e and costing £361.90. This represented a 74.6% reduction in cost and carbon emissions. No complications related to extended CD bottle use were recorded. By reducing the frequency of bottle changes, this practice offered undocumented financial savings through reduced nursing time and risk of complications from human errors, such as CD malposition, clamped CD, or missed water seal. Conclusions Extended CD bottle use post-ILGO is safe, cost-effective, and supports NHS sustainability goals. Our unit now saves 11.11 kg CO₂e and £38.50 per post-ILGO patient.

<table width="586" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="380"><p>This study develops a Sustainable Aggregate Production Planning (SAPP) model based on Fuzzy Goal Programming (FGP) that integrates economic, environmental, and social objectives under uncertainty. Conventional aggregate production planning primarily focuses on cost minimization, often resulting in excessive overtime, high emissions, and workforce instability. To address these limitations, the proposed model simultaneously considers total cost, carbon emissions, energy consumption, waste generation, workforce stability, and worker satisfaction within a unified fuzzy optimization framework. From a mathematical perspective, the main contribution of this study lies in the explicit formulation of a max–min FGP structure using aspiration-based linear membership functions for all sustainability objectives, enabling a balanced compromise solution without relying on deviation-variable-based goal programming commonly adopted in existing SAPP models. The resulting formulation is a linear mixed-integer optimization model that preserves tractability while accommodating conflicting sustainability goals. Numerical experiments are conducted using illustrative demand and operational data adapted from a reference study, solely for mathematical calibration and validation of the proposed model rather than empirical inference. The results indicate a global satisfaction level of λ = 0.67, representing a balanced max–min compromise among economic, environmental, and social objectives. Compared to the baseline scenario, the optimized plan achieves notable improvements in cost efficiency and waste reduction while keeping emissions, energy consumption, and workforce-related indicators within predefined fuzzy tolerance limits. Overall, the proposed SAPP–FGP model provides a transparent and flexible decision-support framework for sustainability-oriented production planning, offering clear insights into trade-offs among competing objectives and contributing to the applied mathematical literature on multi-objective production planning under uncertainty.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>

In this study, a method for measuring the emission current of a single emitter tip in a multitip field emitter array (FEA) was proposed using a field electron emission microscopy (FEEM) system. The measured emission current was attenuated owing to the presence of apertures along the optical axis in the measurement instrument; therefore, the recorded values were only a fraction of the actual emission current. To overcome this issue, a method was proposed for measuring the emission current of a single emitter tip based on its ratio to the total current emitted by the entire FEA. Using this method, the emission current from a single emitter tip could be quantitatively measured, allowing for direct comparison of the emission current before and after surface treatments. Furthermore, changes in the number of active emitter tips were evaluated in the FEEM mode. The number of active emitter tips considerably increased after the initial thermal treatment. In particular, the number of active emitter tips increased from 49 to 99 out of 100 at a gate voltage (Vg) of 50 V. Owing to aging, the emission current of the emitter tip with the highest current reduced from 36% to 11% of the total emission current. This resulted in the averaging effect of multiple emitters and improved the stability of the FEA (standard deviation/mean current reduced to <2%). These findings collectively confirmed the effectiveness of the treatment methods employed herein.

The transition to green energy is a fundamental aspect of sustainable development, particularly in the public sector. This study aims to assess the adoption of solar energy in government colleges across Punjab, quantifying its impact on electricity savings, reduction in fossil fuel consumption, and environmental benefits. The study employs a quantitative research approach by collecting data from government colleges regarding solar power installations, electricity savings, and fuel consumption reductions. Based on the survey-based data, non-renewable electricity consumption of 551,242 kWh was responsible for 918.43 tons of CO₂ emissions. However, the adoption of solar energy in 83 colleges resulted in a reduction of 166.19 tons of CO₂, including emissions avoided solar usage (87,230 kWh) and green metering (12,450 kWh). The study also explores institutional barriers to renewable energy adoption. Financial constraints, limited departmental support, and administrative hurdles emerged as major obstacles. The findings highlight the need for strict policy interventions, including increased budget allocations, flexible funding criteria, and stronger public-private partnerships to accelerate the shift toward clean energy. Projections suggest that if 50% of all 614 public colleges transitioned to solar, total emissions could be further reduced by 572.25 tons annually. Renewable energy, including solar, can play a vital role in reducing the province’s environmental degradation and advancing sustainable development goals in the education sector

Understanding carbon balance is crucial for assessing regional carbon budgets and formulating effective emission reduction policies. However, existing studies have primarily focused on carbon balance dynamics in a specific region, overlooking intercity linkages, making it difficult to guide carbon reduction strategies for inter-regional cooperation. Based on the carbon balance dynamics calculated from the carbon emissions and sinks of 16 core cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) from 2000 to 2020, this study introduced a regional network-based framework to analyze the functional roles of cities in carbon balance, and employed Geodetector to quantify the spatial heterogeneity and interaction effects of key socio-ecological drivers. The results showed that the total carbon emissions in the YRD increased by 3.06 times, while carbon sinks only grew by 1.11 times, leading to a decline in the carbon balance index from -0.67 in 2000 to -0.87 in 2020. The carbon balance network in the YRD exhibited a "hub-driven, multi-level collaborative structure", with Shanghai, Suzhou, Wuxi, and Ningbo as core nodes, maintaining strong interconnections with other cities. During 2000-2020, the network density and correlation numbers initially increased before decreasing, indicating a relatively loose structure and significant potential for enhanced intercity cooperation. Socioeconomic factors, such as industrial activity and freight, were the dominant drivers of carbon emissions, whereas ecological factors, particularly vegetation coverage, most influenced carbon sinks. The carbon balance pattern was finally revealed in the YRD and policy suggestions were proposed for different cities according to their characteristics and their role in the network, which provides an insight for policymakers to develop coordinated low-carbon strategies in the YRD.

Methane (CH₄) is a gas formed alongside coal through the decomposition of organic matter underanaerobic conditions. The gas molecules accumulate in micropores or submicropores located in thecoal matrix through the process of adsorption. During deposit exploitation, a decrease in pressurewithin the rock mass initiates desorption, leading to the release of methane into the mine workings.The impact of this gas on the environment and human activity is twofold. On the one hand, methanehas always posed a real threat to mining safety. In concentrations exceeding 4% by volume, it formsan explosive mixture with oxygen in the presence of an ignition source. On the other hand, methane,as one of the greenhouse gases, contributes to global warming and climate change. From anotherperspective, methane is seen as a resource of the future, potentially forming the basis of the energyeconomy for coming generations. Effective capture and recovery of methane from mine ventilationair and coal seam boreholes create opportunities for its utilisation as an energy carrier, whilesimultaneously enhancing mining safety and mitigating its negative environmental impact.In order to limit emissions of this gas into the atmosphere, legal regulations have been introduced,and namely the so-called Methane Directive. The article was developed in response to the increasingrelevance of methane recovery from hard coal mines and the need to implement effective,environmentally friendly, and economically viable solutions. It presents two approaches to methanerecovery: Direct Methane Extraction (DME), considered a short-term solution, and MethaneExtraction with Drainage (MEWD), a long-term approach involving methane removal together withmine water and its subsequent treatment. The work introduces an original classification of methanerecovery methods, dividing them into separation and utilisation techniques, with consideration oftheir application potential and possibilities for integration into hybrid systems, such as combiningCarbon Molecular Sieve (CMS) or Silicoaluminophosphate-34 (SAPO-34) with Pressure SwingAdsorption (PSA) or cryogenic distillation. Particular attention is devoted to ventilation air methane(VAM), the emissions of which account for approximately 50% of total methane emissions frommines. It is highlighted that ongoing research aimed at optimising methods such as PSA, HydrateGas Bearing Systems (HGBS), cryogenic distillation, and membrane separation will soon allow theiradaptation for VAM recovery. The study also discusses the importance of techniques supporting themethane recovery process, the application of which should account for geological conditions. It isunderlined that in many cases, combining separation methods with supportive techniques isnecessary to improve the overall efficiency of the process. The objective of the article is to provide a synthetic overview and an analysis of available methanerecovery methods, to identify current technological trends, and to outline future directions for theirapplication. The work draws attention to the applicable legal regulations concerning greenhouse gasemission reduction, as well as activities undertaken within ongoing research projects, confirming thecontinuing process of energy transition. Although the effective recovery and utilisation of methanefrom ventilation air (VAM) is still in the stage of technological refinement, current experienceindicates high application potential and possibilities for wider implementation.The article offers a comprehensive perspective on the issue of methane recovery in a global context,with particular emphasis on deployments carried out in Poland. The study aims to provide practicalinsights for optimising methane extraction and utilisation technologies while supporting dualobjectives: environmental protection and efficient management of natural resources. The conductedreview demonstrates significant technological progress in the improvement of methane recoverymethods, including the use of previously implemented solutions such as Regenerative ThermalOxidizers (RTO) and Thermal Flow Reversal Reactors. Enhancing the efficiency of these technologiesand their potential for wider use in Poland and worldwide is highlighted. The article emphasises thediversity of available solutions and the necessity to select them based on applicability and localconditions. It provides practical insights into optimising development directions, illustrating theongoing technological transformation driven by industrial deployments and research projects, whilesimultaneously supporting the goals of environmental protection and rational resource management.