Total Demand Research Articles

Highly efficient removal of contaminant from typical dye wastewater by using individual AOPs-A/O processes: Design, performance, and mechanism

The individual process design suitable for different types of dye wastewater is less reported, and the performance and mechanism of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)–anaerobic/aerobic (AOPs-A/O) is also unclear. In this experiment, different processes were designed to treat three typical dyes, namely, Disperse Blue (DB), Indigo Blue (IB), and Reactive Red (RR). Their performance and mechanism were studied. Results showed that sodium persulphate oxidation (SPO)/Fenton oxidation (FO) coupling treatment was the optimal treatment process for DB and IB wastewater, and SPO/ozone oxidation (OO) coupling treatment was the optimal treatment process for RR wastewater. After individual AOPs-A/O, the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency (CODre) of DB, IB, and RR were 96.25%, 96.35%, and 96.73%, respectively, and the overall mineralisation efficiency (ME) was 67.04%, 85.97%, and 72.24%, respectively. The contribution efficiency of the three treatment units to wastewater decreased as follows: AOPs > anoxic > aerobic. The initial B/C (B/C is the ratio of BOD to COD, which can indicate the biodegradability of wastewater) of DB, IB, and RR was 0.064, 0.065, and 0.262, respectively. The effluent B/C of DB, IB, and RR increased to 0.292, 0.392, and 0.795, respectively. Sequencing results showed that at the phylum level, its dominant group changed from Proteobacteria to Firmicutes. At the class level, its dominant group changed from Gammaproteobacteria to Clostridia.

Predictive simulation of the water-energy-food nexus for the City of Cape Town

The City of Cape Town (CoCT), South Africa faced a critical situation between 2015 and 2018 in which the municipal water supply was almost completely exhausted. This situation, commonly referred to as Day Zero in South Africa emanated from a decline in rainfall, resulting in one of the most severe droughts in history. The crisis was also aggravated by rapid population growth and urbanization. CoCT was on the verge of becoming the first city in the past decade to experience a complete cessation of water supply for urban and agricultural purposes. In addition to the effects of low rainfall and population surge, urban energy consumption and increased food demand impacted directly the available water resources. To evaluate the interlinkages between water utilization, water production, energy supply and demand, and food production and demand, this study employed a system dynamics modeling (SDM) approach. The model was developed as a stock and flow diagram utilizing Stella Architect and encompassed five interconnected nodes: water, energy, food, land, and population. The findings revealed that by the end of the 20-year modeling period, the volume of accessible and stored water in all the major dams will be approximately 459 million cubic meters, with residential use accounting for about 85 % of urban water use and agriculture accounting for approximately30.37 % of total water demand. The model illustrates the impacts of precipitation rate, runoff, and evaporation on variables such as land-use change and population dynamics. It is anticipated that the outcomes of this study will serve as valuable inputs for decision-making processes, not only within the CoCT as it aims to mitigate or prevent the recurrence of Day Zero, but also for other cities facing similar challenges.

Modeling and optimization of an integrated membrane – P/VSA separation process for CO2 removal from coal plant flue gas

This work presents a mathematical framework for the simulation and optimization of an integrated membrane – Pressure/Vacuum Swing Adsorption (P/VSA) process for CO2 removal from coal plant flue gas. The integrated process includes a membrane module in the first stage and a P/VSA unit in the second stage and it is optimized to minimize energy requirement for 95% and 90% total CO2 purity and recovery, respectively. Three membrane specifications, with CO2/N2 selectivity of 75, 50 and 25, and two adsorbents, zeolite 13X and MOF UTSA-16, are examined. The configuration which includes a membrane module with a CO2/N2 selectivity of 75 followed by a P/VSA unit with a UTSA-16 adsorbent leads to a minimum energy demand of 163 kWh/tn CO2, which is lower than the energy requirements of competitive CO2 separation processes, such as a two-stage P/VSA and multi-stage membrane processes. In addition, lowering the CO2/N2 selectivity from 75 to 50, leads to a minimum energy requirement of 177 kWh/tn CO2, which is still competitive to the other CO2 capture technologies. Furthermore, a comparison between different operating temperatures demonstrates that although a higher temperature increases the total energy demand, it has no impact on the optimal operating conditions and separation efficiency.

Combining pre-fermentation and microbial electrolysis for efficient hydrogen production from food wastewater

Energy-rich food wastewater (FWW) offers a sustainable feedstock for bioelectrochemical hydrogen production. However, its complex characteristics and high suspended solids content hinder its direct utilization in dual-chamber microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) for producing high-purity hydrogen. This study explored pre-fermentation under uncontrolled pH conditions as a method to improve the exoelectrogenic utilization of FWW in dual-chamber MECs. Across 2–5 d hydraulic retention times (HRTs), pre-fermentation was effective in conditioning FWW to a more favorable composition for exoelectrogenic utilization. Short-chain organic acids and ethanol constituted 48–72% of the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) in pre-fermentation effluents, a substantial increase from 27% in raw FWW. In subsequent MEC experiments, the MECs fed with pre-fermentation effluents exhibited significantly higher current-generating and hydrogen-producing performance compared to those fed with raw FWW. The MECs fed with the 2-d HRT pre-fermentation effluent showed the highest hydrogen yield of 911 mL/g COD fed, which represents a 34.4% increase compared to the MECs fed with raw FWW, resulting in a 1.28-fold higher recovery of chemical energy from organic matter in raw FWW as hydrogen. The anode bacterial community was dominated by exoelectrogenic Geobacter in all MECs, with its abundance being significantly higher when utilizing pre-fermentation effluents (69.0–78.0%) compared to raw FWW (20.6–39.2%). Overall, pre-fermentation proved an effective conditioning approach for enhancing the exoelectrogenic utilization of FWW in MECs.

Recycling the electric arc furnace waste after geopolymerization in bitumen: experimental analyses and LCA study

The conversion of solid waste materials into cleaner products for road paving. applications appears to be a promising and sustainable option. However, there is still a lack of attention given to quantifying the potential environmental benefits of recycling solid wastes in asphalt pavements, regarding the impact on asphalt performance. To address this gap, the present study investigates the effects of recycling electric arc waste based geopolymers on asphalt binder and mixture characteristics, as well as environmental outputs. For this purpose, geopolymers were incorporated into both neat and SBS-modified binders. A comprehensive rheological investigation was conducted using cutting-edge multiple stress creep recovery (MSCR) and linear amplitude sweep (LAS) analyses. Stability, Marshall quotient, and flow values, as well as dry and wetconditioned tensile strength were considered, to determine asphalt mixture properties. In the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), greenhouse gases resulting from fuel and energy consumption in each inventory phase were determined. The varying service lifetimes, maintenance and rehabilitation plans, and production and construction requirements of the different asphalt schemes were taken into account. Subsequently, the environmental impacts of the asphalt mixtures, including global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and smog formation potential, along with the total energy demand, were calculated across different stages of the LCA. The results show that the geopolymerization process results in important contributions in terms of both environmental savings and pavement performance.

On the potential of vehicle-to-grid and second-life batteries to provide energy and material security

The global energy transition relies increasingly on lithium-ion batteries for electric transportation and renewable energy integration. Given the highly concentrated supply chain of battery materials, importing regions have a strategic imperative to reduce their reliance on battery material imports through, e.g., battery recycling or reuse. We investigate the potential of vehicle-to-grid and second-life batteries to reduce resource use by displacing new stationary batteries dedicated to grid storage. Based on dynamic material flow analysis, we show that equipping around 50% of electric vehicles with vehicle-to-grid or reusing 40% of electric vehicle batteries for second life each have the potential to fully cover the European Union’s need for stationary storage by 2040. This could reduce total primary material demand from 2020–2050 by up to 7.5% and 1.5%, respectively, which could ease geopolitical risks and increase the European Union’s energy and material security. Any surplus capacity could be used as a strategic reserve to increase resilience in the face of emergencies such as blackouts or adverse geo-political events.

Recovery of Chromium and Two Solvents (Dichloromethane-DCM Tetrachloroethane-TCE) Using Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membranes from Leather Industry Wastewater

In this study, for removal of the leather industry pollutants and to recovery of chromium (Cr), dichloromethane (DCM) and tetrachloroethane (TCE) two sequential nanofiltration (NF) (NF90 and NF270) and two reverse osmosis (RO) (BW30 and SW30) reactor membranes were used. The membrane surface properties were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy-Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The permeate of the SW30 reverse osmosis exhibited high removals varying between 98% and 99% for sodium ion (Na+ ), potassium ion (K+ ), magnesium ions (Mg2+), calcium ions (Ca2+), total chemical oxygen demand (CODtotal), dissolved chemical oxygen demand (CODdis), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and inert chemical oxygen demand (inert COD), Chromium (Cr3+ ), Dichloromethane and Tetrachloroethane. In the NF90 nanofiltration process lower removals were detected (96%-97%) for all pollutants mentioned above. The effluent of reverse osmosis with a BW30 membrane match to the Turkish Water Pollution Control Regulation rules for treated water discharged to the receiving environment while SW30 reverse osmosis membrane was perfect for ultimate treatment of the pollutants present in the leather industry discharges. From the concentrate of the SW30 reverse osmosis, 945 mg/l chromium, 460 mg/l dichloromethane and 360 mg/l tetrachloroethane were reused. The performance and recoveries of Cr and two solvents (DCM and TCE) data in NF and RO membrane reactors were evaluated with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) process and Kruskal Wallis test statistic coupled with Mann-Whitney U statistic in this study.

Revealing neglected hotspots for China’s quality-induced water scarcity

A dependable assessment of quality-induced water scarcity (QualWS) is essential for tackling the issue and achieving sustainable development goals. The conventional Emission-based grey water footprint (GWF) may over- or under-estimate QualWS, as it solely focuses on local pollutant emissions while disregarding other influential factors, such as water body self-purification capacity, transboundary water flows and the potential under- or over-estimation of water pollution emissions. To address this limitation, we propose the State-based GWF to reflect the quality status of local water resources accurately. The indicator is applied in annual and monthly QualWS assessments at the provincial scale in China. In 2021, 19 provinces were identified as QualWS hotspots, comprising seven moderate and 12 slight hotspots for at least one pollutant. Notably, the State-based assessment revealed eight previously overlooked hotspots undetected by conventional methods. Furthermore, total phosphorus emerged as the most critical water pollutant, followed by total nitrogen and chemical oxygen demand. Our assessment presents an innovative perspective for understanding QualWS and establishes a scientific basis for effective aquatic environment management.

A Low-Cost Energy Monitoring System with Universal Compatibility and Real-Time Visualization for Enhanced Accessibility and Power Savings

Energy management is important for both consumers and utility providers. Utility providers are concerned with identifying and reducing energy wastage and thefts. Consumers are interested in reducing their energy consumption and bills. In Pakistan, residential and industrial estates account for nearly 31,000 MW of the maximum total demand, while the transmission and distribution capacity has stalled at about 22,000 MW. This 9000 MW gap in demand and supply, as reported in 2022, has led to frequent load shedding. Although the country now has an excess generation capacity of about 45,000 MW, the aging transmission and distribution network cannot deliver the requisite power at all times. Hence, electricity-related problems are likely to continue for the next few years in the country and the same is true for other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Several energy monitoring systems (EnMS) have been proposed, but they face limitations in terms of cost, ease of application, lack of universal installation capability, customization, and data security. The research below focused on the development of an economical, secure, and customizable real-time EnMS. The proposed EnMS comprises low-cost hardware for gathering energy data with universal compatibility, a secured communication module for real-time data transmission, and a dashboard application for visualization of real-time energy consumption in a user-preferred manner, making the information easily accessible and actionable. The experimental results and analysis revealed that approximately 40% cost savings in EnMS development could be achieved compared to other commercially available EnMSs. The performance of the EnMS hardware was evaluated and validated through rigorous on-site experiments. The front-end of the EnMS was assessed through surveys and was found to be interactive and user-friendly for the target clients. The developed EnMS architecture was found to be an economical end-product and an appropriate approach for small and medium clients such as residential, institutional, commercial, and industrial consumers, all on one platform.

From Retrofitting to Renewables: Navigating Energy Transition Pathways for European Residential Space Heating

Transformative actions are crucial across all sectors emitting greenhouse gases. Nonetheless, energy transition research to date displays a notable imbalance, with a larger emphasis on the supply side than on the demand side. The present study addresses this inequity by focusing on residential sector space heating demand, a frequently overlooked energy service that currently contributes substantially to global greenhouse gas emissions. Our primary objective is to pinpoint effective climate policies and space heating strategies that align with the EU’s ambitious targets for emission reduction. We employ the recently developed TIMES-Europe model to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the residential sector’s policy frameworks, technological advancements, and associated costs. This analysis aims to determine the measures necessary to meet ambitious climate objectives within the European context. To achieve this, we formulate four distinct scenarios, each representing varying levels of ambition and collaboration among EU member states, thereby providing insight into the pathways toward achieving these targets. By implementing current intended EU policies on the renovation of dwellings, we project a substantial reduction of at most 850 PJ, or, i.e., a 19% decrease, in yearly energy demand for space heating between 2020 and 2050. In contrast, if the recent pace of dwelling renovation within the EU were to continue, space heating energy savings from renovation would only amount to less than 400 PJ/yr (i.e., a 9% reduction) in the same period. In our more ambitious climate scenarios, phasing out fossil fuels leads to widespread electrification of the European residential sector, and by 2050, electricity from heat pumps and electric boilers accounts for over 68% of the total residential sector space heating demand. The outcomes of our study underline the importance of implementing the currently planned EU policies. We also demonstrate the necessity for collaboration among EU member states in order to attain the common European climate targets under the most effective resource allocation.

Feasibility Study of Solar-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure at Selected Petrol Stations in Malaysia

The transition from the conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) to electric vehicles (EV) are expected to result in higher total electricity demand in the country. With the introduction of more EVs into the market, the need for charging stations will grow, subsequently increasing power consumption. This research study aims to assess the potential of solar energy production at petrol stations in central region of Peninsular Malaysia and assess the feasibility of solar-powered petrol stations in meeting the energy demands of electric vehicles. 10 samples of existing petrol stations are selected to install a solar-powered DC charging station as a case study. To study their energy consumption, 90kW DC charger was evaluated. The design of the PV systems for the petrol stations was done by using the PVsyst simulation software. As a result, it is found that 90% of the designed PV systems are able to generate enough energy to meet the estimated annual energy consumption of the 90kW DC charging system. The results also showed that the cost to install the solar-powered charging system for both power ratings can be recouped in less than 2 years. Overall, this research study offers valuable insights for addressing the rising energy consumption resulting from the increased penetration of electric vehicles in the future. Additionally, the implementation of solar-powered charging infrastructure aligns with the country’s renewable energy objectives and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, the assessment of EV penetration and the adoption of charging infrastructure was conducted based on government targets rather than relying on current data regarding the actual numbers and trends of EVs and chargers in Malaysia. The availability of accurate and up-to-date data on the number of EVs, their battery characteristics, chargers, and user charging behaviors in Malaysia would contribute to further enhancing this research work.

Performance analysis of different control models for smart demand–supply energy management system

Several features of innovative grid technologies can be deployed to improve the overall performance of the power system environment. This can be seen from the generation to the consumption of energy. The two-way communication of smart metering introduces the novel functionalities of the energy management system. This paper presents a practical implementation of using the intelligent metering system. It consists of implementing a nanogrid that optimally coordinates the energy from the solar panel, battery storage and utility grid to supply the end user. The developed model is validated with an optimal value of the state of charge of the distributed energy storage to maximise energy from the solar panel and battery storage while minimising the power received from the utility grid. A demand response scheme is employed to formulate the performance index of the energy management system using three optimal control models: adaptive open-loop control, adaptive closed-loop control and model predictive control schemes. The formulation of the performance index of each approach is a function of the energy flow from different resources depending on the power consumption. The three models have given different insights into the performance of the smart nanogrid, which may be used to the advantage of the grid owner or end user. Through the performance of the optimal strategies, it can be observed that energy management is ensured, and real-time monitoring of the entire system is guaranteed. The performance models facilitate the minimisation of the power from the utility, resulting in savings between 23.7% and 39.240% of the total energy demand from the end user. Besides, the system design is validated by an electrical system to form a real-world innovative nanogrid application in residential environments.

Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan: Boost to Agriculture Sector

Restricted mobility of people and goods poses severe supply side disruptions. Produced farm output was decayed due to restricted movement creates fall of total demand. Agriculture and allied sectors needs an attention as they are producer of food to millions of people and animals. On May 2020 Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan was announced and released 20 crore as relief fund. This paper is studying about the benefits derived from ABA relief fund. It collected secondary data from various government reports analyzed the data by using simple mathematical tools and graphs. The present study observed that there is buoyant growth of agriculture and allied sector in past two years.

A copula-based approach to instream ecological flow determination considering inter- and intra-annual runoff variability

ABSTRACT Instream ecological flow (IEF) provides a flow reference value for maintaining the stability of river ecosystems and enriching biodiversity. Existing methods for determining the IEF often consider only one of the intra-annual runoff distribution characteristics or the inter-annual runoff distribution characteristics. In this study, a copula-based ecological runoff determination method is proposed to consider both annual and monthly runoff magnitudes. The marginal distribution functions of annual and monthly runoff are first determined using the maximum likelihood method. Then the copula function is used to construct the joint distribution function of annual and monthly runoff series. Using the flow duration curve method, the IEF under different annual and monthly runoff exceedance probabilities is calculated. The probability values are combined with the initial IEF values to determine the final IEF process. A case study is conducted using real-world data from the Tongtian River in China. The results show that the total annual basic ecological water demands of the Tongtian River in abundant, flat, and dry water years are 138, 102 and 72.2 billion m3. The proposed method effectively avoids the disturbance of extreme runoff.

Early entrant's strategy for cooperating with a competing fourth-party platform

By integrating several third-party platforms that enter the market late (later entrants), a fourth-party platform can effectively compete with the third-party platform that enters the market early (early entrant). Our research develops an analytical framework to address the platform coopetition problem that the early entrant faces, i.e., integrating its service into the fourth-party platform or not, when there is a fourth-party platform in the market. This study provides optimal conditions and platform decisions for platform coopetition and then explores the impact of the implementation of the coopetition strategy on platform prices and consumer demands. Our analytical results show that the coopetition strategy is effective only when the sum of the strengths of direct and indirect network effects is low and the quality difference between the early and later entrants is higher than a certain threshold. Moreover, the early entrant always partially integrates its service into the fourth-party platform when the coopetition strategy is adopted. Such adoption always lowers the prices of the early and later entrants. The implementation of the coopetition strategy always increases the total consumer demand of the early entrant, but it also results in a reduction in the number of consumers in the standalone application of the early entrant.

Pumped-storage hydropower and hydrogen storage for meeting water and energy demand through a hybrid renewable energy system

The majority of the Greek islands have autonomous energy stations, which use fossil fuels to produce electricity in order to meet electricity demand. Also, the water in the network is not fit for consumption. In this paper, the potential development of a hybrid renewable energy system is examined to address the issue of generating drinking water (desalination) and electricity while releasing zero pollutants into the atmosphere. Wind turbines supply wind energy, while an additional amount of energy is stored using pumped-storage hydropower and green hydrogen tanks. These two storage options are investigated for the purpose of storing and distributing clean wind energy in a controlled manner. Three scenarios are investigated. The first scenario only relies on the pumped-storage hydroelectricity technology (88% of the total annual power demand is covered), the second scenario investigates hydrogen storage technology (83% of the total annual electricity demand is covered), and the third scenario uses a hybrid storage solution consisting of pumped-storage hydropower and green hydrogen tanks (95% coverage).

GIS-based multi-criteria analysis for solar, wind, and biomass energy potential: A case study of Iraq with implications for climate goals

The study utilizes a GIS-Based Multi-Criteria Analysis to evaluate the viability of solar, wind, and biomass energy in Iraq, focusing on enhancing the nation's energy independence and meeting international climate objectives. Detailed spatial analysis revealed specific zones suited for the efficient installation of energy power plants. Zones with an energy surplus factor of less than 0.2 are deemed not viable for development, whereas regions with factors less than 0.4 are ideal for harnessing solar, wind, and biomass resources. Furthermore, zones with surplus factors greater than 0.6 are highly recommended for energy projects. Notably, the results show that strategic development of these zones can cater to between 45 % and 68 % of the country total energy demand, potentially reducing the CO2 footprint by 0.5. Moreover, with an increase in the construction threshold, the CO2 reduction potential has shown a decrease to 1.29E+08 tones, particularly evident in areas with rigorous construction standards. A plateau in reduction figures is observed once the construction threshold surpasses 3.5, stabilizing between 2.5E+07 tones. As the threshold exceeds 5, a further stabilization is noted, consistently around 2.17E+07 tones, persisting even when the threshold approaches 8. The outcomes underscores the critical role of strategic zoning in maximizing renewable energy potential, highlighting pathways for the country to achieve energy self-sufficiency and make significant strides in climate goals.

Innovative hierarchical control of multiple microgrids: Cheetah meets PSO

The expansion of microgrids (MGs) comes from the increasing integration of renewable energy resources (RES) and energy storage systems (ESs) into distribution networks. However, effective integration, coordination, and control of Multiple Microgrids (MMGs) during energy transition from microgrid to grid, and vice versa presents a formidable challenge. This arises from the necessity to ensure smooth operation, coordination, and control of MMGs for stability and efficiency during transitions. The dynamic operation of MMGs due to intermittent renewable energy in microgrids and load variations presents an additional challenge for hierarchical control techniques. This paper provides an Artificial Intelligent (AI)-based control technique and introduces an innovative hybrid optimization technique, denoted as HYCHOPSO, derived from the fusion of Cheetah Optimization (CHO) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) techniques, and the quantitative findings of extensive benchmark testing, constitute key aspects of novelty. The strategic choice of this novel optimization technique, coupled with a Proportional-Integral (PI) controller, provides key insights. HYCHOPSO is tested within benchmark functions and reaches its optimal score before 50 iterations as compared with optimization algorithms namely CHO, GWO, PSO, Hybrid-GWO-PSO, and SSIA-PSO which reaches after approximately 200 iterations. HYCHOPSO consistently exhibits the lowest mean values, indicating its robust convergence capabilities. The proposed control technique results in a significant reduction of the microgrid's Current Total Demand Distortion to 1.1%, meeting acceptable limits for a 600 V-bus According to IEEE519–2014 standard, even under nonlinear loads. Additionally, precise regulation of voltage and frequency is achieved with0.19%−+ deviations and a frequency overshoot of 1.9%. Furthermore, optimization contributes to seamless energy transition from microgrid to grid, achieving synchronization in less than 5 s. This enhances the real application's reliability, flexibility, scalability, and robustness. Furthermore, HYCHOPSO is introduced as an AI-based technique to facilitate control parameter design under dynamic conditions, with substantial simulation cases demonstrating control feasibility

Implementation and feasibility of green hydrogen in Colombian kitchens: an analysis of innovation and sustainability

This study explores the potential of green hydrogen as a sustainable energy solution in domestic cooking, focusing on Colombia. It employs a systematic literature review following the PRISMA framework, analyzing articles published between 2018 and 2023 to assess the feasibility and challenges of implementing green hydrogen in the culinary sector. The research emphasizes the projected growth in the demand for clean hydrogen, particularly in the industrial sector by 2030 and in new applications by 2050, with an estimated increase from less than 1% currently to about 30% of the total hydrogen demand. It is anticipated that green hydrogen production will dominate the global supply mix by 2050, reflecting a share of between 50% and 65% in various scenarios. The study concludes that while green hydrogen holds great potential for transforming Colombia's energy matrix towards a cleaner, more sustainable future, it faces significant regulatory and technical challenges that require concerted, collaborative action, aligning with the sustainable development goals.

Performance and microbial community composition of full-scale high-rate cascade sludge digestion system via pie-shaped reactor configuration

A full-scale high-rate cascade anaerobic digestion (CAD) system was evaluated for its ability to enhance enzymatic sludge hydrolysis. The system included a newly built digester, innovatively divided into three pie-shaped compartments (500 m3 each), followed by an existing, larger digester (1500 m3). The system treated a mixture of waste activated sludge and primary sludge, achieving a stable total chemical oxygen demand reduction efficiency (56.1 ± 6.8 %), and enhanced sludge hydrolytic enzyme activities at a 14.5-day total solids retention time (SRT). High-throughput sequencing data revealed a consistent microbial community across reactors, dominated by consortia that govern hydrolysis and acidogenesis. Despite relatively short SRTs in the initial reactors of the CAD system, acetoclastic methanogens belonging to Methanosaeta became the most abundant archaea. ‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬‬ This study proves that the CAD system achieves stable sludge reduction, accelerates enzymatic hydrolysis at full-scale, and paves the way for its industrialization in municipal waste sewage sludge treatment.