Total Coliform Concentrations Research Articles

Study on Bacteriological Measurement of Clean Water in Raja Ampat

The availability of clean water is a right that must be obtained by all humans. Unfortunately, some water sources in Indonesia are polluted by total coliform and Escherichia coli and threaten health. This study aims to measure total coliform and Escherichia coli in the Weisai sub-district, Raja Ampat Regency, West Papua province as an effort to monitor environmental quality. This research is an observational study with a quantitative approach. Primary data in this study is the measurement of total coliform and Escherichia coli. The samples used were clean water in the borehole well of Bambang Sutejo village (T1); the dug well of Nyonya Fransina village (T2); and the dug well of Om Miter village (T3). Sample testing was conducted by the Environmental Health and Disease Control Technical Center (BTKLPP), Ambon City, and taken on November 28, 2022. The test results obtained, total coliform parameters of 1,600 MPN/100 mL and Escherichia coli 2.2 at T1. Meanwhile, the T3 concentration of total coliform and Escherichia coli exceeded 1,600 MPN/100 mL. T1 and T3 have values that exceed quality standards. This is due to livestock waste that does not have a wastewater disposal channel and the absence of communal domestic wastewater disposal channels

Impact of usership on bacterial contamination of public latrine surfaces in Kathmandu, Nepal

According to the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), community or public toilets shared by more than one household are not considered “safely managed” under SDG 6.2. However, many populations around the globe, particularly in urban settings, lack access to private sanitation facilities. For this reason, there is a need to evaluate the cleanliness of community or public toilets in these settings and examine best practices for maintaining them. This study had three aims: 1) build on previous data collected in March 2018 at public latrines to determine whether cleaning protocols were sustained, 2) examine relationships between latrine cleanliness and usership, and 3) identify latrine surfaces with higher concentrations of bacterial contamination. In March 2018 and December 2019, swab samples were collected from public latrine surfaces in Kathmandu, Nepal. Sampling occurred in “clean” conditions–after cleaning and before the latrine was opened for use–and “dirty” conditions–during operating hours. Samples were analyzed for concentrations of total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (EC). The number of latrine users prior to the “dirty” sample collection was recorded (in December 2019 only). Results found that both TC and EC concentrations were significantly lower during “clean” rather than “dirty” conditions and both TC and EC concentrations increased with the number of users over time. TC and EC concentrations differed by surface type during dirty and clean conditions (p<0.05). Findings suggest cleaning protocols established at this public toilet site were adequately maintained two years later.

Tidal effect on the dispersion of fecal pollution indicator bacteria and associated health risks along the Kribi beaches (Southern Atlantic coast, Cameroon)

Assessment of fecal contamination indicator bacteria concentrations on beaches are important for health risk prevention and management. This study assessed temporal changes in bacterial abundances as a function of tidal cycles and seasons along the Kribi beaches, Cameroon. Overall, samples taken during low and high tides during the different seasons of the year showed that the waters of Kribi beaches are exposed to fecal contamination due to the presence of different concentrations of fecal coliforms (5–35 CFU/100 ml), total coliforms (100–600 CFU/100 ml), Escherichia coli (0–15 CFU/100 ml), Streptococcus feacalis (50–700 CFU/100 ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (300–7200 CFU/100 ml), Vibrio cholerea (5–250 CFU/100 ml), Vibrio parahemoliticus (0–115 CFU/100 ml), and Aerobic Mesophilic Heterotrophic Bacteria (99–875 CFU/100 ml). Regardless of bacterial strain and sampling site, cell abundances were significant at low tides and during rainy seasons. At each sampling station (Mpalla, Ngoyè and Mboamanga), depending on the seasons and tidal cycles, significant correlations were recorded between the abundances of some bacterial strains and some environmental variables (P< 0.05). The presence and high abundance of these potentially pathogenic bacterial strains in the waters of Kribi beaches constitute a real public health threat for swimmers. The limitation of this microbiological pollution requires the implementation of an efficient collection and treatment plan for solid and liquid waste (sanitary wastewater) in the city of Kribi.

Performance Evaluation of RBF Wells with Special Reference to Water Quality Parameters in Hard Rock Region of Tungabhadra Catchment

Tungabhadra River is the chief source for drinking water and agriculture developments in Davangere and adjoining districts of Karnataka. It is reported that the water of Tungabhadra is getting polluted by the direct / indirect effluent discharges due to which people living on the river bank are facing the problem of drinking water. River Bank Filtration (RBF) wells which will naturally treat the polluted surface and ground water have been drilled in perpendicular to the river at a distance of 30m, 50m and 80m to understand the extent of treatment of RBF wells to provide clean and safe drinking water. The present study deals with the problems of water quality in a selected village (Somlapura) located in a hard rock terrain of river Tungabhadra, Karnataka, India. As a part of the investigation, water samples were collected from River Bank Filtration wells and adjoining river and aquifers were analyzed using standard methods. Outcomes of water quality presents that the concentrations of turbidity and total coliform were lesser in the RBF well water samples when compared to Tungabhadra River water samples. The water from RBF wells contained fresh water, which is highly mineralized and free from bacterial contamination relative to the water from river. However, groundwater of the adjoining aquifers showed wide variations in various physio-chemical parameters. From the analysis, unsafe levels of total coliforms (included E.coli and F. Coli) were detected in Tungabhadra River i.e., It varied between 1680 and 3179 MPN/100 ml. It is observed that the average removal efficiency of coliform bacteria from RBF well 1 &amp; 2 was 99.84% and 99.82% respectively.

Meteorological and Water Quality Factors Associated with Microbial Diversity in Coastal Water from Intensified Oyster Production Areas of Thailand

Coastal pollution is of public health concern due to the possibility of bacterial contamination in aquaculture affecting health risk and seafood safety. This study determined the concentrations of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, E. coli, and V. parahaemolyticus and the presence of V. cholerae and Salmonella in water and measured water quality and meteorological factors from the major oyster cultivation areas in Thailand. The water samples (n = 363) were collected from Surat Thani (n = 60), Chanthaburi (n = 60), Trat (n = 60), Phetchaburi (n = 60), Chonburi (n = 63), and Phang Nga (n = 60) from February 2021 to January 2022. The prevalence of total coliforms (96.7%), fecal coliforms (60.6%), E. coli (22.9%), along with the prevalence of Salmonella (2.5%), Vibrio parahaemolyticus (74.9%), and V. cholerae (11.3%) were determined. Common Salmonella serovars were Othmarschen and Lamberhurst. The concentration of E. coli was significantly associated with dissolved oxygen and precipitation (p &lt; 0.0001). Therefore, continuing microbiological monitoring and surveillance of water for coastal aquaculture is important to produce safe aquatic products. Furthermore, raising awareness of coastal pollution and seafood safety will help enhance sustainable coastal fisheries in Thailand.

Removal of pathogens from greywater using green roofs combined with chlorination

Greywater is an important alternative water resource which could be treated and reused in buildings, reducing the freshwater demand in drought affected areas. For the successful implementation of this solution, it is important to ensure the microbial safety of treated greywater. This study examined the microbiological quality of treated greywater produced by an emergent nature-based technology (green roofs) and a chlorination process. Specifically, the effect of substrate, substrate depth, and vegetation on the removal of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and enterococci in experimental green roofs treating greywater was examined for a period of about 12 months. In addition, the ability of chlorination to inactivate the abovementioned pathogen indicators was evaluated and their potential regrowth was examined. Results shown that green roofs filled with 10 cm of perlite reduce total coliform concentration by about 0.4 log units while green roofs filled with 20 cm of vermiculite reduce total coliform concentration by about 1.2 log units. In addition, the use of vegetation in green roofs improves the removal of pathogenic bacteria by about 0.5 log units in comparison with unvegetated systems. In all cases, the effluents of green roofs failed to satisfy the criteria for indoor reuse of treated greywater for non-potable uses such as toilet flushing without a disinfection process. The addition of 3 mg/L of chlorine in the effluent provided safe greywater microbiological quality for storage periods of less than 24 h, while longer periods resulted in the significant regrowth of pathogens. In contrast, a chlorination dose of 7 mg/L completely secured inactivation of pathogen indicators for periods of up to 3 days.

Analysis of Residual Chlorine and Total Coliform on Consumers of Perumdam Maja Tirta, Mojokerto City

This study aims to determine the concentration of residual chlorine and net total Coliform distributed by Perumdam Maja Tirta Water Supply Company and received by consumers. Water samples were taken from 7 locations on the distribution network a residential area of Perumdam Maja Tirta, the first sample taken at the reservoir of the Water Treatment Plant of Perumdam Maja Tirta and six samples from consumers. The residual chlorine concentration data and Total Coliform were mapped using Surfer 16 Software, producing an iso concentration map in the form of contour lines. The results showed that the concentration of residual water chlorine received by consumers of Perumdam Maja Tirta Mojokerto City ranged from &lt;LoQ 0.1 mg/L to 0.3 mg/L. The further away from the IPA, the concentration of residual water chlorine decreased. Total Coliform parameters ranged from &lt;1.8 – 240/100 ml in water received by consumers of Perumdam Maja Tirta Mojokerto City. There is a need to improve the quality of water services to consumers regarding water treatment and distribution.

Determining water quality of the lower basin of the Usumacinta River in Tabasco, Mexico

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the water quality of the lower basin of the Usumacinta River, based on its physicochemical and microbiological characteristics. Design/methodology/approach: There were taken 11 monthly samplings of surface water during the rainy season, from June to December, 2017 and in the dry season, from April to May, 2018, in three different sites. The parameters of temperature, pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP) and Nitrogen nitrate (N-nitrate) were evaluated. Significant statistical differences (p≤0.05) between seasons and between sites were determined. Results: The results obtained were compared with Mexican regulations and Ecological Criteria for water quality. The parameters such as EC, TDS, TSS and total phosphorus showed substantial differences among seasons. The temperature, pH, EC and N-nitrate, did not exceed the maximum permissible limits for the use of irrigation water, urban public use and protection of aquatic life. However, the presence of E. coli and total coliforms from 530 to&gt; 24 196 MPN/100 ml was recorded throughout the study period. Findings/conclusions: Parameters under study did not show significant differences between sites. The rainy season had an important effect on the increase in concentrations of TSS, TP, N-nitrate and total coliforms. Also, that maximum concentrations were recorded during the study period in the sampling sites of Boca del Cerro (R1) and Puente Chablé (R2).

Pollution Index Analysis and Water Pollution Control Strategy in Berenyok River, Tanjung Karang, Mataram City

Berenyok river is one of the water sources in Tanjung Karang, Mataram city, categorised as Class 2 for its designation. Thus, preserving the quality of water in the Berenyok river is crucial. This study aims to determine the water quality, calculate the Pollution Index (PI), and set control strategies for the Berenyok river. The study uses quantitative methods such as laboratory analysis for the water quality and PI calculation using a formula based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment No.115/2003 on determining water quality status. Meanwhile, the Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis generates recommendations for water pollution control strategies. The sampling locations are located in two sampling points (upstream and downstream of the Berenyok river) during bright daylight and the river's normal flow. Based on analysis results, the Berenyok river is defined as lightly polluted as the concentrations of several chemical parameters exceed the maximum limit, such as BOD, and PO3-P. It is also verified by high concentration of total coliform, namely 540,000 MPN/100mL (upstream) and 1,600,000 MPN/100mL (downstream). Thus, recommendations for water pollution control strategies are substantial for the Berenyok river.

Bacteriological Contamination of Groundwater Affected by Septic Tanks Condition in Koto Tangah District, Padang, Indonesia

Introduction: Padang City Sanitation Working Group reported that 34.32% of households in Padang City use unsafe latrines with septic tanks that still do not meet the standards which potentially causes the wastewater from the septic tanks to contaminate the water of the wells. This study was conducted to analyse the effects of the septic tank condition on the microbiological quality parameters of the well-water, namely total coliform and Escherichia coli in Koto Tengah District, Padang. Methods: This study uses a quantitative research method. The data were collected by questionnaires, observation, interviews, and laboratory tests. Water sampling was collected by using the purposive sampling method where the water is taken from 20 wells originating from 10 coastal and 10 non-coastal areas. Results and Discussion: Total coliform was found in all samples, while Escherichia coli was found in two samples from coastal and five from non-coastal regions. The septic tank condition had a strong correlation with the total coliform concentration (r= -0.531) and affected the total coliform concentration in the well-water by 30.8%. However, the Escherichia coli concentration was not related and not affected by the condition of the septic tank (p&gt;0.05). There was no significant difference in the concentration of the microbiological parameters in the coastal and non-coastal areas. Conclusion: The microbiological quality of the well-water did not comply with the quality standards to be used as water sources for the community. The total coliform concentration in the well-water was shown to have a close relationship with the septic tank's condition.

An assessment of total coliforms and associated thresholds as water quality indicators using a large Ontario private drinking water well dataset

A spatiotemporally static total coliform (TC) concentration threshold of five colony-forming units (CFU) per 100 mL is used in Ontario to determine whether well water is of acceptable quality for drinking. The current study sought to assess the role of TC and associated thresholds as microbial water quality parameters as the authors hypothesized that, since static TC thresholds are not evidence-based, they may not be appropriate for all well water consumers. A dataset containing the microbial water quality information of 795,023 samples (including TC and Escherichia coli (E. coli) counts) collected from 253,136 private wells in Ontario between 2010 and 2017 was used. To accurately assess the relationship between E. coli and non-E. coli TC, “non-E. coli coliform” (NEC) counts were calculated from microbial water quality data and replaced TC throughout analyses. This study analysed NEC and E. coli detection rates to determine differences between the two, and NEC:E. coli concentration ratios to assess links, if any, between NEC and E. coli contamination. Study findings suggest that spatiotemporally static NEC thresholds are not appropriate because seasonal, spatial, and well-specific susceptibility factors are associated with distinct contamination trends. For example, NEC detection rates exhibited bimodality, with summer (29.4 %) and autumn (30.2 %) detection rates being significantly higher (p < 0.05) than winter (21.9 %) and spring (19.9 %). E. coli detection rates also varied seasonally, but peaked in summer rather than autumn. As such, it is recommended that these factors be considered during the development of private well water guidelines and that static thresholds be avoided. Furthermore, the authors propose that, because NEC:E. coli concentration ratios change in the context of the aforementioned factors, they may have a role in inferring groundwater contamination mechanisms, with high ratios being associated with generalized aquifer contamination mechanisms and low ratios with localized contamination mechanisms.

Microbiological quality of the water in collection areas and the tissue of Mytella falcata-Cananéia (SP, Brazil).

Changes in fauna and abiotic factors in estuaries are a consequence of their exploitation; thus, bivalve mollusks, as they filter, are widely used as environmental bioindicators. The aim of this study was to analyze the existence of seasonal variation in the concentration of total coliforms (TC) and thermotolerant coliforms (Ct), in addition to correlating the data obtained with the salinity and temperature in collection areas of Mytella falcata and the soft tissue cultivated in the Estuarine Complex of Cananéia. Two biweekly samples of water and tissue were taken, for 12 consecutive months, in nine cultivation areas of M.falcata. The analysis of the water samples showed that the Fisheries Institute, Mosquiteiro, and Itapitangui have high TC densities, with respective annual averages of 772.22, 592.67, and 563.75 most probable number (MPN).100 ml-1 . The highest concentrations of TC and Ct occurred in the summer, in most areas. There was a decrease in both TC and Ct with increasing salinity. However, there was an increase in Ct with increasing temperature. The soft tissue showed TC densities from 9 to 26 MPN.100 ml-1 and Ct densities from 6 to 14 MPN.100 ml-1 , displaying the highest counts in the summer. Places where coliforms were found in high concentrations could indicate contamination, because Ct do not support higher salinities for a long time. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The general mean was 77.64 (total coliforms) and 39.35 (thermotolerant) MPN.100 ml-1 . Annual average (thermotolerant) exceeded the permitted Brazilian limit in five points. Higher concentrations of total and thermotolerant coliforms occurred in the summer. In mollusk's tissue, concentrations of thermotolerant were 6.30 to 26.16 MPN.100 g-1 . Coliforms' MPN varied with increasing salinity and temperature.

Integrated approach to unsaturated zone characterization as it relates to burial practices and its impact on the immediate environment

Improper sitting positioning of cemeteries in Nigeria is mostly responsible for groundwater pollution. Poor water quality may lead to some communicable diseases in most rural and urban areas of the southwestern part of Nigeria. The environmental impact of cemeteries close to residential areas within the Edunabon metropolis, southwestern part of Nigeria, was assessed. The research is aimed to understand the impact (if any) of the cemetery on the quality of water and soil within the vicinity and to investigate the suitability of soil materials underlying the cemetery as a special lining material. An integrated approach using geotechnical characterization, vertical electrical sounding and groundwater quality assessment was used in the present study. The geotechnical test involved six bulk undisturbed soil samples taken from two borrow pits within the cemetery. Index property tests (grain size distribution, specific gravity, natural moisture content, and Atterberg limits), engineering property tests (compaction test), X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence tests were carried out on the soil samples with their porosities and permeability estimated according to BS 1377. The majority of the study area is a wetland with a topography that descends into a gaining stream around 10 m from the cemetery. The soil of the cemetery is made up of coarse-grained porous lateritic soil, clay, and silt (0.22–3.88 percent), with a significant amount of gravel/sand (73.50–83.96 percent). Except in the control well, water analysis revealed a high total coliform concentration of 14–89 and a total hardness of 86–380 mg/L. When compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard and the Nigerian drinking water standard, the majority of cation concentrations were greater than the safe limits. The depth to contamination correlates to the depth of the aquifer in the research region, according to the results of electrical resistivity. Because of the narrow unsaturated zone, the study found that the position of the cemetery has a high risk of environmental impact on its near vicinity.

Nitrate in groundwater and agricultural products: intake and risk assessment in northeastern Iran

The suitability of groundwater and agricultural products for human consumption requires determining levels and assessing the health risks associated with potential pollutants. Here, particularly pollution with nitrate still remains a challenge, especially for those urban areas suffering from insufficient sewage collection systems, resulting in contaminating soil, endangering food safety, and deteriorating drinking water quality. In the present study, nitrate concentrations in the commonly consumed fruit and vegetable species were determined, and the results, together with the groundwater nitrate levels, were used to assess the associated health risks for Mashhad city residents. For this assessment, 261 water samples and 16 produce types were used to compute the daily intake of nitrate. Nitrate in groundwater was analyzed using a spectrophotometer, and produce species were examined using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis was applied for categorizing produce samples with regard to their nitrate content. Additionally, to account for the sanitation hazards associated with groundwater quality for drinking purposes, total coliform and turbidity were also assessed using the membrane filter (MF) technique and a nephelometer, respectively. Nitrate concentrations exceeded the prescribed permissible limits in 42% of the groundwater wells. The outcomes also exhibit significantly higher nitrate accumulation levels in root-tuber vegetables and leafy vegetables compared to fruit vegetables and fruits. Using cluster analysis, the accumulation of nitrate in vegetables and fruits was categorized into four clusters, specifying that radish contributes to 65.8% of the total content of nitrate in all samples. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of nitrate and Health Risk Index (HRI) associated with consumption of groundwater exceeded the prescribed limit for the children’s target group in Mashhad’s south and central parts. Likewise, EDI and HRI values for produce consumption, in most samples, were found to be in the tolerable range, except for radish, lettuce, and cabbage, potentially posing risks for both children and adult consumers. The total coliforms in groundwater were found to violate the prescribed limit at 78.93% of the sampling locations and were generally much higher over the city’s central and southern areas. A relatively strong correlation (R2 = 0.6307) between total coliform and nitrate concentrations suggests the release of anthropogenic pollution (i.e., sewage and manure) in the central and southern Mashhad.

Coliforms and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in water from rivers and wells at Curitibanos, Santa Catarina

The quality of water used for human consumption related to the absence of coliforms, which, which may cause diseases and exhibit antimicrobial resistance, a frequent issue in places with poor or non-existent environmental sanitation. The present study evaluated the concentrations of total and thermotolerant coliforms in rivers and wells in Curitibanos (SC), as well as the phenotypic resistance to four antibiotics (Ampicillin, Ampicillin+Sulbactam, Ciprofloxacin and Tetracycline), during four seasons of the year. Analysis of variance was performed and means were separated by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% error probability. In rivers, the highest values ​​of fecal coliforms were recorded in summer and winter, and resistance to ampicillin and ampicillin+sulbactam was higher in autumn, while resistance to tetracycline was more prevalent in summer. In the wells, the highest averages of fecal coliforms occurred in summer, autumn and winter, and the highest levels of resistance were observed against ampicillin, in autumn. Overall, rivers had more compromised water quality, compared to wells, emphasizing the need to preserve aquatic resources in order to decrease evolution of resistance to antibiotics and diseases and deaths cause by superbacteria that may be ingested with contaminated water.

Impact of organic and microbiological pollution on the quality of water in Boussellam Valley and its environment, Setif City, Northeast Algeria

Abstract. Boulgueraguer Z, Chaffai H, Gasmi L, Djabri L, Hani A. 2022. Impact of organic and microbiological pollution on the quality of water in Boussellam Valley and its environment, Setif City, Northeast Algeria. Biodiversitas 23: 2621-2629. Water pollution is a major threat and a global challenge that endangers life on earth at risk because water plays a major role in daily life. Several sources of water pollutants, i.e., organic, industrial, domestic and microbial pollution, may trigger an outbreak of water-borne diseases. Boussellam Valley crosses the Quaternary formations, which dominate the extent of the plain surrounding the region of Sétif in the North-East of Algeria. It is one of the main water resources, mainly for drinking water supply and irrigation. The shallow water table composed of the geological formations containing this aquifer is very heterogeneous in texture and varies considerably from upstream to downstream of the sub-watershed. Thus, the North and East zones are marked by chloride-calcium facies, the central part by a Bicarbonate-calcium facies. At the same time, sulfate-magnesium facies characterize the West zone. This study aimed to evaluate the pollution by organic elements: nitrites, nitrates, and microbiological elements: total and fecal coliforms and streptococci and their impact on the water quality. Samples were collected during May and June 2021 from 5 stations along the valley, and 18 wells were spread out on the plain. The analysis of nitrites and nitrates was carried out by liquid chromatography. In addition, the colony counting of coliforms and streptococci was carried out according to the recommendations of the Algerian water company. The results show an increase in the concentration of nitrites, nitrates, total and fecal coliforms, and the streptococci, particularly in valley waters with very high levels that exceed the normal threshold of drinking water. This increase may be due to wastewater discharges and the intensive use of fertilizers, septic tanks, leaching of animal manure, runoff water, and rearing of domestic or wild animals. The increased levels of nitrites, nitrates, total and fecal coliforms, and the streptococci increase the risk of the vulnerability of the waters of the plain to pollution and degradation of surface waters and the environment in general.

Bacteriological Quality of Bottled Drinking Water and Municipal Tap Water in Northeastern Ethiopia

Objective: Water-borne diseases cause high morbidity and mortality in developing countries, like Ethiopia. Diarrheal disease and typhoid are one of the top five diseases that cause significant public health burden and economic cost in Dessie city. Thus, monitoring the quality of drinking water is crucial to prevent waterborne disease. This study aimed to determine the bacteriological quality of bottled drinking water and municipal tap water in Northeastern Ethiopia for proper planning, monitoring, and intervention purpose.Methods: A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 248 municipal tap water samples from point of collection (MTPOC), 248 water samples from a household water storage container (HHSC), 38 bottled water samples before packaging from manufacturing facilities (BPMF), and 38 bottle water samples from point of sale (POS) in Dessie city between March 15 to May 15, 2021. Water samples were collected by trained data collectors using a standard sampling protocol. Data were entered into Microsoft Excel and exported to SPSS version 25.0 for data cleaning and analysis. The commonest microbiological parameters, total coliforms (TC) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were tested using the standard procedure. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the mean log concentration of E. coli and TC between sampling points and the Tukey post hoc test was also computed to identify statistically significant differences among sample types. The 95% confidence interval [CI] and p &amp;lt; 0.05 were taken as statistically significant.Results: About 15.8 and 36.8% of the samples from BPMF and 26.3 and 55.3% of samples from POS were positive for E. coli and TC respectively while 47.2 and 65.7% of water sample from MTPOC and 48.8 and 98.8% of samples from HHSC were positive for E. coli and TC respectively. The mean log concentration of E. coli from the sample of MTPOC was significantly higher than BPMF. Similarly, water samples from HHSC had significantly higher E. coli and TC concentrations than BPMF and POS. Water samples from HHSC had also a significantly higher prevalence of log concentrations of TC than MTPOC.Conclusion: Most values were beyond maximum tolerable limits recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Thus, good water handling practices and water quality monitoring are essential to prevent bacteriological contamination.

Community monitoring of coliform pollution in Lake Tanganyika.

Conventional water quality monitoring has been done for decades in Lake Tanganyika, under different national and international programs. However, these projects utilized monitoring approaches, which were temporally limited, labour intensive and costly. This study examines the use of citizen science to monitor the dynamics of coliform concentrations in Lake Tanganyika as a complementary method to statutory and project-focused measurements. Persons in five coastal communities (Kibirizi, Ilagala, Karago, Ujiji and Gombe) were trained and monitored total coliforms, faecal coliforms and turbidity for one year on a monthly basis, in parallel with professional scientists. A standardized and calibrated Secchi tube was used at the same time to determine turbidity. Results indicate that total and faecal coliform concentrations determined by citizen scientists correlated well to those determined by professional scientists. Furthermore, citizen scientist-based turbidity values were shown to provide a potential indicator for high FC and TC concentrations. As a simple tiered approach to identify increased coliform loads, trained local citizen scientists could use low-cost turbidity measurements with follow up sampling and analysis for coliforms, to inform their communities and regulatory bodies of high risk conditions, as well as to validate local mitigation actions. By comparing the spatial and temporal dynamics of coliform concentrations to local conditions of infrastructure, population, precipitation and hydrology in the 15 sites (3 sites per community) over 12 months, potential drivers of coliform pollution in these communities were identified, largely related to precipitation dynamics and the land use.

Viabilidade de enterobactérias em unidades de armazenamento de dejetos líquidos de suínos

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the stabilization process of swine manure in storage ponds regarding the presence and antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria. The study was carried out in two trials in ten swine farms located in the municipality of Presidente Castello Branco, in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. In the first trial, the efficiency in reducing Escherichia coli (EC), non-E. coli coliforms, and Salmonella sp., as well as the resistance of isolates to antimicrobials, was investigated under recommended handling conditions. Sampling was done at three depths and two times. In the second trial, the concentration of total and fecal coliforms (EC) was evaluated under field handling conditions, when the manure was distributed on the field. Sampling depth does not influence the concentration of EC and Salmonella sp., and isolated bacteria are multi resistant to the evaluated antibiotics. Hydraulic retention time is determinant in reducing the population levels of the indicator agents. The obtained results are indicative that swine manure handling must be carried out according to sanitary standards, in order to minimize the propagation risk and antimicrobial resistance of pathogenic microorganisms.

Sanitary sewage disinfection with ultraviolet radiation and ultrasound

Currently, the world is facing a horrible situation due to SARS-CoV-2. Though its RNA was found in wastewater, there are still no studies on RNA contamination detected in sewage. Hence, a possible treatment of sewage is suggested in this work. The disinfection stage is extremely important in the treatment of effluents, minimizing the impacts on the receiving body of water and promoting public health. In this context, the sequential use of ultrasound and ultraviolet radiation, on a bench scale, was investigated as a way to improve the disinfection of anaerobically treated effluents. Two types of treated effluents were tested, by septic tank and anaerobic filter, for which, two ultrasound frequencies, 25 and 40 kHz, and four doses of UV, 3.6; 9.0; 18 and 36 mJ cm−2 were applied. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were observed for individual and sequential assays. The better quality of the anaerobic filter effluent influenced the performance of both processes, decreasing the concentration of organic load and turbidity, even though a concentration of total coliforms and Escherichia coli occurred in the lowest quality effluent (septic tank). The application of ultrasound has a positive effect on the inactivation of total coliforms and E. coli up to 1.0 log and provides better conditions for ultraviolet radiation to be sequentially applied. The UV radiation applied for the septic tank and the anaerobic filter inactivates 2.5 log for total coliforms and 3.5 log for E. coli, respectively. It is suggested that the disinfection methods applied in this work to inactivate gram-negative bacteria (E. coli) can also be applied to secondary treatment effluents, as well as being better tested for viruses, protozoa, and helminths.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13762-021-03764-7.