Total Bacterial Count Research Articles

Antimicrobial activity of tea tree and lavender essential oils and their effects on hatching performance and eggshell bacterial count of Japanese quail eggs

The objective of this work was to study the effect of tea tree (TTO) and lavender (LavO) essential oils instead of formaldehyde fumigation to disinfect the surface of fertilized eggshells. A total of 1050 fresh unwashed fertilized quail eggs were randomly divided into 7 groups and treated before incubation as follows: group 1 was untreated (negative control), group 2 was sprayed with 70% ethyl alcohol (positive control), group 3 was fumigated with formaldehyde gas (FF), groups 4–5 and 6–7 were sprayed with 2%, 3% TTO and 2%, 3% LavO, respectively. Spraying fertilized eggs with 3% TTO or LavO significant reduced (P < 0.05) egg weight loss and improved yolk sac absorption expressed as a decrease in the yolk sac remaining weight (P < 0.01), which coincided with increasing the percentage of embryonic weight at 14th day of incubation compared to the FF. TTO or LavO significantly boosted the hatching rate that correlated with significant reduction (P < 0.01) in embryonic mortality with preference for LavO. Spraying fertilized eggs immediately after collection with TTO or LavO significantly reduced (P < 0.01) total bacterial count on the eggshell surface compared to the FF. Thus, TTO and LavO can be used to disinfect fertilized eggs prior to incubation to improve hatching rates and chicks’ quality upon hatching.

Relationship Between Subclinical Mastitis Occurrence and Pathogen Prevalence in Two Different Automatic Milking Systems

This study compared two types of automatic milking systems (AMSs) and their relationship with epidemiological indices of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and prevalence of mastitis-causing pathogens. Conducted between 2020 and 2023 on a dairy farm in Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, this study analyzed data from 464 lactating cows housed in compost-bedded pack barns (CBPBs) and milked by eight AMS units: four from DeLaval (which utilizes teat cup for teat cleaning) and four from Lely (which utilizes brushes for teat cleaning). SCM incidence, prevalence, percentage of chronic, and cured cows were determined using somatic cell counts (SCCs) and microbiological cultures. Statistical analyses included the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Chi-square test to evaluate SCM indices and pathogen associations with AMSs. No significant difference was observed in SCM prevalence (p = 0.3371), percentage of chronic (p = 0.3590) and cured cows (p = 0.4038), SCC (p = 0.1290), and total bacterial count (TBC) (p = 0.8750) between AMS types. However, the SCM incidence was higher in the Lely (14.7%) than in the DeLaval AMS (9.1%) (p = 0.0032). The Chi-square results revealed that the Lely AMS was associated with major pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, whereas DeLaval showed associations with minor environmental and contagious pathogens, particularly non-aureus Staphylococci. The findings indicate a relationship between AMS-cleaning systems and pathogen spread, suggesting that Lely AMS may contribute to more aggressive infections due to its cleaning system.

The Effect of Beetroot Extract with Silver Nano Particles on Rumen Parameters in Awassi Lambs

Abstract Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is a root vegetable with deep red color, rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber and antioxidants, having numerous health benefits. The current study aimed to determine the effect of beetroot extract with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on the rumen pH, ammonia, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), total bacterial and protozoal count in Awassi lambs. The beetroot extract was obtained by Soxhlet apparatus. The AgNPs were synthesized from the aqueous beetroot extract. Ten lambs aged (3-6 months) were reared in similar environmental and feeding conditions and were divided into two groups: G1 – fed with AgNPs-Beetroot (AgNPs-BR), orally (3 mg/kg/Bw), daily for 8 weeks; and G2, fed with normal saline. Rumen samples were measured at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after administering AgNPs-BR. Rumen pH was significantly lower in G1 than in G2. The ammonia levels were non-significantly different in the 2nd and the 4th week. However, significant differences were observed at the 6th week. The VFAs, total bacterial, and protozoal count were significantly higher in G1. AgNPs-BR improved rumen function by altering its pH, ammonia, and VFAs concentration, as well as the total bacteria and protozoa count. Therefore, it can be concluded that AgNPs-BR may yield increased economic efficiency in sheep farming.

A Comparative Study on the Microbial and Physicochemical Characterization of Borehole Water from Bonny and Omuku, Rivers State, Nigeria

This study investigated the microbial and physico-chemical quality of borehole water in Omoku and Bonny, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A total of four borehole sites in duplicates were sampled from each sample community, where water samples were collected from different sample points and mixed to form a composite sample for a community and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters (pH, temperature, TDS, turbidity, hardness, alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate) and microbial contaminants including total Coliforms and feacal Coliforms. The results showed varying levels of physico-chemical parameters and microbial analysis revealed the presence of pathogenic bacteria only in samples from Omoku while that of Bonny yielded no microbial growth. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts (THBC) from Omoku ranged from 3.2 x105 CFU/ml - 9.4 × 105 CFU/ml while the fungal counts ranged from 1.5 × 103 - 2.0 × 104. A total of 7 strains of bacteria and 4 fungal isolates were identified from the water samples from Omoku to generic level. Bacterial genera encouneterd included Staphylococcus sp., Enterobacter sp. and Proteus sp. Fungal isolates identified included Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., Trichoderma sp. and Candida sp. The Most Probable Number (MPN) method for total coliform determination revealed counts for samples from Omoku community borehole (14 colonies/100ml each), highlighting the need for continued and sustained monitoring. Physicochemical parameters such as pH which revealed the water to be slightly acidic (6.79-6.86), nitrate ranged from 8.63 - 15.74mg/l, turbidity ranged from 0.53 - 1.22 ntu, TDS ranged from 1.67 - 1.83 mg/l and total hardness ranged from 93.87 - 158.85 mg/l. This study highlights the need for regular water testing, proper borehole construction and maintenance, and effective water treatment to ensure safe drinking water. The findings contribute to the development of sustainable water management strategies, promoting public health and environmental sustainability in urban Nigeria.

Ammoniation of filter residues from corn straw filtering the microalgae cultured in urine wastewater.

Ammoniation of filter residues from corn straw filtering the microalgae cultured in urine wastewater.

Analysis of Microbial and Physio-Chemical Attributes in Fresh, Sun-Dried, and Oven-Dried Tomatoes (Solanum Iycopersium)

This study accessed the microbial and physiochemical qualities of fresh, oven-dry, and sun-dry tomatoes to comprehensively understand the impact of drying methods on the quality and safety of this widely consumed fruit. Microbial and physiochemical analysis were done using standard methods. It revealed the variations in microbial population with the results showing the total viable bacterial count ranged from 1.3×106cfu/g to 2.7×106cfu/g with fresh tomato (FT) slices having the highest value (2.7×106cfu/g). Sun-dried tomatoes (SD) (2.3×106cfu/g), oven-dried at 40°C (1.6×106cfu/g) and oven-dried at 60°C (1.4×10-6cfu/g) respectively. The least count was obtained from sample oven-dried (OVD) at 80°C (1.3×106cfu/g). The total viable fungal count the fresh tomato (FT) slices had the highest counts (2.6 ×104cfu/g) and the least count was obtained from sample oven-dried at 40°C (6×103cfu/g), highlighting the dynamic microbial changes during different drying processes. Additionally, physiochemical assessments encompassed proximate compotion, pH and ascorbic acid levels. The pH range was between 4.1 (for fresh tomatoes) and 5.2 (for sun-dried tomatoes). Ascorbic acid levels also showed Fresh tomatoes (28.32mg/100g) were the highest but in this case, Oven-dried at 80°C had the least (9.21mg/100g). Notable differences emerged, shedding light on the consequences of drying techniques on key quality indicators. In conclusion, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the microbial and physiochemical properties of fresh, oven-dry, and sun-dry tomatoes, elucidating the impact of various drying methods on the quality and safety of this widely consumed fruit. More so, the observed variations in physiochemical properties suggest the need for careful consideration of other drying methods such as vacuum drying and freeze-drying to preserve flavor, enhance shelf life, and maintain nutritional quality.

Association of infrastructure and operations with antibiotic resistance potential in the dairy environment in India

Association of infrastructure and operations with antibiotic resistance potential in the dairy environment in India

Bacterial contaminants reducing quality of food drinks: A case study of Zobo drink (a non-alcoholic beverage from Hibiscus sabdariffa) sold in Abakaliki metropolis, Ebonyi state, Nigeria

Non-alcoholic beverages, Zobo drink important among the dietary pattern of people in the northern and southern part of Nigeria were analyzed. Four different locations where ready-to-drink zobo is sold within Abakaliki were randomly selected. Three samples of ready-to-drink zobo were collected each from the following locations: Presco market, international market, kpirikpiri market and Spera-in-deo. The total aerobic and coliform bacterial counts of Zobo drinks sold at different locations within Abakaliki ranges from 0.9 x 10 cfu/ml (the lowest) to 0.3 xl05 cfu/ml (the highest) count for the total coliform count and 0.8 x 108 (the lowest) to 5.8 x 108 (the highest) for the Aerobic bacteria Count. Staphyloccus spp was isolated from all the twelve samples (100 %), Escherichia coli was isolated from Eight samples (75 %), Pseudomonas species from Nine samples (83.33 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (75.00 %) and Shigella sp with the least occurrence (33.33 %). All the bacteria isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin and chloramphenicol except Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the least sensitivity to chloramphenicol (43.8 %), Klebsiella pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to Ampicillin while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to erythromycin. None of the bacteria isolates was resistant to all the antibiotics; however, they exhibited high level of resistance against erythromycin, ampicillin and sulphamethazole with the least resistance percentage of 92.5 %, 57.5 % and 81.25 % respectively. It is important to monitor food items before releasing to the consumers to avoid food related illness.

Dangers of bacterial contamination: An overview of the Antibiogram of bacterial species from ready to eat abacha (African salad) sold in Abakaliki, metropolis, Ebonyi state Nigeria

Four different locations where ready-to-eat abacha is sold within Abakaliki were randomly selected for the purposes of sample collection. Three samples of ready-to-eat abacha were collected each from the following locations: Presco market, meat market, kpirikpiri market and Spera-in-deo. Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The Total Aerobic Bacterial Counts of Abacha Sold at Different Locations within Abakaliki was determined. The counts range from 1.8 x 106 (the highest) and 1.0x106 (the lowest) count. The highest bacterial count was obtained from Meat market while the lowest bacterial count was obtained from Spera-in-deo market. The bacterial isolates with their respective percentage occurrence frequencies include; Escherichia coli (53.33%), Staphylococcus aureus (22. 67%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%) and Shigella spp (10%). Escheriachia coli was the most predominant isolate followed by Staphylococcus aureus while the least term of occurrence was Shigella spp in abacha sold within Abakaliki. The Results of Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates on Some Tested Antibiotics showed that the bacterial isolated from ready–to- eat abacha had high resistance to the antibiotics tested especially Escherichia coli. The result obtained from the total percentage antibiotics susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolate from ready to eat abacha indicate that all the organisms were susceptible to gentamycin whereas 50% of the organisms were susceptible to ciprofloxacin. The Result of Multiple Drug Resistance Value of Each Organism Isolated from Ready to Eat Abacha Sold within Abakaliki showed that the values obtained from Escherichia coli (0.71) indicates less resistance to the antibiotics tested while Klebsiella pneumonia (0.39) had high resistance to the tested antibiotics.

Microbial Quality and Prevalence of Water Adulteration of Pasteurized Milk Marketed in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Milk is an important part of human nutrition, especially for children, and is rich in proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and biofunctional elements. Despite its benefits, milk is prone to microbial contamination due to its composition and handling. Therefore, this study focused on assessing the microbial levels and the frequency of water adulteration in pasteurized milk samples from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, which represents a critical market for dairy products. A total of 66 pasteurized milk samples from various brands across all sub-cities of Addis Ababa were analyzed. Microbial quality was evaluated using Total Bacterial Count (TBC), Total Coliform Count (TCC), Escherichia coli, and Salmonella detection. Density analysis was conducted to detect water adulteration. Additionally, handling practices at retail were assessed through a questionnaire survey. A considerable portion of pasteurized milk samples exhibited deviations in density from Ethiopian (31.6%) and East African standards (18.3%), suggesting potential water adulteration. Microbial analysis revealed that while all samples met TBC (100%) and E. coli (100%) standards, a notable proportion exceeded the TCC (88%) limit, thereby indicating inadequate processing or post-pasteurization contamination. Salmonella (98%) was absent in most samples tested. Overall, this study underscores critical issues with pasteurized milk quality in Addis Ababa, including frequent water adulteration and elevated microbial contamination, which pose risks to both nutritional value and consumer health. Therefore, strengthening quality control measures and enhancing hygiene practices throughout the dairy distribution chain are imperative to guarantee milk safety and compliance with international standards.

Incidence of multidrug resistant bacteria in selected sachet water sold in Malete, Nigeria

The proliferation of packaged water in rural communities has been exacerbated by the increasing demand for safe and potable water in areas where access to clean water sources remains a significant challenge. Unfortunately, non- compliance of some sachet water producers to adhere the standards regulations exposes the consumers to potential risks of waterborne diseases. Therefore, this study investigated the susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from selected sachet water sold in Malete. Ten different brands of sachet water (B1- B10 NAFDAC registered) were randomly purchased from retailers in Moro LGA, Malete, Nigeria to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological quality and their susceptibility to antibiotics. Bacteriological analyses were carried out using membrane filtration technique. Identification of the isolates and susceptibility were done using standard methods. Physicochemical parameters measured included pH (7.01 - 7.50), electrical conductivity (12.3 - 199.3 μs/cm), alkalinity (42.67 - 73.04 mg/L), total dissolved solids (10.0 – 130.0 mg/L), turbidity (0.62 - 1.08 NTU), and hardness (54.36 - 84.22 mg/L).The total bacterial count in CFU/100mL of the sachet water sample ranged from 1.0 x101 - 4.7 x101, B4 and B1 have the lowest and the highest values respectively. The total coliform counts ranged from the lowest value of 0 CFU /100mL to the highest value of 12.0 ×101 CFU/100mL, no coliforms were detected in B2, B4 and B6 while B8 has the highest number of coliforms. Faecal coliforms were not detected in all the samples tested. Twenty two (22) bacterial isolates were identified phenotypically; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp. and Enterobacter spp. Bacillus spp. had the highest frequency of 7 (33 %) followed by Micrococcus sp. with a frequency of 6 and a percentage frequency of 29 %. Staphylococcus aureus also have a frequency of 4 and a percentage frequency of 19% while Enterobacter sp. and Streptococcus sp had 10 % and 9 % respectively. All the Gram positive bacteria obtained were resistant to amoxicillin and zinnacef and at least one other antibiotic while Enterobacter sp., the only Gram negative was resistant 4 different antibiotics; amoxicillin, augmentin and two others. This finding highlights the need for regular microbiological monitoring so as to ensure public health safety.

Relationship Between Bio-Climatic and Milk Composition Data of Dairy Sheep Farms: Comparison Between THI and Multivariate Weather Index.

Milk yield and its composition show individual variation due to the effects of the environment. Previous studies suggest that meteorological variables exert negative effects on milk yield and composition, especially during summer. This study aimed to examine the effects of meteorological variables on bulk milk composition in the Sardinian sheep production system. In this work, a total of 218,170 records belonging to 4562 dairy sheep farms were merged with the meteorological data provided by 60 meteorological stations located on Sardinia Island (Italy). Milk composition in the late spring and summer recorded during a 5-year period was used to evaluate the impact of climate exposure on bulk milk traits. The milk quality was analyzed using a linear mixed model that included the fixed effects of the year of sampling, the flock size, the temperature humidity index (THI) and the random effect of the flock. The variability of milk composition explained by flock and management ranged from 30 to 64%. The flock size exerted a significant effect on milk composition: large flocks characterized by advanced management and feeding techniques resulted in higher milk quality (e.g., higher protein and fat, lower lactose) compared to traditionally managed small flocks. The impact of THI on milk composition was statistically significant across different milk quality traits (p < 0.001); the effect of thermal stress varied according to the month of lactation. For instance, milk fat content in May increased by +0.4% for THI > 76. In June, no relevant differences were observed, whereas a decrease in fat percentage was observed in July as THI values increased (up to -0.5% for THI > 76). While somatic cell counts remained relatively stable across different conditions, total bacterial count showed greater seasonal variability, peaking during warmer periods. In addition, using factor analysis, we developed a multivariate meteorological index (MMI), which explained 51% of the variance of the original meteorological data. MMI was highly correlated with THI (r = 0.75). The same linear mixed model applied for modeling THI was used to assess the effect of MMI on milk traits. Fat, protein fractions and lactose showed significant variation across MMI classes (p-value < 0.001) in the same direction as those based on THI. Overall, our findings underscore the impact of both flock size and environmental conditions on milk quality, with heat stress and traditional versus modern management practices leading to measurable differences in milk traits.

Innovative Analytical Profiling of Lakshadi Anjana Drops: Physico-Chemical, Microbiological, and Organoleptic Insights for Therapeutic Applications

Introduction: Lakshadi Anjana Drops, an Ayurvedic ocular formulation, is designed to alleviate eye-related conditions with its unique blend of traditional herbal ingredients. This study aimed to evaluate the formulation's quality, safety, and efficacy through comprehensive physicochemical, microbiological, and HPTLC analysis. Methods: The formulation underwent physico-chemical analysis to determine parameters such as pH, refractive index, peroxide value, saponification value, and iodine value. Microbiological assessments included total microbial and bacterial counts, as well as the detection of specific pathogens (E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus). HPTLC profiling was performed to identify and validate the phytoconstituents. Organoleptic characteristics were also evaluated, including color, odor, taste, and consistency. Results: The pH of the formulation was 7.82, suitable for ocular application. The refractive index and other physico-chemical parameters, including peroxide value (2.18 meq/kg), saponification value (210), and iodine value (38.49), were within acceptable ranges, indicating chemical stability. Microbiological analysis revealed total microbial, bacterial, and fungal counts within permissible limits. Specific pathogens, including E. coli, Salmonella, and S. aureus, were absent. HPTLC profiling demonstrated clear and distinct phytochemical bands, confirming the presence of active constituents and the purity of the formulation. Organoleptic evaluation showed that the formulation was black, semi-liquid, and pleasant in odor and taste. Conclusion: Lakshadi Anjana Drops showed strong physico-chemical stability, microbiological safety, and phytochemical integrity, affirming its suitability for ocular use. By combining Ayurvedic tradition with modern analysis, the formulation highlights its therapeutic potential and opens avenues for broader clinical applications.

Association Between Herd Size and the Chemical Composition and Technological Properties of Milk Intended for Parmigiano Reggiano PDO Cheese.

The aim of this research was to compare the chemical composition and the technological characteristics of milk for Parmigiano Reggiano cheese produced in herds with different numbers of cows. The research was carried out on 5760 Italian Friesian herd milk samples collected from a total of 160 farms (one sample per month in each farm for three years). On each milk sample, lactose, fat, protein, casein, titratable acidity, total bacterial count, somatic cells, coliform bacteria, clostridia spores, and rennet coagulation properties were determined. Increasing herd size was positively correlated with milk production and with milk somatic cell and clostridia spores' contents (8133 kg/cow/lactation, 5.280 Log10cells/mL and 1.782 spores/L for herds with less than 30 cows; 9109 kg/cow/lactation, 5.548 Log10cells/mL and 2.138 spores/L for herds with more than 200 cows, respectively). Moreover, herd size was negatively correlated with milk fat content and with total bacterial and coliform bacteria counts (3.73 g/100 g, 4.931 Log10CFU/mL and 3.176 Log10CFU/mL for herds with less than 30 cows; 3.51 g/100 g, 4.770 Log10CFU/mL and 3.121 Log10CFU/mL for herds with more than 200 cows, respectively). Farms with more than 100 cows raised were characterised by higher milk production per cow per lactation, but the milk produced by them was also characterised by lower fat content. Finally, milk produced in the herds with a higher number of cows showed a higher frequency of optimal lactodynamographic types (better rennet-coagulation properties) than milk produced in the other herds.

Improvement and quality evaluation of rutab date paste fortified with wheat germ

This investigation aimed to utilize wheat germ to improve the nutritional value and sensory properties of date pastes. Wheat germ was added to the soft date paste at different concentrations (5, 10%, and 15%). Chemical composition, bioactive compounds, browning index, fatty acids, microbiological quality, and peroxide values were estimated. Substitution with wheat germ significantly increased the ash, protein, and fat contents of the treatments, and decreased total sugars and total carbohydrates. In addition, the incorporation of wheat germ into the date paste led to a decrease in water activity. The color index of fortified date paste was improved and unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid, increased. A reduction in the total bacterial, yeast, and mold counts was observed. The highest score of the index of acceptance was recorded for 15%, followed by 10% and 5%, and the lowest score was for the control sample.

Effect of Adding Different Levels of Lactobacillus plantarum and Kefir Milk to Stored Pastrami at Different Temperatures on Antibacterial Properties

Abstract This study aimed to determine the impact of adding different levels of Lactobacillus plantarum and kefir milk on the microbial growth (E. coli, total bacterial count, yeasts, molds, lactic acid bacteria, and Salmonella) in beef pastrami stored at room temperature (20 ± 2°C) and refrigerated conditions (2-4°C) over periods of 0, 2, 8, 16, and 24 days. The experiment was divided into seven treatments: the first treatment was the control (without any additives), while the second, third, and fourth treatments involved adding three different levels of Lactobacillus plantarum (T2, T3, and T4, at concentrations of 3%, 6%, and 9%, respectively). The fifth, sixth, and seventh treatments included the addition of three levels of kefir milk (T5, T6, and T7, at concentrations of 3%, 6%, and 9%, respectively). The results showed a significant decrease in all microbial counts (E. coli, total bacterial count, yeasts, and molds) across all treatments with additives, with the highest reduction observed in the seventh treatment (9% kefir milk) under both storage conditions (room temperature and refrigeration). All experimental treatments showed a gradual increase in microbial counts as the storage time increased. For lactic acid bacteria, the results indicated a significant increase (P&lt;0.05) in all additive treatments, with the highest increase recorded in the seventh treatment (9% kefir milk) under both storage conditions. However, there was a gradual decrease in lactic acid bacteria counts across all treatments as storage time advanced. The study detected no presence of Salmonella bacteria in any of the treatments.

Spatio-temporal variation of microbial indicators of river water and treatment efficiencies of drinking water treatment plants along the upper Mahaweli river segment of Sri Lanka.

Spatio-temporal variation of microbial indicators of river water and treatment efficiencies of drinking water treatment plants along the upper Mahaweli river segment of Sri Lanka.

Effect of ad libitum Completed Feed Intake on Total Count of Bacteria and Rumen Fermentations of Goats

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effects of completed feed with different roughage to concentrate ratios with or without acetate supplementation on rumen fermentation and total bacterial counts of rumen male goats. Two ratios of roughage to concentrate R:C-70:30 and R:C-50:50 with or without acetate (0, 2, and 3%) were conducted in two experiments. Crushed palm fronds and wheat straw treated or untreated with urea, wheat bran and soyabean meal were used to produce completed feed and provided ad libitum individually. First experiment, twenty local male goats with an initial weight 20.650 ± 1.52kg and 8-9 months old were distributed randomly into four treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4): R:C-70:30, R70% treated with urea: C30%, R70% treated with urea: C30% and 2% acetate, and R70% treated with urea: C30% and 3% acetate respectively, then, the same animals were used in the second experiment using 50% roughage: 50% concentrate to obtain four other treatments (T5, T6, T7, T8). A 2 × 4 Completely Randomized Design/factorial experiment was used. Rumen ammonia nitrogen increased (P&lt;0.05) and total volatile fatty acids increased (P&lt;0.01) after adding 3% acetate and feeding roughages treated with urea and R:C ratio 70:30%, and high increasing (P&lt;0.01) of total rumen bacterial count comparing to without treated treatments for R:C 70:30% and 50:50% ratios. The increases of rumen bacteria count were attributed to the increases of rumen ammonia nitrogen from the chemical treatment with urea. In conclusion: Ad-libitum completed feeding of goats with roughage treated with urea and supplemented 3% acetate, can improve rumen fermentation, potentially leading to enhanced feed utilization and growth performance, by neutralize urea effects.

Caries prevention effects of nano silver fluoride sustained release orthodontic elastomerics in dental microcosm biofilms.

Caries prevention effects of nano silver fluoride sustained release orthodontic elastomerics in dental microcosm biofilms.

Comparative study of Indigenous microorganisms (IMO) from various livestock manures in fresh cow manure-based organic fertilizer production

Abstract Raw manures contain nutrients that can be used as raw materials to manufacture potential indigenous microorganisms (IMO). IMO, it can be applied to manufacture organic fertilizer using dried cow manure, but using fresh cow manure in manufacturing has yet to be studied. This study aimed to see the potential of fresh cow manure as raw material in manufacturing organic fertilizers by utilizing IMO produced from several manures from livestock species. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design consisting of four treatments and four replications. The treatments were raw manures: A: cow manure, B: goat manure, C: quail manure, and D: rabbit manure. Physicochemical (ash, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) content, C/N ratio, pH, moisture content) and microbial-related parameters (total plate count, total lactic acid bacterial count, total fungal count) of organic fertilizer produced were determined. The results exhibited that Fresh cow manure has the potency to be used as raw material for organic fertilizer production by utilizing cow manure IMO with characteristics; 27.98±0.01% ash content, 2.398±0.04% N content, 1.078±0.06% P content, 0.866±0.05% K content, 15.68±0.31 C/N ratio, 5.75±0.06 pH, 40.99±1.11% moisture content, 12.34±0.01 log CFU/ml total plate count, 11.25±0.03 log CFU/ml total lactic acid bacteria count, and 12.01±0.01 log CFU/ml total fungal.