Primary stability, commonly quantified by insertion torque (ITV) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA/ISQ), is pivotal for predictable osseointegration and for making loading decisions with oral implants. To report 1-year survival, stability, marginal bone level (MBL) changes, safety, and particularly the insertion torque characteristics of a contemporary tapered implant system (PrimeTaper EV, Dentsply Sirona Implants, Mölndal, Sweden). This open-label, single-arm, multicentre investigation enrolled 138 subjects (intention-to-treat [ITT]; per-protocol [PP]=136) across five centres. Implants were placed according to the manufacturer's protocol. ITV (final and maximum) was recorded from machine-driven insertion; estimated peak manual torque was noted for manually placed implants. ISQ was measured at implant placement (IPV) and at permanent restoration (PR). Radiographic MBL was assessed at IPV, PR and PR+1 year. Descriptive statistics with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Survival at PR+1 year was compared to a performance goal of 89% using a one-sided binomial test (α=0.025). Torque curve data were processed in a dedicated technical analysis using normalized insertion time. At PR+1 year, implant survival was 98.5% (PP, 134/136; 95% CI: 94.8 99.8%; p=0.000021 vs 89%) and 98.6% (ITT, 136/138; 95% CI: 94.9-99.8%; p=0.000017). For machine-driven placements (n=129), mean final ITV was 31.2±12.7 Ncm and mean maximum ITV 33.6±11.7 Ncm. Manual implant insertion occurred in 5.1% (7/136), yielding an estimated peak torque of 30.7±14.3 Ncm. Final manual seating with a torque wrench was performed in 15.5% (20/129) of the machine insertions, with a mean additional insertion depth of 1.5±0.8 mm. ISQ increased from 71.8±11.2 at IPV to 79.3±6.9 at PR (Δ+7.4; p<0.0001). The MBL change from PR to PR+1 year was -0.06±0.46 mm, and the cumulative change from IPV to PR+1 year was -0.16±0.51 mm. No serious adverse device effects (SADEs) were reported. Two implants were lost by the 1-year follow-up. This implant design demonstrated high 1-year implant survival, minimal early crestal bone remodeling, and consistent torque profiles with mean final/peak torques of ~31/34 Ncm for machine insertions. Stability (ISQ) increased significantly by PR. Torque-curve analysis indicated continuous torque build-up throughout implant seating. Ongoing follow-up will clarify long-term performance. Scientific rationale: Primary implant stability is a key determinant for predictable osseointegration and loading protocols. The PrimeTaper EV implant features a conical, tapered design intended to enhance insertion torque and stability across varying bone qualities. However, prospective clinical data correlating intra-operative stability parameters with early clinical performance remain limited, justifying systematic evaluation of this implant design. The PrimeTaper EV implant achieved primary stability values within common loading guidelines (~25-40 Ncm) while maintaining favourable hard tissue outcomes at 1 year. By quantifying intra-operative insertion torque and early implant stability of the PrimeTaper EV system, this study provides clinically relevant reference values for daily practice. These data may assist clinicians in interpreting primary stability at placement and in making informed decisions regarding early clinical management.

Mechanical torque wrenches are widely used in engineering assembly and maintenance because of their simplicity and durability. However, the absence of integrated sensing capability limits how precisely they can be controlled. This study explored the integration of advanced sensing with piezoelectric ceramic. In both static and quasi-static measurements, variations in applied force frequency lead to major output fluctuations, which reduce estimation accuracy. In this study, a system was developed to simulate the applied force on the wrench at different frequencies and magnitudes for repeatable data collection. This system enables dynamic accumulation, zero-offset compensation, and bias current correction. In addition, a one-dimensional convolutional neural network was used to automatically extract signal features and classify force frequency, thereby addressing the lack of robustness to variations in frequency in traditional models. By integrating compensated voltage and estimated frequency into a three-dimensional surface fitting model, the proposed system achieved high-precision static and quasi-static force estimation. Experimental analysis revealed a major improvement in accuracy, with a minimum root mean square error of 1.286 N. Overall, this study highlights the crucial role of force frequency in static piezoelectric sensing and provides a hardware-compatible solution for high-precision force monitoring in industrial tools.

Abutment screw loosening is a frequently reported prosthetic complication that has been linked to the achieved preload, wear of the components of the connection and micromotions or deformation under occlusal load. Inadequate fit and tightness of the implant-abutment interface can cause fracture or the creation of a gap with predisposition to its bacterial colonization. The aim of this research was to assess the accuracy of three mechanical torque-limiting devices provided by different dental implant manufacturers. This study was designed as an in vitro model. Torque wrenches effective values and the evaluation of fixture-abutment microgap were evaluated. The actual torque of the wrenches was analyzed by setting five unused torque limiting devices for each manufacturer at 15, 20 and 25 Ncm; each wrench performed twenty measurements at 15, 20 and 25 Ncm respectively. For gap analysis, three groups of fixtures (each one of twenty implants with related abutments), from three different companies, were examined. Each group was divided into two equal subgroups (ten implants with related abutments), which were tightened using a torque of 20 and 25 Ncm respectively. The study showed that all wrenches examined exert a torque lower than the one set and indicated on the wrench. The error range varies from a minimum of 11% (seen on A wrench set to a value of 20 Ncm) to a maximum of 29.3% (seen on B wrench set to a value of 15 Ncm). All the examined wrenches were able to assure, at 25Ncm, the absence of microgap at the fixture-abutment interface. The accuracy of the mechanical limiting torque devices differed from different manufacturers. The clinician should know the range of wrenches imprecision of the own dental implant system to applicate more precise tightening force for prosthetic screw to prevent mechanical complications.

ObjectivesInstrumentation failure remains a significant complication in spinal surgery. Preoperative bone health assessment is critical prior to spinal fusion surgery. Currently, bone mineral density (BMD) and Hounsfield Unit (HU) are common preoperative assessments, although it remains unclear which is more predictive of screw fixation strength. We aimed to identify the most reliable preoperative evaluation method for predicting screw insertional torque in patients undergoing lumbar fusion surgery.MethodsPatients who underwent lumbar fusion surgery utilizing pedicle screws between 2021 and 2023, were prospectively registered in our database. All participants underwent preoperative lumbar CT and Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) scans. We analyzed data from 109 patients who underwent lumbar fusion surgery with 6.5mm pedicle screws. Preoperative BMD was measured via DEXA (lumbar spine and femur), and HU values were obtained from preoperative lumbar CT scans. Insertional torque of the screws was measured intraoperatively using a calibrated torque wrench. Correlations between insertional torque and BMD/HU as well as patients' demographic/lab data were analyzed.ResultsA total of 335 pedicle screws were analyzed. Femoral BMD exhibited the strongest correlation with insertional torque (r = 0.557, P < 0.001), compared with lumbar BMD and HU. Age, ASA grade, BMI, serum calcium, and albumin showed weak correlations.ConclusionsFemoral BMD demonstrated the strongest, although still moderate, association with intraoperative insertional torque among all preoperative bone quality measures evaluated, suggesting that it may offer a more informative estimate of underlying bone strength in patients undergoing lumbar fusion.

Multisensor piezoelectric balances are increasingly used in wind tunnel tests requiring high dynamic performance, due to their flexible structure, easy fabrication, high stiffness, and excellent dynamic performance. However, superimposed manufacturing and assembly errors degrade their force-measuring performance. To address this issue, this article proposes a novel assembly method for such balances based on a complex statically indeterminate structure. The method controls the preload of connecting bolts using a digital torque wrench and optimizes sensor height via three approaches, leveraging coordinate measuring machine data and copper sheets’ high plasticity. Mechanical and mathematical models were established, followed by simulations to analyze error impacts, and a six-component force calibration system was built for static/dynamic tests. Results show that placing copper sheets on sensors’ top/bottom (with uniform bolt preload) significantly reduces force imbalance; top-placed sheets improve static performance. Natural frequency tests confirm no negative impact on dynamic performance, verifying the method’s effectiveness and feasibility.

A time-varying magnetic field induces electric currents in a conductive object, which in turn induces a force torque wrench on the object that is not due to ferromagnetism. Prior work empirically modeled the wrench induced in a solid sphere by a rotating magnetic dipole (RMD) field, and then used this model to perform contactless manipulation using multiple RMD field sources, motivated by application in on-orbit satellite servicing and space-debris capture. In this letter, we measure the induced wrench on a conductive, non-ferromagnetic cube—which, unlike on a sphere, is not invariant to orientation—in six canonical configurations, and compare it to that of a sphere with identical volume. Results show that such a spherical model provides a reasonable orientation-invariant approximation of a cube. Further, the induced wrench can be bounded by considering the induced wrenches on spheres with ±15% volume.

The increased demand for implants in the dental surgeon's clinical routine, methods and techniques have been created that involve non-invasive quantitative analysis, do not damage the bone-implant interface and objectively measure implant stability, such as resonance frequency analysis. The aim of this case report is to present a clinical case of a patient who came to the Dental School Clinic with a diagnosis of oblique root fracture with an indication for root extraction and immediate implant placement. The Osstell was used as another technique, in addition to the torque wrench, to measure the primary stability of the implant, which showed high stability, proving the importance of using the Osstell in the clinic.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical behavior of the implant-abutment connection against in vitro loading and the fracture locations and levels in the use of straight and angled standard fabricated abutments and TIBASE abutments. Materials andMethods: NucleOSSTM T6 Bone level implant (Turkey) was used. Ti Grade5 Straight abutment was used in the first group, 25Åã Angled Ti Grade5 fabricated abutment was used in the 2nd Group, and TIBASE abutment was used in the 3rd Group. Implants were used in two different diameters (3.5 and 4.8mm) and each of the samples was fixed on the implant manually or using a torque wrench. Metal crowns were used as a prosthetic superstructure to load the createdmechanisms with a chewing simulator. The crowns were cemented to the superstructures, which were torqued to 30 Ncm or manual tightened twice a day apart, and four years of use of each specimen was simulated in 1 000 000 cycles in the chewing simulator (Esetron, Turkey). All assemblies are fixed in a vertical position within a cylindricalmold to avoidmotion artifacts. Afterward, the samples were subjected to fracture testing using a universal testing device (Lloyd-LRX; Lloyd Instruments, Fareham, UK) at a speed of 1 mm/min to determine the maximum breaking values by the standard TS ISO 14801;2007. The breaking or bending of the samples was recorded using a light microscope (Leica MZ 12, Heerbrugg, Switzerland) in our faculty research laboratory. Results: It has been observed that implant-abutment connection resistances are affected by the thickness of the implant body and the screw tightening protocol.Considering the fracture values, it has been observed that themost stable high strength values are generally in the TIBASE samples with groups tightened with a torque wrench (1342.49 N). Conclusions: Accordingly, under the same conditions, while thicker implants break under higher forces and exhibit greater durability than thinner ones, it has been determined that tightening the screw with a torque wrench under a torque significantly increases the junctional strength compared to manual tightening.

Effect of adding a peak marker device to an implant cantilever beam torque wrench on torque value measurement.

Immediate implant placement is a common procedure, with implant stability often assessed using insertion torque (N·cm) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA). This study aimed to compare insertion torque and RFA values in simulated immediate implants placed at crestal, subcrestal, and supracrestal levels to evaluate how vertical implant positioning influences primary stability. Ninety Dentsply Sirona PrimeTaper™ implants were divided into three groups: Group 1 (4.2 × 13 mm placed 2mm of implant exposed), Group 2 (4.2 × 11 mm placed flush with the bone surface), and Group 3 (4.2 × 11 mm placed 2 mm below the crest). Osteotomies were performed in rigid polyurethane foam blocks simulating D2/D3 bone quality at a 45-degree angle. Implants were positioned to achieve intraosseous depths of 5 mm (Groups 1 and 3) and 3 mm (Group 2). Insertion torque was measured with a Dentsply Sirona EV Torque Wrench, and RFA values were obtained using an Osstell device. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc testing. Torque values differed significantly between Groups 1 vs. 2 and Groups 2 vs. 3 (p &lt; 0.001), but not between Groups 1 and 3. RFA values showed significant differences across all groups (p &lt; 0.001). Subcrestal depth influenced insertion torque, while RFA values were affected by both subcrestal and supracrestal placement. These findings suggest that deeper implant placement enhances mechanical stability and underscores the importance of considering implant dimensions in treatment planning.

Effect of viewing angle and activation speed of various torque wrenches: A comparative evaluation of accuracy and repeatability.

Fatigue behavior and estimated lifetime of implant/abutments of different diameters.

The interaction between equine hooves and various ground surfaces is a critical factor for injury prevention and performance in modern equestrian sports. Accurate measurement of surface grip is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of different hoof protection systems. This study introduces the Vienna Grip Tester (VGT), a novel sensor-based device developed to quantify rotational resistance—an important parameter for assessing hoof–surface interaction. The VGT utilizes a torque wrench and spring-loaded mechanism to simulate lateral hoof movements under a standardized vertical load (~700 N), enabling objective grip measurements across different conditions. Twenty combinations of hoof protection (barefoot, traditional iron shoe, and two glue-on models) and surfaces (sand, sand with fiber at 25 °C and −18 °C, frozen sand, and turf) were tested, yielding 305 torque measurements. Statistical analysis (repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni correction) revealed significant differences in grip among surface types and hoof protection systems. Frozen surfaces (SDAF (31 ± 8.9 Nm and SDF 33 ± 8.7 Nm, p < 0.001) exhibited the highest grip, while dry sand (SDA (18.3 ± 3.3 Nm, p < 0.001) showed the lowest. Glue-on shoes (glue-on grip, 26 ± 10 Nm; glue-on, 25 ± 10 Nm) consistently provided superior grip compared to traditional or unshod hooves (bare hoof, 21 ± 7 Nm). These results validate the VGT as a reliable and practical tool for measuring hoof–surface grip, with potential applications in injury prevention, hoof protection development, and surface optimization in equestrian sports.

Calibration of tools designed to apply known torques, such as torque wrenches and torque screwdrivers, requires a chain of traceable standards to the definition of the kilogram and meter derived from the revised International System of Units (SI) via physical mass and length artifact standards. We present a detailed description and experimental verification of a device which utilizes the Kibble principle to directly realize torques up to 1 N m. The second generation Electronic NIST Torque Realizer (ENTR_v2) can calibrate industrial torque tools to 0.1% accuracy or better ultimately traceable to the fixed value of the Planck constant within the revised SI through electrical traceability chains, severing ties to the traditional physical transfer standard artifacts of length and mass.

Measurement of screw insertional torque (SIT) can be valuable to predict rigid pedicle screw (PS) fixation without instrumentation failure. Numerous biomechanical studies support this concept; however, the value of measuring intraoperative SIT has not been well investigated. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between the SIT values in PS fixation surgery and clinical factors in lumbar degenerative surgery. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 492 PSs in 114 patients who underwent lumbar fusion surgery between July 2014 and April 2022. Intraoperative SIT values were measured using an analog torque wrench. Patient characteristics, radiological factors, and the accuracy of PS insertion were analyzed to assess their associations with the strength of the SIT. Intraoperative SIT showed significant correlations with age (r = -0.196, P < 0.001), bone mineral density (r = 0.399, P < 0.001), and body mass index (r = 0.165, P < 0.001). The torque ratio, reflecting bilateral SIT difference within the same vertebra, was significantly higher in cases with unilateral PS deviation >2 mm compared with ≤2 mm. The findings suggest that patient-related factors play a role in screw fixation strength, and the torque ratio may serve as a useful indicator for assessing PS placement accuracy. Intraoperative screw insertional torque measurement correlates with bone mineral density, age, and body mass index and may help predict fixation rigidity and prevent instrumentation failure in lumbar fusion surgery.

The TPS Phase III soft x-ray beamlines, designated as 33, 35, and 43, employ bendable mirrors to achieve the required optical performance across a broad energy range. All mirrors, except for the grating mirrors, are designed with adjustable height and position to optimize alignment. The mirrors are secured to the bending mechanism using specially designed clips and bolt joints. During bending, the mirror surface deformation can be approximated by second- and third-order polynomial terms, which must be removed to minimize optical aberrations. After applying these corrections, the residual slope error in the useful optical area must remain below ±1.5 × 10-6rad to meet performance criteria. Therefore, the design of the mirror clip and the precise application of bolt joint forces are critical to achieving high-accuracy figure control. This study systematically investigates how varying bolt joint forces at the mirror clip can compensate for high-order residual deformations. Finite element method simulations were conducted to determine optimal force distributions, providing guidance for experimental setup and safe mounting conditions. In experiments, the bolt joint forces were adjusted using a calibrated torque wrench, while the long trace profiler continuously measured the slope error to identify the configuration yielding the widest functional optical area with minimal residual error.

Dislocation after total hip arthroplasty (THA) via the posterior approach remains a serious complication. This cadaveric study compared two soft tissue repair techniques-trans-osseous and direct suturing-regarding their effect on dislocation torque and angle. Ten hips from five fresh-frozen cadavers were used. A Posterior approach identified the short external rotators. Following standard THA, each limb was mounted on a motorized torque wrench. Hips were tested first with no posterior repair (NPR), then with either transosseous or direct repair techniques. Dislocation torque and angle were recorded, with each hip serving as its own control. Posterior repair significantly increased the force required for dislocation compared to NPR (mean 9.12 Nm vs. 2.73 Nm; p = 0.004). Trans-osseous repair led to a 4.41-fold increase in torque (p = 0.04), and direct repair a 2.47-fold increase (p = 0.03), with a significant difference between the two (p = 0.016). The dislocation angle increased with repair (mean 54.6° vs. 45.1°; p = 0.09), though not significantly. Trans-osseous and direct repairs increased the angle by 1.70× and 1.18×, respectively. Posterior soft tissue repair improves hip stability in THA performed via a posterior approach. Trans-osseous repair provides significantly greater resistance to dislocation torque than direct suturing and may be the preferred technique to reduce postoperative instability.

Measurements of trueness and precision of various dental torque wrenches: An in vitro study.

Biomechanical comparison of internal rotational effectiveness following medialized glenoid and lateralized humerus reverse shoulder arthroplasty with tendon transfers: isolated latissimus dorsi, combined latissimus dorsi/teres major, and pectoralis major tendon transfers.

Digital twin for magnetic levitation systems: General architecture design and uncertainty analysis