TORA Routing Protocols Research Articles

Exploiting Conventional MANET Routing in UAV’s Based Environment

Nowadays, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), have indeed revolutionized various industries and opened up new possibilities. Additionally, a Flying Ad hoc Network (FANET), a group of UAVs can perform specific functions like delivering goods, assisting people after a disaster, monitoring the weather and environment, among others. FANET is another kind of ad-hoc mobile network. It is capable of connecting with its environment and other nodes to obtain critical information. It is particularly difficult to route across FANETs because of how mobility they are and how fast they may change layouts. Therefore, routing algorithms are crucial for improving the performance of ad-hoc networks. This article will analyse the performance of the AODV, DSDV, and TORA routing protocols in the FANET environment. The NS-2 simulator has been used for testing parameters such as jitter, throughput, End-to-End delay, and packet delivery ratio (PDR). The simulation results indicate that TORA outperforms AODV and DSDV routing protocols across all performance metrics except End-to-End Delay.

Comprehensive Study and Review Various Routing Protocols in MANET

Mobile Ad-hoc networks are composed of various interconnections among large number of nodes deployed for monitoring the system by means of measurement of its parameters. Recent research in wireless sensor networks has led to various new protocols which are particularly designed for routing in MANETs. To design these networks, the factors needed to be considered are the coverage area, mobility, power consumption, communication capabilities etc. These papers discuss characteristics and performance of AODV, DSR, GRP, OLSR and TORA routing protocol. The paper attempts to explores the best suited routing protocol in various conditions and environments.

Performance evaluation of two models in the reactive routing protocol in manets

<span>Due to the need for the multicast connection required by multimedia applications such as video conferencing and natural disaster management, it was necessary to use a set of portable and connected wireless peripheral devices without the need for infrastructure and without a central router, by use wireless network as "a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) " Despite the difficulties facing this technology in the process of effective guidance and the expansion of the use of such networks, in this type of network because of its applications in the fields of civil and military systems that do not need an infrastructure for the network to provide communication, the researchers specialized in this field have improved the current routing protocols and design new protocols that are appropriate to the challenges that Routing protocols face due to continuous change In network topology over time. In this paper we improved the current routing protocols and design new protocols that are appropriate to the challenges that Routing protocols face due to continuous change In network topology over time. The NS2 simulation environment was used for the purpose of a comprehensive evaluation of the performance of the TORA and AODV routing protocols By using properties of packet delivery fraction and end-to-end delay was calculated.</span><p class="MsoNormal">Manet</p><p class="MsoNormal">Odav</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">Packet delivery<strong><em></em></strong></p><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Tora</span>

ANALISIS PENGARUH VARIAN MODEL PROPAGASI TERHADAP KOMUNIKASI DATA PADA PROTOKOL ROUTING TORA, MDART DAN ZRP DI JARINGAN VANET (STUDI KASUS PETA JALAN KOTA PRAYA DAN BYPASS LOMBOK)

VANET is part of the Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), but the nodes on VANET have a higher level of mobility. Each node that moves will cause network activity (topology changes) such as route search and message sending handled by each node. So that each node must have a routing protocol to facilitate communication in the network. The selection of the appropriate routing protocol is needed in urban and rural scenarios.This study aims to determine the effect of propagation model variants on data communication on the TORA, MDART and ZRP routing protocols on the VANET network on the Praya City and Bypass Lombok road maps with an area of ​​1000x1000 m2. For the variation of the routing protocol using four variations of the propagation model, namely the freespace propagation model, tworayground, shadowing, and nakagami. The number of nodes used in the Praya City road map is 35, 55, 70 nodes and in Lombok Bypass 25, 40, 60 nodes. The test parameters used are throughput, packet delivery ratio and end to end delay.In an urban scenario with an area of ​​1000x1000 m2, the TORA protocol gets a very good throughput parameter on nakagami propagation of 40.95 Kbps and on the ZRP protocol the value of the freespace propagation parameter PDR is 100%. While in the rural scenario a good value is obtained in freespace propagation is 4.82 second.
 Keywords: VANET, Routing Protocol, Propagation, NS2

Effect of Node Density over the performance of DSR, TORA, and OLSR Routing Protocols of MANET

Effect of Node Density over the performance of DSR, TORA, and OLSR Routing Protocols of MANET

Study the effect of sound encodings on AD-HOC networks using TORA routing protocol and VOIP application

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks are used for data transfer. The nodes of such networks do not require presetting. They are characterized by dynamic data transfer during their movement of the nodes. Routing protocols of mobile ad-hoc networks differ from the existing internet protocols which are designed for the fixed structure based wireless networks. MANET protocols have to face high challenges due to dynamically changing of topologies, low transmission power and asymmetric links. Due to link instability, node mobility and frequently changing topologies routing becomes one of the core issues in MANETs. Currently existent routing protocols provide routing solutions up to a certain level and most of them are designed and implemented in small areas. Many researchers are still working on the developments of MANET routing protocols. This research study effect of some voice codecs on ad-hoc networks using the (TORA routing protocol) and by running the VOIP application on a network randomized scenario. This effect will be compared through several performance parameters for the network used. The Network Simulation Program (OPNET), which is the first program in the area of telecommunications networks in general, is used to provide accurate results for studies in the field of networks.

Evaluating the Impact of Routing on QoS of VoIP over MANET Wireless Networks

In this paper, a performance analysis study for VoIP over mobile wireless ad hoc networks (MANET) is carried out using OPNET tool. The AODV, DSR, TORA, OLSR, and GRP routing protocols have been used as candidates to evaluate the impact of routing on quality of service (QoS) of VoIP application over MANET networks. Three different queuing mechanisms (FIFO, PQ, and WFQ) have been used also as nominee of queuing techniques. The VoIP is applied and the QoS is measured in terms of jitter delay, end-to-end packet delay, and wireless LAN media access delay and wireless throughput of 802.11 g technology with 54 Mbps.

Estimation and Improvement of Routing Protocol Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Using Fuzzy Neural Network

Ad-Hoc Networks are a generation of networks that are truly wireless, and can be easily constructed without any operator. There are protocols for management of these networks, in which the effectiveness and the important elements in these networks are the Quality of Service (QoS). In this work the evaluation of QoS performance of MANETs is done by comparing the results of using AODV, DSR, OLSR and TORA routing protocols using the Op-Net Modeler, then conduct an extensive set of performance experiments for these protocols with a wide variety of settings. The results show that the best protocol depends on QoS using two types of applications (+ve and –ve QoS in the FIS evaluation). QoS of the protocol varies from one protocol to another depending on the applications used in the network. The network design is done using the program (Op-Net V14.5 modular) with core i7 computer for multiple nodes deployed randomly in several area (100 * 100, 200 * 200, 400 * 400, 800 * 800, 1000 * 1000)m2 accomplished by changing the number of nodes in the network (10, 20, 40 and 80). There are three programs designed using (MATLAB 2012A programming language). The first one evaluates the (QoS) using the organizational structure of the mysterious system (HFS), which relied on the standard applications that should be provided by the protocols to make the applications accepted by the nodes requirements. After the evaluation the QoS for all cases, we design Neural Network to assist in estimation of the best protocol for any network through QoS for all protocols (AODV, DSR, OLSR and TORA). Neural network has four entrances (area, number of nodes, real time application ratio and non-real time application ratio). The results show that the QoS estimated is (0.5401) of (OLSR) which has been improved to (0.6421) by reducing to mobility speed and making some nodes fixed and using more than one protocol in the network to provide the best QoS .

Simulation Model Based Performance Analysis of DSR and TORA Routing Protocols in MANET

Simulation Model Based Performance Analysis of DSR and TORA Routing Protocols in MANET

TCP and UDP-based performance evaluation of proactive and reactive routing protocols using mobility models in MANETS

User datagram protocol UDP and transmission control protocol TCP are two popular transport layer protocols in infrastructure networks. The behaviour of these transport layer protocol with different mobility models and routing protocols is still not very clear. In this article, we have compared the performance of user datagram protocol UDP and transmission control protocol TCP in mobile ad hoc network MANET for optimised link state routing OLSR, and temporarily ordered routing algorithm TORA routing protocols with different mobility models like random waypoint, reference point group, and Manhattan mobility models. We have done simulations in NS2 to analyse results using the performance metrics, such as throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay by for different types of data traffic and mobility models. The MANET performance is analysed under the effect of simulation time, number of nodes, and speed of mobile nodes. Our work indicates that TCP performs well for throughput in some mobility model and different routing protocols than UDP. The results presented in this paper clearly indicate that the different protocols behave differently under different parameters.

Analysis Of Routing Protocol Metrics In MANET

This research paper work is about the analysis of routing protocol metrics in MANET. The routing protocols metrics are important subject matter in the mobile Adhoc network environment. The MANET environment connecting devices or nodes with each other energetically and develop mobile Adhoc wireless network . It offers the mobility to network devices to freely move in any direction and develop connection to any device. The aim of this research paper is to analyze the routing protocol metrics as, radio range, delay, load, media access delay and throughput by evaluating the simulation of AODV, DSR and TORA routing protocols using video conferencing application. The simulation results have been carried out through OPNET 14.5 modeler tool, however scenarios created, having different node densities and different WLAN physical characteristics and routing protocol metrics and analyzed results.

An Energy-efficient Routing Protocol for MANETs: a Particle Swarm Optimization Approach

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are infrastructure-free networks created by wireless mobile devices with restrictedbattery life. This limited battery capacity in MANETs makes it necessary to consider the energy-awareness feature intheir design. Since routing protocols have central role in MANETs, their energy-awareness increases network life timeby efficiently using of the available limited energy. TORA is one of these routing protocols that offer high degree ofscalability. This paper employs the Binary Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (BPSO) to add the energyawarenessfeature to the TORA routing protocol. The proposed protocol considers routes length in its route selectionprocess and also includes routes energy level in its calculations. It formulates the routing issue as an optimizationproblem and then employs BPSO to choose a route that maximizes a weighted function of the route length and theroute energy level. Extensive simulations in ns-2 simulator environment show that the proposed routing protocol,called BPSO-TORA, prolongs the network lifetime remarkably and outperforms TORA in terms of network life time,system life time and total delivered data.

Simulation based Behavioral Study of AODV, DSR, OLSR and TORA Routing Protocols in Manet

The mobile Adhoc network is a concept of communication without planning in that mobile node communicate using different topology. The main agenda of this paper is how to receive the highest performance in wireless environments for this we evaluated some protocols like AODV, DSR , OLSR and TORA on OPNET 14.5 and analysis the performances of respective protocols on certain parameters like delay , load , media access delay, data dropped buffer-overflow, data dropped retry threshold exceeded and throughput under consider Banasthali network . Generally, Banasthali has wired network in many departments and hostels now we want to convert a total network of Banasthali into the wireless

Traffic Pattern based performance comparison of Reactive and Proactive protocols of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

The primary objective of this research work is to study and investigate the performance measures of Reactive protocols (AODV, TORA) and Proactive protocols (DSDV) routing protocols of MANET using TCP & CBR based traffic models. In this paper we will simulate the environment used for analyzing, evaluating and implementing AODV, DSDV and TORA routing protocols in MANET, to analyze the performance of above said protocols based on Packet Delivery Ratio, Average End-to-End Delay and Throughput. We will investigate the effect of change in number of nodes on MANET routing protocols. Here, we will analyze and compare the performance of MANET routing protocols based on both CBR and TCP based traffic patterns. We have used the NS-2 simulator for performing various simulations and used awk scripts for analyzing the results.