Scale Topographic Maps Research Articles

Application of Combined Positioning Algorithm of Volume Image Sequence on Mapping of Large Scale Topographical Map

In order to give full play to ability of existing devices, the combined positioning algorithm of volume image sequence is proposed, which is applied in large scale topographical map. Firstly, the observation equations of observable image sequence are analyzed, and the five different coordinates relating with space 3D coordinate of object can be calculated. Secondly, the combining positioning algorithm based the characteristics of hyperbolic curve and Kalman filter is put forward and the corresponding mathematical model is constructed. Finally, the dynamic measured data of a highway is used as basis, the corresponding simulation analysis is carried out, and results show that the new combined positioning algorithm can improve the precision of mobile measurement system effectively.

Evaluating spatial resolution for quality assurance of UAV images

With advantages of operational convenience, quick process and economic feasibility, the availability of UAV Photogrammetry is increasing significantly in many different fields of acquiring geospatial information recently. In particular, it is being applied even to a cadastral surveying, including production of orthophotos and large scale topographic maps that require highly precise positional information. However, a quality verification process of UAV images should be preceded, because they are quite inhomogeneous by acquiring under strong variable conditions such as a rapid change of flying heights and exposure stations. In this paper, as part of a quality assurance plan for UAV images to ensure high quality products by UAV-Photogrammetry, a simple analysis method for the spatial resolution of UAV images was presented. To do this, portable resolution test charts in a pattern of Siemens star and Tri-bar were installed in a test area before imaging, and then visual resolution and GSD (Ground Sample Distance) appeared on the photographed images were measured. UAV images were taken with both payloads of fixed and rotary wing. The flight heights were 130 m and 260 m for fixed wing, and just 130 m for rotary wing. The results showed that a GSD of UAV image from fixed wing installed with a camera (Canon IXUS 127 HS) is 4.08 cm at the flying height of 130 m, 7.94 cm at 260 m, and a GSD of UAV image from rotary wing installed with a camera (Sony NEX-5N) is 4.10 cm at the flying height of 130 m. These values are almost consistent with theoretical resolution. The method proposed in this study is considered as a very useful for the applying of spatial resolution analysis of UAV images.

Changes of lakes in Hunshandake Sandy Land in the past 45 years, Inner Mongolia

浑善达克沙地处于季风边缘区，其气候特性和人类活动决定了该地区生态系统的脆弱和环境变化的敏感性.目前，该区湖泊生态环境问题十分严重，对研究区的水资源、草原景观以及当地居民生产生活造成了严重影响.选取1969年1：50000地形图所指示的面积≥0.01 km²的175个湖泊为研究对象，结合1973-2013年的17期Landsat MSS/TM/ETM/OLI卫星遥感影像数据，对1969-2013年间的湖泊群变化进行了系统的研究和初步探讨.结果表明：1969年湖泊群总面积为502.04 km²，而2013年其面积为303.42 km²，总体呈萎缩趋势.其中面积萎缩和干涸的湖泊分别为88和85个，而面积扩张的湖泊仅有2个（人工筑坝所致）.近45 a间，1970s-1980s湖泊面积波动性减少，而在1990s初期则出现持续上升状态.在1995-2011年湖泊面积总体下降，到2013年则出现微弱的扩张现象.从湖泊变化空间分布格局来看，萎缩和干涸的湖泊集中在该沙地腹地.;The characteristics of climatic and human activity in the Hunshandake Sandy Land which is located in the margin monsoon area, determine the vulnerability of ecosystem and sensitivity of environment change. At present, the ecological problems of lakes in the area is very serious, which affects water resource, grassland landscape and local resident's life and production. Choosing 175 lakes which each covers area more than 0.01 km² based topographic maps in scale of 1:50000 and combining data with 17 stages of Landsat MSS/TM/ETM/OLI satellite remote sensing images during 1973-2013, we systematically studied the changes of lake areas during a period of 1969-2013 systematically. The result shows that the total area of lakes decreased from 502.04 km² in 1969 to 303.42 km² in 2013, which presents a shrinking trend overall in 88 shrinking lakes and 85 dried lakes, but only 2 lakes are expanding. Concretely speaking, the fluctuating downtrend of total lake areas occurred from the 1970s to the 1980s, continuously shows an upward trend in the early 1990s, the overall downtrend during 1995-2011, and slightly expanding trend after 2013. In the view of spatial distribution pattern, shrinking and dried lakes are distributed in the desert hinterland of the study area.

Geometric Accuracy Analysis Model of the Ziyuan-3 Satellite without GCPs

The ZiYuan-3 satellite (ZY-3) was China’s first civilian stereo mapping satellite designed to meet the 1:50 000 scale mapping requirements. We analyzed main error sources influencing the geometric accuracy of the ZY-3 images, and the error propagation rules of these error sources in image production. Accuracy estimation models of ZY-3 images without ground control points (GCPs) were deduced and the theoretical geometric accuracy of ZY-3 images was obtained. Without GCPs, 556 ZY-3 panchromatic nadir images covering 3,500,000km2 of the Chinese mid-west region and 12 ZY-3 stereo image pairs covering 14,000km2 around Taiyuan of China were used for planar and vertical accuracy verification, respectively. The experimental results confirmed the correctness of the accuracy estimation model for ZY-3 images. The accuracy results obtained through the model and experiment showed that without GCPs, the geometric accuracy of the ZY-3 images satisfied the Chinese stereo mapping requirements for 1:50 000 scale topographic maps.

IMPLEMENTASI PERMENDAGRI NOMOR 76 TAHUN 2012 DALAM PENETAPAN DAN PENEGASAN BATAS DESA SECARA KARTOMETRIS

Delimitation of the village under Regulation No. 27 In 2006 (Permendagri No.27 Tahun 2006) the process of delimitation of the village on a map kartometris on an agreed basis. Implementation of the determination and the assertion made above the village boundary map scale of 1: 5,000 s / d 1: 10.000. Availability best scale topographical map is a scale of 1: 10,000 s / d 1: 25,000 which covers most of the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. The publication of Regulation No. 76 of 2012 as a replacement for the previous Regulation, explains that setting boundaries is kartometris can be done within the framework of demarcation between the regions by using a data base topographical maps. Development of mapping technology allows updating border activities carried out by combining the techniques of Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems and Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Determination and demarcation village implemented to provide legal certainty to the village boundaries in the land. Kartometris delimitation of the village is the process of setting boundaries on a map on an agreed basis, the process of implementation in the field by providing a mark in the form of coordinates kartometris village. Registered image data refers to the provisions of the topographical map. Test Results horizontal accuracy CE 90 are: image with GCP field measurement results by 6 points with accuracy 0.098 m; 22 points with accuracy 1.431 m. Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sd.v2i1.1352

Tahtalı Dağları (Orta Toroslar) karst platosu üzerinde dolin ve uvala gelişiminin CBS tabanlı analizi

Dolines and uvalas which are characteristic landform of karstic areas displays intensive development in Taurus Karstic Zone In this study, dolines and uvalas on karstic plateau located at southwest of Tahtali Mountains (Central Taurus), on borderline between Kayseri-Adana were investigated. Totally 992 karstic dissolution pits including 846 dolines and 146 uvalas have been identified on karstic plateau as result of investigation of 1/25000 scale topographic map. Center X and Y coordinates, elevation (m), area (m2), perimeter (m), long and short axis length (m), azimuth of long axis (o), ratio of long axis to short axis, density, circularity and nearest neighbor index values of each pit are calculated by GIS. By examining relationships among obtained data, factors controlling development of doline and uvalas were attempted to reveal. Most of the forms are found on Upper Cretase limestone at between 2200 to 2350 meters. Areas of the forms vary between 16 m2 - 230000 m2, while their maximum length changes between 192 - 816 meters. Mean density of the forms is 22 pit/km2 while maximum density of them is reach to 46 depression/km2. Circularity index and long/short axis ratios of dolines show that depressions don’t have an important elliptical shape and they protect their circularity characteristics. Also nearest neighbour index and value of nearest distance indicate that distribution of the forms is random. This situation arises from absence of a tectonic factor affecting doline distribution on plateau surface. But rose diagrams show that long axis of the dolines extend along NE-SW direction in parallel with the general direction of extension of mountains. Also it indicates that there is a significant relationship between long axis of the uvalas and lineaments obtained from satellite images and paleovalley axis. These relationships display that karstic dissolution start with the gaps between the inclined layer surfaces and continue following paleovalley axis.

UAV DATA PROCESSING FOR RAPID MAPPING ACTIVITIES

Abstract. During disaster and emergency situations, geospatial data plays an important role to serve as a framework for decision support system. As one component of basic geospatial data, large scale topographical maps are mandatory in order to enable geospatial analysis within quite a number of societal challenges. The increasing role of geo-information in disaster management nowadays consequently needs to include geospatial aspects on its analysis. Therefore different geospatial datasets can be combined in order to produce reliable geospatial analysis especially in the context of disaster preparedness and emergency response. A very well-known issue in this context is the fast delivery of geospatial relevant data which is expressed by the term “Rapid Mapping”. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is the rising geospatial data platform nowadays that can be attractive for modelling and monitoring the disaster area with a low cost and timely acquisition in such critical period of time. Disaster-related object extraction is of special interest for many applications. In this paper, UAV-borne data has been used for supporting rapid mapping activities in combination with high resolution airborne Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) data. A real disaster instance from 2013 in conjunction with Mount Sinabung eruption, Northern Sumatra, Indonesia, is used as the benchmark test for the rapid mapping activities presented in this paper. On this context, the reliable IFSAR dataset from airborne data acquisition in 2011 has been used as a comparable dataset for accuracy investigation and assessment purpose in 3 D reconstructions. After all, this paper presents a proper geo-referencing and feature extraction method of UAV data to support rapid mapping activities.

Importance of 3D Visualization for Land Use Planning, Construction and Management of the Karsıyaka Settlement Area (Izmir-Turkey)

Due to recent technological advances in 3D geographic information system (GIS); These 3D visualization technologies have been widely used in urban planning decisions, including: where to build, how to plan for natural disasters, the use of finite resources, how to incorporate sustainable practices, designing for growing populations and other engineering applications. In this study 3D GIS visualization technology is applied to Karsiyaka (Izmir) settlement area to show its applicability for the land use planning, construction and management. This study is carried out in four different stages: In the first stage; 1:25000 scale topographic maps and 1:1000 scale geological maps are digitised in GIS environment and their attribute tables are stored in the GIS databases. In the second stage; sub-surface of the study area was visualized using 3D technologies. This visualisation process is used to assist decision-making for land use planning. In the third stage; and useful soil class zonation maps are performed to be used in further studies. At last stage; after research at this site, the construction applications of Karsiyaka have been multiplied.

The experimental results of the RTK GPS measurement using 3G mobile network and internet

This paper presents the experimental results of the RTK GPS established by the authors with different distance measurements. With a 5km baseline, the RMS of RTK solution is 2.8 cm and ratio of fix solution is approximately 90%. With these results, this RTK GPS system meets the requirements of large scale topographic and cadastral mapping, hydrographics surveying, especially the work of layout works and high accuracy RTK for ITS (Intelligent Transportation Systems). The equipment used in this RTK system available on the market, the system easy to replace, compact, low cost, capable of measuring continuous RTK in one day and especially allows using of many rover receiver simultaneously .

ANALYSIS OF RADAR AND OPTICAL SPACE BORNE DATA FOR LARGE SCALE TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPPING

Abstract. Normally, in order to provide high resolution 3 Dimension (3D) geospatial data, large scale topographical mapping needs input from conventional airborne campaigns which are in Indonesia bureaucratically complicated especially during legal administration procedures i.e. security clearance from military/defense ministry. This often causes additional time delays besides technical constraints such as weather and limited aircraft availability for airborne campaigns. Of course the geospatial data quality is an important issue for many applications. The increasing demand of geospatial data nowadays consequently requires high resolution datasets as well as a sufficient level of accuracy. Therefore an integration of different technologies is required in many cases to gain the expected result especially in the context of disaster preparedness and emergency response. Another important issue in this context is the fast delivery of relevant data which is expressed by the term “Rapid Mapping”. In this paper we present first results of an on-going research to integrate different data sources like space borne radar and optical platforms. Initially the orthorectification of Very High Resolution Satellite (VHRS) imagery i.e. SPOT-6 has been done as a continuous process to the DEM generation using TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X data. The role of Ground Control Points (GCPs) from GNSS surveys is mandatory in order to fulfil geometrical accuracy. In addition, this research aims on providing suitable processing algorithm of space borne data for large scale topographical mapping as described in section 3.2. Recently, radar space borne data has been used for the medium scale topographical mapping e.g. for 1:50.000 map scale in Indonesian territories. The goal of this on-going research is to increase the accuracy of remote sensing data by different activities, e.g. the integration of different data sources (optical and radar) or the usage of the GCPs in both, the optical and the radar satellite data processing. Finally this results will be used in the future as a reference for further geospatial data acquisitions to support topographical mapping in even larger scales up to the 1:10.000 map scale.

A MODIFIED PROJECTIVE TRANSFORMATION SCHEME FOR MOSAICKING MULTI-CAMERA IMAGING SYSTEM EQUIPPED ON A LARGE PAYLOAD FIXED-WING UAS

Abstract. In recent years, Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) has been applied to collect aerial images for mapping, disaster investigation, vegetation monitoring and etc. It is a higher mobility and lower risk platform for human operation, but the low payload and short operation time reduce the image collection efficiency. In this study, one nadir and four oblique consumer grade DSLR cameras composed multiple camera system is equipped on a large payload UAS, which is designed to collect large ground coverage images in an effective way. The field of view (FOV) is increased to 127 degree, which is thus suitable to collect disaster images in mountainous area. The synthetic acquired five images are registered and mosaicked as larger format virtual image for reducing the number of images, post processing time, and for easier stereo plotting. Instead of traditional image matching and applying bundle adjustment method to estimate transformation parameters, the IOPs and ROPs of multiple cameras are calibrated and derived the coefficients of modified projective transformation (MPT) model for image mosaicking. However, there are some uncertainty of indoor calibrated IOPs and ROPs since the different environment conditions as well as the vibration of UAS, which will cause misregistration effect of initial MPT results. Remaining residuals are analysed through tie points matching on overlapping area of initial MPT results, in which displacement and scale difference are introduced and corrected to modify the ROPs and IOPs for finer registration results. In this experiment, the internal accuracy of mosaic image is better than 0.5 pixels after correcting the systematic errors. Comparison between separate cameras and mosaic images through rigorous aerial triangulation are conducted, in which the RMSE of 5 control and 9 check points is less than 5 cm and 10 cm in planimetric and vertical directions, respectively, for all cases. It proves that the designed imaging system and the proposed scheme have potential to create large scale topographic map.

Sediment delivery from interfluve slopes into river valley

A complex approach for estimating sediment delivery from drainage basin slopes into river valley is proposed. The method includes morphometric analysis of drainage basin, mathematical modelling and radioactive isotope tracers application. The approach effectiveness is demonstrated by analysis of the River Lokna drainage basin slopes (Central Part of the European Russia). Total area of the drainage basin is 174.8 km 2 . Morphometric characteristics of 1293 elementary slopes (facets) were collected from the 1:100 000 scale topographic map and analysed. Average soil erosion rate from facet under conditions of bare fallow is 46.2±31.9 t/ha/year. For a range of locally typical crop rotations this value varies from 17.2±13.0 to 33.3±19.1 t/ha/year. Mapping of drainage basin slopes allowed distinguishing areas with highest potential erosion rates. About 33% of elementary slopes of the studied drainage basin are characterized by the LS -factor value exceeding 1.5. In hypothetical case of cultivation of all basin slopes under bare fallow, 77% of elementary slopes will be characterized by very high and catastrophic potential erosion rates (>20 t/ha/year). For a range of locally typical crop rotations this percentage is reduced to 44%. Application of radioactive isotopic tracer allowed us to obtain an independent evaluation of the model validity. Comparison of soil loss rates obtained independently by the model and the 137 Cs radioactive tracer for the morphologically simple short runoff-dissipating slope has shown high degree of coincidence. However for the more complex long convex slope the model produced higher values of soil loss rates (sometimes more than twice) than the 137 Cs-based estimates. It can be explained by the fact that the model takes no account of within-slope sediment redeposition which cannot be estimated by its current version.

Sediment contributions from floodplains and legacy sediments to Piedmont streams of Baltimore County, Maryland

Disparity between watershed erosion rates and downstream sediment delivery has remained an important theme in geomorphology for many decades, with the role of floodplains in sediment storage as a common focus. In the Piedmont Province of the eastern USA, upland deforestation and agricultural land use following European settlement led to accumulation of thick packages of overbank sediment in valley bottoms, commonly referred to as legacy deposits. Previous authors have argued that legacy deposits represent a potentially important source of modern sediment loads following remobilization by lateral migration and progressive channel widening. This paper seeks to quantify (1) rates of sediment remobilization from Baltimore County floodplains by channel migration and bank erosion, (2) proportions of streambank sediment derived from legacy deposits, and (3) potential contribution of net streambank erosion and legacy sediments to downstream sediment yield within the Mid-Atlantic Piedmont.We calculated measurable gross erosion and deposition rates within the fluvial corridor along 40 valley segments from 18 watersheds with drainage areas between 0.18 and 155km2 in Baltimore County, Maryland. We compared stream channel and floodplain morphology from lidar-based digital elevation data collected in 2005 with channel positions recorded on 1:2400 scale topographic maps from 1959–1961 in order to quantify 44–46years of channel change. Sediment bulk density and particle size distributions were characterized from streambank and channel deposit samples and used for volume to mass conversions and for comparison with other sediment sources.Average annual lateral migration rates ranged from 0.04 to 0.19m/y, which represented an annual migration of 2.5% (0.9–4.4%) channel width across all study segments, suggesting that channel dimensions may be used as reasonable predictors of bank erosion rates. Gross bank erosion rates varied from 43 to 310Mg/km/y (median=114) and were positively correlated with drainage area. Measured deposition within channels accounted for an average of 46% (28–75%) of gross erosion, with deposition increasingly important in larger drainages. Legacy sediments accounted for 6–90% of bank erosion at individual study segments, represented about 60% of bank height at most exposures, and accounted for 57% (±16%) of the measured gross erosion. Extrapolated results indicated that first- and second-order streams accounted for 62% (±38%) of total streambank erosion from 1005km2 of northern Baltimore County. After accounting for estimated redeposition, extrapolated net streambank sediment yields (72Mg/km2/y) constituted 70% of estimated average Piedmont watershed yields (104Mg/km2/y). The results suggest that streambank sediments are a relatively large source of sediment from Piedmont tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay.

A Pedological Tale IV: Conversations with Turtle, Bear, and Eagle

A Pedological Tale IV: Conversations with Turtle, Bear, and Eagle

Glaciers Amount and Extent Change in the Dolra River Basin in 1911-1960-2014 Years, Caucasus Mountains, Georgia, Observed with Old Topographical Maps and Landsat Satellite Imagery

The article presents the changes in the number and area of the Dolra River basin glaciers during the last century in connection with the climate elements. Dolra River basin is located in the south-ern slope of the Central Caucasus, in the territory of Zemo Svaneti and joins the Enguri River basin, which in its turn is the main center of the contemporary glaciation in Georgia. During the study, we used the 1:42,000 scale topographic maps of the 19th century, which were drawn up during the first topographic survey by using the plane-table surveying method. Also, we used the catalog of the glaciers of the southern slope of the Caucasus compiled on the basis of the 19th century maps in 1911 by a well-known researcher of the Caucasus K. Podozerskiy. In order to identify the area and number of the glaciers of the 60s of the 20th century, we used the work of R. Gobejishvili—the Georgian glaciologist of the 20th-21st centuries, composed on the basis of 1:50,000 scale topo-graphic maps of 1960. The data of 2014 have been obtained by the Landsat aerial images of L8 OLI/TIRS (Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor) taken in August 2014. In the mentioned study, except of the old topographic maps and aerial images, we used the climate in-formation that we have collected from Mestia weather stations (Mestia is the regional center of Zemo Svaneti, where the only operating weather station is located at present). Along with the dy-namics of glaciers, the course of the air temperature and atmospheric precipitation has been iden-tified in the 20th century and in the beginning of the 21st century.

Glaciers Reduction and Climate Change Impact over the Last One Century in the Mulkhura River Basin, Caucasus Mountains, Georgia

The reduction of glaciers of Mulkhura River basin over the last century is revised in the paper. Mulkhura River basin is located on the southern slope of the central Caucasus from the Mount Bashili (4148 m) to the Mount Gistola (4860 m) and it is the main center of the contemporary glaciations in the Enguri River basin. The percentage reduction of areas of compound valley glaciers with the relation of air temperature and atmospheric precipitation is given in this paper. Also the paper considered the dynamics of the Tviberi and Tsaneri glaciers, which were the Georgia’s largest glaciers at the end of the 19th century. We used the catalog of the glaciers of the southern slope of the Caucasus compiled in 1911 by a well-known researcher of the Caucasus K. Podozerskiy, which was drawn up on the basis of the 19th century maps. In order to identify the area and number of the glaciers of the 60s of the 20th century, we used the work of R. Gobejishvili—the Georgian glaciologist of the 20th-21st centuries, composed on the basis of 1:50,000 scale topographic maps of 1960. The data of 2014 have been obtained by the Landsat aerial images of L8 OLI/TIRS (Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor) taken in August 2014. In the mentioned study, except of the old topographic maps and aerial images, we used the climate information especially air temperature and precipitation data of the Mestia weather station.

Glaciers Retreat and Climate Change Effect During the Last One Century in the Mestiachala River Basin, Caucasus Mountains, Georgia

The dynamics of glaciers of Mestiachala river basin for the last century is revised in the paper. The percentage shrinking of areas of compound valley glaciers with the relation of air temperature is given. The retreat of largest glacier of Georgia Lekhziri and shrinking of its area is revised according to the years. The height gradient and correlation between the air temperature data of the only meteorological station (Mestia) of region and air temperature data of the glacier Chalaati in 2011 is determined. The time series of air temperature for Chalaati glacier in 1906-2011 are restored by the using of transfer function. The surface ablation of Chalaati glacier is also calculated. During the study we used a 1:42 000 scale topographic maps of the 19th century, which were drawn up during the first topographic survey by using the plane-table surveying method. Also, we used the catalog of the glaciers of the southern slope of the Caucasus compiled in 1911 by a well-known researcher of the Caucasus K. Podozerskiy, which is drawn up on the basis of the 19th century maps. In order to identify the area and number of the glaciers of the 60s of the 20th century, we used the work of R. Gobejishvili – the Georgian glaciologist of the 20-21st centuries, composed on the basis of 1:50 000 scale topographic maps of 1960. The data of 2014 have been obtained by the Landsat aerial images of L5 TM (Thematic Mapper) taken in August 2014. In the mentioned study, except of the old topographic maps and aerial images we use the climate information of the Mestia weather station.

Slope angle and aspect as influencing factors on the accuracy of the SRTM and the ASTER GDEM databases

Presently, the application of digital elevation or surface models have increasing relevance in all areas of scientific research and in practical engineering applications. The ASTER GDEM and SRTM databases are the most widely used digital surface models, due to their free accessibility and global coverage. The SRTM model was produced using a radar-based technique and the ASTER GDEM was developed using optical stereo image-pairs. Therefore, as all models contain errors (i.e. differences stemming from real surface or vertical biases), errors in these models will also differ. Our aim was to examine these vertical biases and to calculate the rate of error variance. A TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) model was used as a reference surface, derived from the contour lines of a large scale topographic map. Errors were evaluated with statistical and geoinformation techniques. We discovered significant differences between the surfaces. The mean difference between topographic elevations minus the SRTM-V2 is +2.6±4m, while the mean difference between topographic elevations minus the SRTM-V3 is +2.7±2.5m. With the GDEM, the mean difference was 2.7±9.1m. Furthermore, we found that in the case of SRTM, the differences were significant considering the aspects and the steepness of the slopes: southern and eastern directions and larger slope angles showed greater differences compared to the reference data. The GDEM V2 DEM had a larger error variance, but the error did not vary significantly with slope angle.

고해상도 스테레오 위성영상의 3차원 정확도 평가 및 향상

가장 대표적인 범용센서모델인 다항식비례모형(Rational Function Model)은 물리적 센서모형의 정확도에 견줄 수 있는 특성으로 인하여 상업용 위성영상의 센서모델링 기법에서 가장 많이 쓰이고 있다. RPCs를 이용하여 인공위성 영상의 3차원 위치를 결정할 수 있지만, 대축척의 지형도 제작시 정확도 측면에서 한계를 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 QuickBird-2, 인공위성 영상을 이용하여 지상기준점의 수량, 분포 및 다항식비례모형의 차수에 따른 정확도 분석을 수행하였다. 그 결과 1:25,000 축척의 지형도 제작시 수평위치 및 표고 허용오차 범위에 포함 될 수 있는 가능성을 확인하였다. The Rational Function Model has been used as a replacement sensor model in most commercial photogrammetric systems due to its capability of maintaining the accuracy of the physical sensor models. Although satellite images with rational polynomial coefficients have been used to determine three-dimensional position, it has limitations in the accuracy for large scale topographic mapping. In this study, high resolution stereo satellite images, QuickBird-2, were used to investigate how much the three-dimensional position accuracy was affected by the No. of ground control points, polynomial order, and distribution of GCPs. As the results, we can confirm that these experiments satisfy the accuracy requirements for horizontal and height position of 1:25,000 map scale.

THE CHANGES IN WATER RELATIONS IN THE CATCHMENT BASIN OF RIVER TYSMIENICA

The paper presents the history of water conditions in the catchment area of the river Tyśmienica. On the basis of topographic maps in scale 1 : 100 00