Treatment outcomes of 3D-printed custom brackets and clear aligners in adolescents and young adults with simple to moderate malocclusions: A retrospective study.

CBCT provides insights into the presence of an additional root canal in maxillary first molars. Since the maxillary first molar is one of the teeth most likely requiring root canal treatment, and young people are more sensitive to radiation exposure, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of MB2 canals in healthy, untreated maxillary first molars using CBCT. CBCT scans of maxillary first molars of 167 patients were categorised according to the classification systems of Wein, Vertucci and Ahmed. The number of root canals and the presence of a MB2 canal were analysed descriptively. The associations between the presence of a MB2 canal and various factors, including gender, position in the dental arch and age group, were examined using a chi-squared test at a significance level of p < 0.05. All analyses were performed using SPSS. A second mesiobuccal root canal was found in 63% (Weine) and 66% (Vertucci) of the examined maxillary first molars, respectively. Significantly fewer women exhibited a second mesiobuccal root canal compared to men. No statistical differences were observed regarding the position in the dental arch or the different age groups. The most frequently observed root canal morphologies were Vertucci Type I and IV (34% each), followed by Type II (23%), Type VI (6%), Type V (2%), and Type III (1%). In the Weine classification, Types I and II (35% each) were most common, followed by Type III (29%) and Type IV (1%). In the Ahmed classification, the most common configuration was 3MB2-2DB1P1. A MB2 canal was present in about two-thirds of maxillary first molars, with significantly lower prevalence in women but no association with tooth position or age. This study provides updated prevalence and morphological data on MB2 canals, showing they occur in about two-thirds of maxillary first molars and differ by gender. These findings may guide future diagnostic approaches and support more targeted use of CBCT in endodontic treatment planning.

Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) is critical for implant dentistry outcomes, yet current graft material selection lacks standardized intrabony root volume benchmarks. This study aimed to establish baseline data for intrabony root volumes of adult teeth using CBCT. This single-center cross-sectional study included 100 adults (50 males, 50 females) with complete natural dentition. CBCT-derived intrabony root volumes were measured for 10 target tooth positions using Mimics software. Volumetric data were analyzed for differences across tooth positions, jaw locations, and genders using parametric or nonparametric tests. Intrabony root volumes varied by tooth position (first molar, first premolar, canine, lateral incisor, central incisor), with the largest volumes in upper first molars and smallest in lower central incisors. The intrabony root volumes of all target maxillary tooth positions were significantly higher than those of their mandibular homonymous counterparts (all P<0.01). Males exhibited significantly larger intrabony root volumes than females across all tooth positions (P<0.001). This exploratory study preliminarily establishes comprehensive reference data for adult intrabony root volumes across tooth positions, jaw locations, and genders, which may inform the development of tailored bone substitutes to address clinical limitations in graft volume estimation.

Background. The introduction of advanced innovative diagnostic methods and artificial intelligence tools into dental practice enables the creation of digital and virtual models of clinical situations, as well as the planning of the scope, sequence, and type of dental rehabilitation for a patient. Objective. Optimization of standardized diagnostic algorithms and dental rehabilitation planning, based on the combined use of modern software, 3D-technologies, and classical treatment methods. Materials and Methods. We present a clinical case of treatment planning for the comprehensive dental rehabilitation of a 42-year-old female patient, V. The diagnosis and specialists' conclusions following a physical examination and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the temporomandibular joint were: Anomalies of tooth position 1.4, 1.3, 1.1, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 3.3, 3.4, 4.3, 4.4 (K07.3). Painful temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction K07.60, K07.61 – clicking jaw according to ICD-10. A team of dental specialists—an orthodontist, a surgeon, and a prosthodontist—decided to create a comprehensive rehabilitation plan for the patient. For this purpose, 3D-scanning of the dental arches and smile design planning were performed using specialized software and patient photographs (SmileCloud software). Orthodontic treatment was planned using specialized software (Maestro 3D) for fixed edgewise technique and/or removable aligners. After analyzing the diagnostic findings, a staged comprehensive rehabilitation plan was developed. Results. Upon completion of the surgical, orthodontic, and prosthetic stages of comprehensive rehabilitation, bodily movement of the teeth in the upper and lower jaws was achieved. Prosthetic rehabilitation was performed with single crowns supported by dental implants placed in the interdental spaces. Pain dysfunction, crunching and clicking in the TMJ, when opening and closing the mouth, was completely eliminated. Conclusion. This clinical case demonstrates the necessity for dental specialists to be proficient in modern diagnostic and treatment methods to achieve the planned outcome.

Design: Retrospective observational cohort study conducted at university and private practice setting. Objective: To evaluate whether operator experience affects the predictability of orthodontic tooth movements and the overall treatment duration in clear aligner therapy. Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at the Dental School of the University of Turin and in private orthodontic settings. Seventy-two patients (50 females, 22 males; median age: 24.6 years; IQR = 5.9) with mild to moderate malocclusions were included and equally distributed between two groups: 36 patients treated by postgraduate orthodontic students (Group B) and 36 patients treated by experienced orthodontists (Group E). Post-treatment digital models were analyzed to assess discrepancies between the predicted and achieved tooth positions. The accuracy of specific movements—rotation, vertical displacement, and treatment duration—was statistically evaluated using the Mann–Whitney U test. Most of these differences, although statistically significant, remained below established thresholds for clinical relevance (0.5 mm/2°). Results: Expert operators achieved significantly greater accuracy in controlling the vertical movements of the upper central incisors (p = 0.01) and the rotational movements of the upper first molars (p = 0.03), upper lateral incisors (p = 0.03), lower incisors (p = 0.001), and lower premolars (p = 0.001). In contrast, non-expert operators demonstrated superior outcomes in the control of vertical movements of the upper premolars (p = 0.01) and in the rotational movement of the lower canines (p = 0.03). Treatment duration was significantly shorter in the expert group, with a median difference of 4.1 months (p = 0.0037). Conclusions: These findings confirm the importance of clinical experience in enhancing the predictability and efficiency of clear aligner therapy, particularly in complex movements. However, the improved performance of non-expert operators in selected areas—such as vertical control of upper premolars and rotation of lower canines—suggests that conservative movement planning may also play a role in improving clinical outcomes. Overall, expert clinicians achieved more predictable tooth movements and shorter treatment durations, underscoring the value of structured training and accumulated clinical expertise in optimizing clear aligner therapy.

Background: Lingual orthodontic systems have recently advanced with the introduction of fully customized CAD/CAM-based designs featuring self-ligating (SL) mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate the three-dimensional accuracy of a customized SL lingual system in reproducing digitally planned tooth positions. Methods: A total of 280 teeth were analyzed following treatment with a fully customized self-ligating lingual system (Harmony®, Aso International Inc., Tokyo, Japan). Digital models obtained before treatment (T0), from the setup (TS), and after treatment (T1) were superimposed using a best fit algorithm in GOM Inspect. Tooth movements were quantified across seven biomechanically relevant parameters including tip, torque, rotation, buccolingual, mesiodistal, vertical, and overall displacement. Predicted and achieved movements were compared using paired t tests and Bland-Altman analysis. Results: The fully customized SL lingual appliance achieved an overall dentition accuracy of 92.1%. Mean accuracy for linear tooth movements was 94.5% ± 2.1% in the maxilla and 93.8% ± 2.5% in the mandible. For angular movements, mean accuracy was 90.8% ± 3.4% in the maxilla and 89.3% ± 3.9% in the mandible. The highest precision was observed in anterior teeth for mesiodistal (96.2%) and buccolingual (95.8%) movements, whereas the lowest accuracy occurred in rotational movements of the posterior segments (87.1%). No statistically significant differences were found between predicted and achieved movements for most parameters (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The fully customized SL lingual orthodontic system demonstrated high accuracy in reproducing digitally planned tooth movements, particularly in the anterior segments. Although accuracy was slightly lower in the posterior regions, the overall outcomes remained mechanically and clinically acceptable across all evaluated dimensions.

The manual assessment of periapical radiographs (PAs) for image quality is inherently subjective, labor-intensive, and time-consuming. This leads to diagnostic uncertainty, unnecessary patient radiation from retakes, and a lack of systematic quality improvement. To address this, we developed an automated deep learning system for comprehensive PAs quality assessment. A retrospective dataset of 3594 PAs was utilized. Expert annotators labeled each image for ten clinically relevant tooth-position classes and six common quality defects: vertical angle, horizontal angle, crown coverage, apical coverage, cone cut, and scratch. We trained seven independent ResNet50 models-one for multi-class tooth position classification and six for binary defect detection. To enhance robustness and mitigate class imbalance, extensive data augmentation and oversampling strategies were implemented during training. Model performance was comprehensively evaluated using standard metrics, including the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and loss value. The models demonstrated excellent performance, achieving AUC values of 0.997 for tooth position, and 0.996 (poor vertical angle), 1.000 (poor horizontal angle), 1.000 (incomplete crown coverage), 0.994 (incomplete apical coverage), 0.999 (cone cut), and 0.924 (scratch) for the various quality defects. These results indicate that the ResNet50 algorithm provides an effective and highly accurate approach for the automated detection of image quality issues in PAs. This AI tool holds significant potential for clinical translation, its integration into digital dental imaging systems could offer real-time, objective feedback, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy, reducing retake rates to minimize patient radiation exposure, and enhancing overall workflow efficiency in dental clinics. Validation on independent, multi-center datasets is required before clinical deployment.

Fabrication of 3D printed complete denture that maintains tooth position and eliminates the need for a laboratory remount procedure: A dental technique.

Accuracy of a new, slim, and rigid CAD-CAM transfer tray: An in vivo study.

Template-based semantic-guided orthodontic teeth alignment previewer.

Relevance. One of the important issues in modern dentistry is the high prevalence of hard dental tissue defects among the population, which may result from both carious and non-carious lesions. The aim of the study is to improve the effectiveness of prosthetic treatment in patients with hard dental tissue defects using aesthetic fixed prostheses by refining tooth preparation techniques and analyzing the state of local oral cav-ity immunity. Materials and methods. To justify the proposed treatment and diagnostic methods, we divided the patients into the following groups. Group 1 – patients with aesthetic defects of hard dental tissues who, during prosthetic treatment, were provided with metal-free restorations made using generally accepted fabri-cation techniques based on zirconium dioxide and pressed ceramics. Group 2 – patients with aesthetic de-fects of hard dental tissues who underwent examination and prosthetic treatment with metal-free restorations made of zirconium dioxide and pressed ceramics using the proposed techniques. Group 3 – patients with aesthetic defects of hard dental tissues who received metal-ceramic restorations during prosthetic treatment. During the study, standard clinical examination methods were used. Local immunity was assessed immu-nologically by measuring cytokine levels in oral fluid using the enzyme immunoassay method on a Stat Fax 303 Plus analyzer (USA). For the fabrication of modern aesthetic metal-free dental prostheses, digital tools such as ExoCAD and Digital Smile Design (DSD), along with the Mock-Up and Wax-Up techniques, were applied. Variational-statistical analyses were performed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and Statistica 10.0 soft-ware. Results and discussion. A method and algorithm for differentiated preparation of patients’ hard den-tal tissues for the fabrication of veneers and metal-free crowns have been proposed, tailored to the clinical situation, including tooth position, color, and vitality. The developed techniques are based on planning the preparation at the diagnostic stage and controlling preparation thickness with digital technologies, allowing precise adaptation for patients with varying clinical conditions during the fabrication of metal-free aesthetic fixed prostheses. Using this method, intraoral scanning was performed, followed by prosthetic design plan-ning in ExoCAD and Digital Smile Design software. To study the effectiveness of orthopedic treatment, we conducted detailed analysis of the levels of IL-1β and IL-4 in the oral fluid of patients in three groups. During the treatment of patients with prosthetic constructions, an increase in IL-1β levels in the oral fluid was ob-served in all study groups by the end of the first month of follow-up. By the end of the third month, the mean values of this cytokine in the oral fluid approached the baseline levels, except for the patients in the third group. Average values of IL-1β in the oral fluid decreased in all three study groups by the end of the sixth month of follow-up, and after one year the indicators remained unchanged in all examined patient groups. When examining IL-4 levels in the oral fluid, a significant increase was observed in all patient groups by the end of the first month of follow-up. While in the examined patients of the third group this indicator returned to baseline values by the third month of follow-up, in patients of the first and second groups it remained consis-tently elevated. It should be noted that the highest mean values of the anti-inflammatory IL-4 in the oral fluid were observed in patients of groups 1 and 2 and were maintained throughout the entire follow-up period. In particular, by the end of the year, the values of this cytokine were significantly higher by 1.11–1.12 times compared to the indicators of the third group. To substantiate the positive effect of the proposed methods of individualized tooth hard-tissue preparation on the condition of the marginal periodontium and local oral im-munity, clinical examples of patients are presented. A comparison was made between the condition of local oral immunity, in particular cytokine levels, in patients with metal-free and metal-ceramic prosthetic construc-tions. Conclusions. We have proposed the development of an individualized tooth hard-tissue preparation plan based on dental arch scanning for the manufacturing of metal-free aesthetic dental prostheses. The use of aesthetic fixed prostheses based on zirconium dioxide and metal-free ceramics has a positive effect on lo-cal oral immunity, significantly reducing IL-1β and increasing IL-4, thereby promoting faster healing of the gingival mucosa after tooth hard-tissue preparation and limiting the inflammatory process in the periodontal tissues in the long term after prosthetic treatment.

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of an autonomous dental robotic system in performing calcified canal localization and negotiation on standardized three-dimensional (3D)-printed jaw models. Methods: Two pairs of standardized 3D-printed maxillary and mandibular models, containing a total of 56 teeth, 92 calcified root canals, were used. Virtual access paths were planned based on preoperative cone beam CT (CBCT) and intraoral scan data using digital dental design software. An experienced operator controlled the autonomous dental robotic system to perform canal localization, and drilling time were recorded. Postoperative CBCT images were registered with preoperative plans to calculate accuracy parameters, including coronal deviation, apical deviation, and angular deviation. The residual thickness of canal wall at drilling end level, and the success rate of calcified canal location was recorded as well. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of tooth position, jaw position, operation side and calcification depth on accuracy and drilling time. Results: The coronal deviation, apical deviation, and angular deviation of the calcified canal negotiation assisted by the autonomous dental robot were 0.35 (0.21) mm, 0.47 (0.27) mm, and 1.17° (1.35°), respectively, with an average drilling time of 39.00 (25.25) s. The residual dentine thickness of canal wall at drilling end level was (1.24±0.51) mm. The success rate of calcified canal location was 95.7% (88/92). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that jaw position had a significant effect on coronal deviation (P<0.05), while tooth position, operation only side, and calcification depth showed no significant influence on any accuracy parameters (P>0.05). Moreover, calcification depth had a significant effect on drilling time (P<0.05), whereas tooth position, jaw position, and operation side showed no significant influence (P>0.05). Conclusions: The autonomous dental robotic system demonstrated high accuracy and efficiency in calcified canal localization in vitro.

To compare the agreement of three digital model registration methods of different software packages in measuring angular and linear tooth movements obtained with Clear Aligner Treatment Therapy. Thirty-two maxillary and mandibular intraoral pre-treatment (T1) and progress (T2) scans of patients undergoing clear aligner therapy were randomly selected, converted to STL files and exported to Geomagic, OrthoAnalyzer, and Compare model registration software packages. The amount of tooth movement of all maxillary and mandibular teeth was calculated in six degrees of freedom. The angular and linear change in tooth position between T1 and T2 was compared using three different digital model registration software packages. Continuous data was expressed as mean and standard deviation. Intra class Correlation Coefficient for agreement between software programs was used. Significance of the obtained results was expressed at p ≤ 0.01. Differences larger than 0.5mm for linear measurements and 2º for angular measurements were considered clinically relevant. Geomagic and Compare demonstrated excellent consistency in most dimensions (ICC > 0.90), including maxillary tip (ICC = 0.929) and mandibular tip (ICC = 0.912); however, combinations involving OrthoAnalyzer showed the poorest performance in mandibular torque measurements (ICC = 0.484-0.493), with OrthoAnalyzer's mean values (2.72 ± 4.30°) significantly higher than the other two software platforms; in the OG direction, all combinations involving OrthoAnalyzer showed ICC < 0.5, indicating 'poor reliability. Geomagic and Compare software demonstrated excellent consistency in measuring tooth movements, whereas OrthoAnalyzer consistently showed poor reliability for mandibular torque (ICC < 0.5) and occlusogingival movements (ICC < 0.5). These differences exceeded the clinical thresholds (0.5mm for translations, 2° for angular changes) and highlight the importance of cautious interpretation when comparing results across platforms. The use of CAT is exponentially growing in Orthodontics. Studies that compare treatment accuracy by superimposing two digital models, generate values based on a digital registration software. Does the software employed; cause a difference to the values generated, and subsequently our interpretation of accuracy of a given system? This study aims to address this knowledge gap.

Automated reconstruction of missing tooth morphology using a transformer-based implicit neural network: A multi-tooth position evaluation.

Quantification of the effect of orthodontic treatment on the gingival mircroaesthetics is lacking. The aim of this exploratory investigation was to investigate the effect of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy on gingival aesthetics associated with the anterior maxillary dentition. A bespoke gingival aesthetic criterion was used to assess 150 sets of pre- and post-treatment intra-oral photographs from a consecutively treated patient sample who had completed fixed appliance therapy. Five assessors rated the images assigning a score per criterion. Reliability of the method was assessed with concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LOA). Differences by timepoint, assessors, and treatment characteristics were assessed with statistical tests or generalized linear models at α = 5%. In the sample of 150 cases, the most common pre-treatment incisor classification was Class III (n = 57) followed by Class II Div 1 (n = 52). The majority of cases were treated on a nonextraction basis (n = 95) and involved orthodontic appliances only (n = 134). The CCC and LOA values for the aesthetic gingival criterion ranged from good-excellent. Average aesthetic summary scores differed from before pre-treatment [median = 33.9; interquartile range (IQR) = 24.5-45.2] and post-treatment (median = 75.8; IQR = 65.2-85.3) to a significant degree (mean difference = 38.5; standard deviation = 17.8; P < 0.001). No difference in aesthetic criterion points score was evident for treatment plan (nonextraction vs extraction) (P = 1.00) and treatment type (orthodontic only or orthognathic) (P = 0.52). Considerable variation in summary scores among assessors with different specialty/grades was seen (P < 0.001). Gingival aesthetic ratings were undertaken in isolation without the assessment of specific contributions made by soft and hard tissues, and changes in tooth position. Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances can have a positive effect on the gingival margin, gingival zenith, gingival embrasure, connector area, and overall rating of gingival symmetry of the anterior maxillary teeth. However, aesthetic ratings depend on the assessor.

Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) systems may enhance diagnostic accuracy in cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis. However, most validations focus on isolated tooth-level tasks rather than clinically meaningful full-mouth assessment outcomes. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a commercial AI platform for detecting dental treatment features on CBCT images at both tooth and full-scan levels. Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, 147 CBCT scans (4704 tooth positions) were analyzed. Two experienced readers annotated treatment features (missing teeth, fillings, endodontic treatments, crowns, pontics, orthodontic appliances, implants), and consensus served as the reference. Anonymized datasets were processed by a cloud-based AI system (Diagnocat Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA). Diagnostic metrics-sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and F1-score-were calculated with 95% patient-clustered bootstrap confidence intervals. A "Perfect Agreement" criterion defined full-scan level success as an entirely error-free full-mouth report. Results: Tooth-level AI performance was excellent, with accuracy exceeding 99% for most categories. Sensitivity was highest for missing teeth (99.3%) and endodontic treatments (99.0%). Specificity and NPV exceeded 98.5% and 99.7%, respectively. Full-scan level Perfect Agreement was achieved in 82.3% (95% CI: 76.2-88.4%), with errors concentrated in teeth presenting multiple co-existing findings. Conclusions: The evaluated AI platform demonstrates near-perfect accuracy in detecting isolated dental features but moderate reliability in generating complete full-mouth reports. It functions best as an assistive diagnostic tool, not as an autonomous system.

A patient s orthodontic history, along with the patient s medical history, forms the basis for thorough orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. Attention is paid to the patient s care needs, medical and genetic factors, dental history, habits, and psychosocial development. A good interviewing technique is essential to obtaining valuable information. Clinical examination includes extraoral and intraoral assessment, functional examination, radiographic examination, and model analysis, carefully considering tooth position, symmetry, occlusion, and growth. Digital tools can support this work but never replace the professional responsibilities of the orthodontist. Orthodontic diagnosis requires an integrated approach, necessitating multidisciplinary collaboration in complex cases to achieve safe and effective treatment outcomes.

The objective of the present systematic review (SR) was to compare available retainers to determine which one has the highest probability of maintaining astable post-orthodontic outcome. Electronic platforms were searched up to 20January 2024 to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of different retainers in stabilizing post-orthodontic tooth position (PROSPERO no. CRD42023399604). The Cochrane checklist was used for risk of bias assessment. Network meta-analyses (NMA) were conducted for the Little irregularity index (LII), intercanine width (ICW), and intermolar width (IMW) to identify metric ranking markers (highest probability of being the best [PBB], surface under the cumulative ranking curves [SUCRA], and mean ranking [MR]) for the different retention protocols. Eighteen RCTs were included in the SR, and15 in the NMA. Seven studies were at high risk of bias, 7at moderate, and 4at low risk of bias. The retainers were categorized into 14groups for analyzing LII, 13for ICW, and8 for IMW. The NMA on LII indicated that computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) multistrand stainless steel (SS), followed by laboratory round multistrand SS and rectangular flex SS retainers had the highest PBB in maintaining alow LII. The NMA on ICW suggested that CAD/CAM multistrand SS followed by CAD/CAM NiTi and spring hard SS retainers have the highest PBB in maintaining ICW. Very limited evidence showed alow PBB for removable retainers related to LII and ICW. No difference between groups was observed for IMW. There is moderate-to-low quality evidence that CAD/CAM and laboratory-bent multistrand SS followed by rectangular flex SS retainers might be the most effective retention protocol for maintaining alow LII over ashort-to-mid-term follow-up, whereas CAD/CAM multistrand SS, CAD/CAM NiTi, and spring-hard wire retainers might be most effective in maintaining ICW. Intermolar width tends to decrease, but this does not seem to be influenced by the type of retention.

Introduction:Determination of peak growth velocity is fundamental in effectuating the greatest impact of functional/orthopedic appliances with concomitant reduction in the demands made on changes in tooth position and to predict post treatment occlusal stability. Along with clinical and radiological techniques, isolation and characterization of various systemic and local factors, aka biochemical markers have a significant role in the growth process in that they provide the sight to tap their potential to be used as skeletal maturity indicators. A biomarker is a naturally occurring molecule, gene, or characteristic by which a particular physiological or pathological process can be identified. Compound estimations of biomarkers have been carried out in blood, serum, urine, gingival crevicular fluid, saliva, etc., for the prediction of growth and skeletal maturity in the field of orthodontics in order to facilitate better growth estimation. The present study assesses the level of enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum and its variations corresponding to growth and development as a skeletal maturity indicator. In a normal child, growth and development throughout childhood till adolescence imply increased growth velocity, manifesting mainly in height and weight. This increase in skeletal development is contributed to by increased proliferation of osteoblasts. This, in turn, raises secretion of ALP, evidently causing its rise in serum levels. The present study aims to compare the serum ALP level with the radiographic method of cervical vertebral maturation stages (CVMI) given by Hassel and Farman in the young Assamese population.Settings and design:Hospital-based cross-sectional study in the age group of 7-21 years with a sample size of 50 Assamese individuals.Methods and Materials:After taking written informed consent from the participants, they were grouped into 6 categories by obtaining the lateral cephalometric radiograph corresponding to Hassel and Farman’s CVMI stages. 5 ml of blood was drawn from the median cubital vein and gently transferred into vacutainers (clotted vial), then allowed to stand for 30 min and centrifuged at 3000 rpm in the Remi R 8C centrifuge machine. The serum was separated, and serum ALP was estimated following the method: The International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) method for measuring serum ALP activity (IFCC-DGKCh) by a kinetic rate method using a 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) buffer.Results:In both males and females, an increase in mean serum ALP level from CVMI Stage 1 to Stage 2 was observed. After that, the levels gradually become lower from Stage 2 to Stage 6.Conclusion:The present study effectively projects serum ALP as a reliable biochemical marker for growth estimation, useful in orthodontic treatment planning. An extensive study on a larger scale could be carried out to further substantiate the same.

ABSTRACTObjectiveA retrospective study was conducted on 30 cases of replacement resorption after replantation of avulsed young permanent teeth with clinical observation period of more than 2 years, to provide reference for clinical treatment and prevention.MethodsA retrospective study was carried out on 30 cases replacement resorption after replantation of avulsed young permanent teeth with replacement resorption. The clinical and imaging data during posttraumatic follow‐up were recorded and analyzed, including trauma age, gender, traumatic tooth position, root development stage, time of tooth separation, storage media, fixed time, and clinical examination.ResultsAmong the 30 cases, the fastest replacement resorption occurred in the first month after trauma (1 case), and the slowest occurred in the 24th month (1 case). The incidence of replacement resorption was 26.7% at month 3, 70% at month 6, 90% at month 9, and 96.7% at month 12. Fifteen patients showed progressive ankylosis, the degree of ankylosis gradually increased. Analysis and screening of risk factors found that the extraoral time was statistically significant.ConclusionThe study shows that the longer the time in vitro, the more likely progressive tooth sinking will occur, resulting in tooth loss. Therefore, it is more important to popularize the emergency treatment of mean avulsion. How to correctly deal with prolapse teeth, how to optimize the emergency trauma channel, reduce the occurrence of delayed replantation, and prolong the life of replantation teeth will be the focus of the future work of pediatric stomatologists.