Effects of orthodontic tooth movement following ridge preservation using octacalcium phosphate collagen.

Comparison of a magnetic treatment system combined with miniscrews and a conventional NiTi spring for tooth movement and bone formation: A Beagle model study.

Comparative effectiveness of clear aligners and fixed appliances in orthodontic movement of the anterior teeth in adults: A systematic review.

Three pharmacological agents for acceleratory orthodontic tooth movement and subsequent relapse: A randomized controlled animal study.

Labiolingual Loading Biomechanics on Central Incisor Under Different Periodontal Conditions: A Finite Element Study.

SOCS2 deficiency drives sex-specific remodeling of mineralized tissues.

POTENTIAL RESEARCH WASTE DUE TO PRIMARY STUDIES OVERLAP IN ORTHODONTICS SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS: A FIVE-YEAR ANALYSIS.

This study investigates the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on alveolar bone formation in a rat model of orthodontic treatment, with a specific focus on the non-phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) activation pathway. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to either an experimental group receiving daily subcutaneous injections of recombinant human PTH or a control group receiving an equivalent volume of saline. After seven days of pretreatment, an orthodontic tooth movement model was established using a fixed nickel-titanium coil spring exerting 50g of force to induce mesial displacement of the maxillary first molar. In vitro, MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells were divided into five groups to evaluate proliferation and apoptosis under various conditions, including treatment with PTH peptide mimics (G1R19) and the PKC inhibitor Go6983. Histological analysis showed that osteoclast numbers on the pressure side peaked at day 14 in both groups but remained significantly lower in the PTH-treated group across all time points. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry demonstrated significantly higher alveolar bone density in the PTH group on days 14, 21, and 28. Although tooth movement distance increased progressively in both groups, no significant difference was observed between them. In vitro, G1R19(1-34) significantly enhanced cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis; these effects were reversed by co-treatment with Go6983, suggesting involvement of a non-PLC-dependent PKC signaling pathway. In conclusion, PTH administration enhances alveolar bone formation, increases bone density, and mitigates root resorption during orthodontic treatment, potentially through activation of a non-PLC-dependent PKC signaling pathway. These findings suggest that PTH or its analogs may serve as effective biological adjuncts in clinical orthodontics to accelerate tooth movement, improve bone health, and minimize treatment-associated complications.

Mandibular canine distalization plays a key role in orthodontic treatment planning, particularly in cases involving premolar extraction. A three-dimensional symmetric finite element analysis (FEA) model with bilinear periodontal ligament (PDL) properties to evaluate the combined effects of five occlusal conditions-intercuspal position (ICP), incisal clench (INC), right unilateral molar clench (RMOL), right group function (RGF), and no occlusion-and three orthodontic force levels (0.98, 1.47, and 1.96N) on PDL biomechanics. The effects were assessed by measuring hydrostatic stress as an indicator of capillary perfusion and maximum principal strain as a mechanical signal for tissue deformation and bone remodeling stimulus. According to the FEA results, a moderate force of 1.47N produced a relatively favorable biomechanical response under nonocclusal conditions. Intercuspal position and incisal clench conditions were associated with elevated stress and strain concentrations in the PDL. The right unilateral molar clench condition preserved load-induced bilateral symmetry, whereas the right group function condition resulted in differential left-right biomechanical responses in the PDL under asymmetric occlusal loading conditions. These findings indicate that occlusal loading is a key mechanical factor influencing the biomechanical environment during orthodontic tooth movement. FEA simulations that consider occlusal loading can provide comparative biomechanical insights that can guide the selection of orthodontic forces and identification of mechanical risks.

Introduction: Orthodontic tooth movement is governed by coordinated bone resorption and formation mediated primarily through the Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand – Osteoprotegerin signaling axis. Although mechanical force initiates this process, the biological rate of remodeling remains a limiting factor. CRISPR-based transcriptional activation presents a novel strategy to amplify force-induced molecular responses. Material and Methods: Human periodontal ligament stem cells were exposed to simulated compressive orthodontic force (2 g/cm²) and subjected to CRISPR-dCas9-VPR–mediated activation of the TNFSF11 (RANKL) promoter. Samples were divided into control, force-only, scramble control, and CRISPR-RANKL groups. Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 assay, while gene and protein expression of RANKL, OPG, and RUNX2 were evaluated using RT-qPCR and ELISA. Results: Cell viability exceeded 90% across all groups, indicating no cytotoxic effects. CRISPR-mediated activation significantly enhanced RANKL expression under compressive force, producing a marked increase in the RANKL/OPG ratio compared with force alone (p < 0.001). RUNX2 expression was reduced under compression, consistent with osteoclastic dominance, and was unaffected by CRISPR modulation. Conclusion: CRISPR-dCas9-VPR–based activation of RANKL synergistically augments mechanical force–induced osteoclastic signaling in periodontal ligament stem cells. This proof-of-concept study highlights the potential of epigenetic modulation as a precision approach for biologically accelerating orthodontic tooth movement.

Use of high-frequency vibration to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement during en-masse retraction in adults aged 18-25 years: A single-center, double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Ultrasound and vibration have been recently introduced as methods to enhance orthodontic treatment. Although multiple patents were designed for the intraoral application, the current study aimed to assess the effect of toothbrush-generated ultrasound and vibration, in an attempt to provide patients with a practical and available method that might be used in daily orthodontics practice. The research sample consisted of 36 patients with moderate upper incisor's crowding who were randomly assigned into three equal groups (ultrasound, vibration and control groups). After bonding the fixed orthodontic appliance, the two interventional groups were asked to apply ultrasound and vibration for 15 min/day. Whilst the control group was not subjected to any physical stimulus. A series of dental impressions were taken each two weeks since treatment commencement. Treatment duration and percentage of improvement in Little's Irregularity Index (LII) were used to compare between the groups. The results showed a non-significant difference between the three groups in terms of the treatment duration (P = 0.571) and the percentage of improvement in LII measured from dental casts at all time points. The clinical application of both toothbrush-generated ultrasound and toothbrush-generated vibration, within the used parameters, had no effects on the total duration of treatment and tooth movement acceleration during levelling and alignment of moderate upper incisor's crowding. When comparing both approaches, no differential efficacy was observed at any time point. Future trials may investigate the effects of other parameters of ultrasound and vibration on tooth movement acceleration.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) reflects localized periodontal and alveolar bone remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. Although ALP changes have been investigated during leveling and alignment or active orthodontic movement, the biological impact of tooth extraction timing relative to orthodontic force application remains insufficiently characterized. This randomized controlled trial aimed to compare ALP activity in gingival crevicular fluid between different extraction protocols in maxillary canines over a 6-week period. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in ALP activity across repeated time points. Sixty patients with moderate maxillary crowding were randomly allocated, using concealed allocation into three equal groups: Group A (leveling and alignment only with delayed extraction), Group B (extraction only), and Group C (simultaneous extraction with leveling and alignment). GCF samples were collected weekly from Mesial and Distal sites of maxillary canines from baseline to week six. ALP activity was quantified using a spectrophotometric method. Data distribution was assessed prior to analysis. Due to predominantly non-normal distributions, non-parametric tests were primarily applied, including Friedman's test for intragroup comparisons and Kruskal-Wallis test for intergroup comparisons, with appropriate post-hoc analyses. Distinct temporal patterns of ALP activity were observed across the three groups. Group B (extraction only) demonstrated the highest ALP activity during the early time points, particularly at weeks 1-3, while Group C showed intermediate responses and Group A exhibited consistently lower levels. At T1, significant intergroup differences were observed. At Mesial sites, Group C showed higher ALP activity than Group A (mean difference: 0.59 IU/L), followed by Group B (mean difference: 0.28 IU/L compared with Group A; p < 0.05). At Distal sites, Group B demonstrated the highest ALP activity compared to Group A (mean difference: 1.00 IU/L; p < 0.01), with Group C showing intermediate values compared with Group A (mean difference: 0.73 IU/L). Tooth extraction was associated with increased ALP activity in gingival crevicular fluid during the early phase of orthodontic treatment. Variations in ALP patterns between extraction protocols indicate that extraction timing modulates early biochemical responses in periodontal tissues.

Effects of different numbers of micro-osteoperforations on acceleration of orthodontic tooth movement and alveolar bone remodeling in rats

Introduction: Orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and results are significantly influenced by anterior tooth movement. When orthodontic forces shift teeth close to the cortical bone, further tooth movement becomes more difficult, necessitating Orthodontists to evaluate the range of tooth movement prior to starting orthodontic therapy. Aim: To compare the anterior Alveolar Bone Thickness (ABT) in different sagittal and vertical growth patterns using lateral cephalograms. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study included pretreatment lateral cephalograms of patients collected from the Orthodontic departmental archives of SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India, who had visited between June 2022 to January 2024. Healthy individuals within age group of 18-25 years with no previous history of orthodontic treatment were included in the study. A total of 176 cephalograms were traced manually and categorised as Group 1: Class-I (n=47) (ANB-2-4 degrees), Group 2: Class-II (n=87) (ANB&gt;4 degrees), and Group 3: ClassIII (n=42) (ANB&lt; 2 degrees).The total samples were again divided based on the FMA angle as Group A: Hypodivergent (FMA&lt;22 degrees) (n=60) Group B: Normodivergent (FMA: 22-25 degrees) (n=59) and Group C: Hyperdivergent (FMA&gt;25 degrees) (n=57). Certain cephalometric landmarks (a,b,c,d) were marked and the average ABT was calculated using a caliper/scale, and statistical analysis was done with Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and a p-value &lt;0.05 was considered. Results: The measured values of the U1-lab (maxillary labial ABT) showed significantly higher values for Group 3 compared to Group 2 (p-value=0.024). U1-pal (maxillary palatal ABT) (p-value=0.013), U1-lab (p-value=0.001), and (Md-Alv) (total mandibular alveolar thickness) (p-value=0.012) were found significantly higher in Group A compared to C. Conclusion: The study concludes that Class-III individuals have thicker anterior ABT than Class-II individuals, and hyperdivergent individuals possess thinner anterior ABT than other vertical jaw base divergences.

Root resorption is a common and unavoidable complication of orthodontic treatment, with limited research on its pattern in extraction cases using clear aligners. This study compared the severity of root resorption between fixed appliances and clear aligners in patients who underwent 4 first premolar extractions. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 28 patients with Angle Class I and II malocclusion treated with fixed appliances (n = 14) or clear aligners (n = 14) from 2019 to 2025. The mean treatment duration was 37.93 ± 13.65 months. Root resorption was assessed for both groups involving 488 teeth for right and left first molar and anterior teeth until canine for both arches excluding first and second premolar using the relative root-to-crown ratio on panoramic radiographs and tooth movement was measured using cephalometric superimposition. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to evaluate group differences. The proportion of teeth with no root resorption was significantly higher in the clear aligner group (52.67%, 236 teeth; χ2 = 11.253, P = .010) compared fixed appliance group (42.86%, 192 teeth). For upper anterior teeth, the fixed appliance group had a notably higher rate of moderate-to-severe resorption (40.91%) compared to the clear aligner group (17.14%; χ2 = 33.651, P < .001). For upper first molars and lower first molars, the clear aligner group also showed higher proportions of teeth without resorption (upper first molars: 28 vs 20 teeth, χ2 = 11.333, P = .010; lower first molars: 36 vs 16 teeth, χ2 = 15.692, P = .001). In terms of tooth movement, only the vertical (Y-axis) movement of lower anterior teeth differed significantly between groups: 0.8814 ± 1.01909 mm (fixed appliances, 95% CI: 0.06107-1.82393) versus 1.1314 ± 0.70874 mm (clear aligners, 95% CI: 0.47595-1.78690; P = .017), with no significant differences in other directions (all P > .05). Fixed appliances may increase the risk of moderate-to-severe root resorption in anterior teeth due to continuous heavy forces, while clear aligners reduce severe resorption but require caution during vertical movements.

Enterococcus faecalis promotes orthodontic tooth movement in mice by M1-like macrophage polarization.

Activation of Hippo pathway in periodontal ligament fibroblasts subjected to differential magnitudes of vibratory mechanical forces.

To compare the effects of injectable platelet-rich fibrin (I-PRF) and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the rate and pattern of orthodontic tooth movement, including canine angulation and rotation during en-masse retraction. A single-center, single-blind, split-mouth randomized controlled trial was conducted in 33 female patients with Class I bimaxillary protrusion. Patients were assigned into three clusters: I-PRF vs control, LLLT vs control, and I-PRF vs LLLT. After premolar extraction and initial alignment, en-masse retraction was initiated using 150g force nickel-titanium coil springs. I-PRF (0.5 mL/site) was administered at T0 and T1 (2 weeks). LLLT (650 nm, 8 J/cm2, 100 mW Ga-Al-Ar diode laser) was applied at T0, T2 (4 weeks), and T3 (8 weeks). Control sites received no intervention. Digital study models were obtained at T1 (2 weeks), T2 (4 weeks), T3 (8 weeks), and T4 (12 weeks) to measure space closure and canine rotation. canine angulation was assessed on orthopantomograms at T0 and T4. Data were analyzed using mixed-design analysis of variance. Both I-PRF and LLLT significantly enhanced space closure compared to control (P < .001). LLLT showed the greatest retraction (3.02 ± 0.24 mm), followed by I-PRF (2.82 ± 0.27 mm) and control (1.99 ± 0.42 mm). Group differences were large (η2p = 0.62), and time × group interactions were moderate. Anchorage loss was higher in both intervention groups. Both adjuncts accelerated en-masse retraction effectively, with LLLT demonstrating a modest but sustained clinical advantage over I-PRF.

Comparison of temporary skeletal anchorage device-assisted maxillary molar distalization between clear aligners and fixed appliances: A retrospective cone-beam computed tomography study.