Blade Tools Research Articles

Narzędzia skrawające z materiałów supertwardych Cz. II. Ostrza z regularnego azotku boru

The properties of super-hard materials such as diamond and regular boron nitride, and their application on cutting blades. Discussed are examples of blade tools from these materials in the aspects of production process efficiency and economical advantages gained by using these tools. The first part of the article deals with materials and tools with diamond blades and the other – with the blades of a regular boron nitride.

Narzędzia skrawające z materiałów supertwardych. Cz. I. Ostrza diamentowe

The properties of super-hard materials such as diamond and regular boron nitride, and their application on cutting blades. Discussed are examples of blade tools from these materials in the aspects of production process efficiency and economical advantages gained by using these tools. The first part of the article deals with materials and tools with diamond blades and the other – with the blades of a regular boron nitride.

The Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Bone and Lithic Objects from Faschivka Settlement Site

The paper analyzes raw materials structure, manufacture techniques, and functions in some bone and lithic tools and accessories found in 1992 at Faschivka settlement site located at the Mius river headstream in the Donets Ridge area, district Perevalsk, region of Lugansk. The objects of bone comprise the horse metatarsal skate of the «Sadchikovskiy» type, the notched cattle rib scraper, and the cattle mandibulae breakers. These all were attributed here to the late phase of the Berezhnovka-Maiovka culture (14th-13th c. BC) or, possibly, to the very end of the Late Bronze Age (12th-10th c. BC). It turned out that mandibulae breakers have been used exclusively in finishing rawhides and not in fleshing skins as such tools were usually thought. The Chalcolithic artefacts, presumably of the Strilcha Skelia culture (4600-4300 cal BC), are made of dark grey translucent flint of the Upper Cretaceous origin. These include the knife burin, scraper-rasp-planing knife, the planing knife, the end-side scraper, the cutting flake and blade tools, and a blade fragment. The Late Bronze Age «sling stones» were made of a different sort of light grey opaque flint. The rest of the LBA kit consists of axe hammer, hammer, disk-shaped object, grindstone, and quern-stone, all made of serpentinite and lime- or sandstone materials.

Cutting forces on the tool blade

If the cutting force acting on the tool blade at the rear surface is divided into the chip-formation force and the elastic-recoil force of the machined material, formulas may be obtained for calculating these components. The formulas take account of all the relevant factors and permit the determination of the loads on the system components when parts are machined in a metal-cutting machine.

Lithic Production and Consumption Patterns from the Great Platform at Late Postclassic (A.D. 1350–1525) Tzintzuntzan, Mexico

ABSTRACTLate Postclassic period (a.d. 1350–1525) Tarascan economic activities often included higher degrees of political involvement and territorial control compared with other ancient Mesoamerican societies. Here I examine Tarascan obsidian economies through an analysis of lithic production and consumption patterns from structures excavated on and near the Great Platform at the imperial capital of Tzintzuntzan. Four spatially distinct patterns are evident. Great Platform residents used high-quality obsidian blades as ceremonial items or burial offerings and scrapers for craft production. Lower elite residents of Structure F, outside the Great Platform, produced their own blade tools and consumed a higher percentage of green obsidian than residents of the Great Platform. Excavations at Yacata 3 recovered bifacial arrowheads and obsidian bloodletters associated with disturbed offerings. The spatial distributions of lapidary preforms and highly polished fragments combined with accounts from the Relación de Michoacán (a.d. 1541) suggest that lower elites produced obsidian jewelry near the Great Platform.

Mathematical support for automated geometry analysis of lathe machining of oblique peakless round–nose tools

Automatization of engineering processes requires developing relevant mathematical support and a computer software. Analysis of metal cutting kinematics and tool geometry is a necessary key task at the preproduction stage. This paper is focused on developing a procedure for determining the geometry of oblique peakless round-nose tool lathe machining with the use of vector/matrix transformations. Such an approach allows integration into modern mathematical software packages in distinction to the traditional analytic description. Such an advantage is very promising for developing automated control of the preproduction process. A kinematic criterion for the applicable tool geometry has been developed from the results of this study. The effect of tool blade inclination and curvature on the geometry-dependent process parameters was evaluated.

Study on the cutting force in machining of aluminum honeycomb core material

Honeycomb sandwich structure has been widely used in the aerospace industry due to its high strength and stiffness to weight ratio. But the poor machinability of honeycomb core is a key factor that limits its application owing to its weak rigidity in in-plane direction of cellular materials. This paper introduced typical machining defects and studied the machining characteristics of honeycomb core. Almost all the cutting burrs and defects were found to locate on the line with entrance angle is equal to 80° and 170°. A cutting force model was proposed to predict the milling force under different spindle speed, feed rate and tool angle. A series of cutting simulation of honeycomb cell wall with tool blade were conducted to determine the cutting force of a single cell wall. The accuracy of proposed model was verified by a group of experiments under different conditions and the average percentage error is below 5% in Y direction and 10% in X direction.

Linear Band Pottery Culture (LBK) lithic industry from Apc

The general inventory of the chipped stone artefacts coming from the LBK features at Apc indicates that a specific, small scale, local lithic production was conducted on-site. Majority of used raw materials are limnoquartzites (nearly 70%) originating mainly from the Mátra and Cserhát Mountains. The use of rather poor quality local raw materials influenced the technique of working raw materials, which was employed throughout the period of the functioning of LBK settlements at Apc. As a consequence, most tools were made on flakes. At the same time, as early as the oldest phase a limited supply of blade blanks and blade tools, produced elsewhere, was used. The ground stone artefacts and fragments included lower and upper grinding stones, plaquettes with polished surfaces, hammerstones, grinders/pounders. The raw materials used in the ground stone industry are either local (quartz, conglomerate, sandstone) or mesolocal (gabbro, basalt) coming from river alluvia or from the hills at the Hungarian—Slovakian border. Andesites, probably from the Mátra Mountains, occur in small quantities. Thus, the raw materials exploited at Apc demonstrate contacts with eastern region, however the site is the easternmost LBK settlement.

The study of Archaeological Evidence and Technical Change of Hard and Soft Hammer Techniques in the Blade Tool Industry in Korea

The study of Archaeological Evidence and Technical Change of Hard and Soft Hammer Techniques in the Blade Tool Industry in Korea

Blade shape and thickness influence of multi-blade cutting tool during axial impact to the extruded aluminum tube

Thin-walled structures, like crash boxes, may be used as energy absorbers in the automotive chassis. There have been lots of investigations about the behavior of these parts during frontal crashes. Previous researches show that thin-walled circular tube has the highest energy absorption among different structures. In this study, nu-merical modeling of the aluminum alloy tube is done using a 4-blades cutting tool which inserts an impact to the tube with the velocity of 10 m/s. The modeling is performed based on the comprehensive damage criterion of Hoo-putra. By using this modeling, the effects of 4-blades tool with different cutting blade’s shapes and thicknesses on effective parameters of energy absorption including max-imum displacement, maximum force, specific energy ab-sorption and crushing force efficiency are investigated. The obtained results show that the effects of shape and thickness of the cutting tool blades cannot be neglected and a multi-purpose optimization is needed for proper tool design according to the customer requirements.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.mech.22.3.15251

Simulation of the influence of the hot-pressing parameters and the mixture compositions in the ZrO2(m)–Al–C system on the hardness and the crack resistance of ceramics

The work is aimed at studying the change in physical and mechanical properties (Vickers hardness HV15 and the fracture toughness K1C) of ceramic tool material obtained by hot pressing of ZrO2–Al–C mixtures depending on the concentration of the initial components and the parameters of the synthesis process (temperature, pressure, and isothermal holding time). On the basis of the data obtained in the course of the five-factor experiment, the relationships that allow establishing the optimum level of baseline are derived for the synthesis of the material with an optimal combination of properties that predetermine the use of the ceramic as the basis of the blade tool (as a cutting insert). In the considered intervals of factors, the derived empirical models can also be used as an interpolation formula for determining the value of the Vickers hardness (HV15) and the fracture toughness (K1C) of materials synthesized in the ZrO2–Al–C system.

Feasibility study on the rotary ultrasonic elliptical machining for countersinking of carbon fiber–reinforced plastics

Carbon fiber–reinforced plastics have been widely applied in aerospace industry as aircraft structural components due to their excellent mechanical and physical properties. The countersinking process of the carbon fiber–reinforced plastic hole is indispensable for the assembly of countersunk head screw. In conventional countersinking process of carbon fiber–reinforced plastics, it is prone to produce the delamination, fiber pullout, poor surface levelness and dimensional accuracy of countersunk hole. As a new technology, the rotary ultrasonic elliptical machining for countersinking of carbon fiber–reinforced plastics is employed, which is a non-traditional process that can effectively improve the surface levelness, surface integrity and machining accuracy of carbon fiber–reinforced plastic countersunk hole. This article reported a feasibility study on the rotary ultrasonic elliptical machining for countersinking of carbon fiber–reinforced plastics without coolant for the first time. The processing principle of rotary ultrasonic elliptical machining for countersinking was illustrated according to the countersinking models and the equations of motion locus. Based on the principle analysis, the surface levelness, tool blades’ path and countersunk hole surface morphology in rotary ultrasonic elliptical machining of the separated and unseparated types were analyzed compared to that in conventional countersinking. In addition, the rotary ultrasonic elliptical vibration transducer was designed and fabricated, as well as the experimental platform was set up. The experimental results demonstrated that the rotary ultrasonic elliptical machining achieved much better results than that in conventional countersinking, such as lower thrust force, torque, cutting temperature, better surface levelness, hole dimensional accuracy, surface integrity and chip-removal effect. The experimental results also verified the feasibility of rotary ultrasonic elliptical machining for countersinking of carbon fiber–reinforced plastics.

Challenge to EDM Slicing of Single Crystal SiC with Blade Electrode Utilizing a Reciprocating Worktable

Single crystal silicon carbide is a promising material for producing next-generation power electronic devices owing to its outstanding physical properties of wide band gap, high dielectric strength, high heat resistance and high electron saturation drift velocity etc. However, slicing of SiC wafer is very time and cost consuming with conventional abrasive multi-wire saw method due to the extremely high hardness of SiC, especially when the diameter of SiC ingot becomes larger. In recent years wire EDM slicing method is being developed as an alternative method for wafering SiC ingots. However, wire vibration and wire breakage problems are inevitable in the process. Wire vibration causes a low cutting accuracy and wire breakage results in a low cutting efficiency. In this study, aiming to solve these problems and improve the EDM slicing performances of SiC, a new EDM wafering method which utilizes a blade electrode is proposed. The slicing process was realized by applying a relative motion between a tensioned blade tool electrode and a workpiece making use of a reciprocating worktable. The development of the experimental setup and the machining experiments are described in detail in this paper. The tool wear ratio, slicing speed, and kerf loss were investigated through slicing experiments and the characteristics of this new method are discussed.

Economic mechanism of intensification of production processing holes blade tool

The aim is to increase the intensification of production through the development of aregulatory document purpose drilling mode by the criterion of the heat balance in the cutting zone.An analysis of the deviation of the transverse profile holes shown that its removal isinextricably linked with the control and regulation of temperature deformations tool and the workpiece in a cutting zone, and hence the control state of the temperature in the cutting zone.Technical solution of the problem involves the development of advanced designs of axial tools, theprocessing of which using conventional circuits and processing modes will improve the quality ofthe transverse profile of the hole.The results obtained in the theoretical principles formed the basis for the development of theenterprise standard "Appointment of cutting conditions during machining holes combined axial tool."

Experimental archaeology Approach on the blade tool techniques of Upper Paleolithic in Korea

Experimental archaeology Approach on the blade tool techniques of Upper Paleolithic in Korea

Electric discharge sawing of hybrid metal matrix composites

Electric discharge sawing process is a novel process for the enrichment of capabilities of electric discharge machining. The process has been developed to cut materials at greater depths where the effect of flushing becomes ineffective. During electric discharge machining at greater depths, ineffective flushing prevents debris and carbon particles from leaving the machining zone and gets accumulated in the sparking zone reducing the spark efficiency. This reduces material removal rate and causes arcing or short circuiting which may damage the workpiece and/or tool surface. In the present experimental endeavor, a new process capable of preventing debris accumulation during machining of slots at large depth and subsequently increasing material removal rate has been developed. In the process, a reciprocating motion is given to the tool blade similar to the power hacksaw blade. An experimental investigation based on central composite design has been conducted on hybrid metal matrix composite to evaluate the effect of input parameters on material removal rate and tool wear rate. It has been found that the electric discharge sawing process is quick and effective as compared to the conventional cutting process.

Design and production a special machine for manufacturing of regular polygons

Abstract. For mass production of similar workpieces, the time of production and dimensional accuracy are important parameters. Accessibility to suitable quality and accurate dimensional tolerances are obtained through the use of appropriate machines and applying of right parameters. In this research, a suitable mechanism has been designed to produce the regular polygons around the circumference of circular workpieces. Meanwhile the working conditions, both the tool and the workpiece rotate around their axes and by touching the tool blades to the workpiece, the final workpiece is machined in a short time (lower than 30s) according to tolerances required. Reaching to high precision and accurate shape of workpiece is due to the use of accurate machine elements in the mechanism. In this machine, more than 150 parts such as mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, and electrical parts have been elaborately designed and used. In addition, presence of PLC, proximity sensors, and solenoid valves equipped by machine were attributed to production of each workpiece in desired time.

УСОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИХ МЕТОДОВ РАСЧЕТОВ ТЕМПЕРАТУРНЫХ ПОЛЕЙ В СИСТЕМЕ РЕЗАНИЯ

This paper presents the detailed analytical method of calculation of temperature fields for the blade tool cutting process. The author considers in details the heat sources forms during cutting, the possibility and necessity of schematization both of the heat sources and the forms of interacting bodies. The calculation of temperature in the zone of primary plastic deformation is carried out taking into account the mutual influence of temperature on the intensity of shear stresses within this area. The author determined that the distribution of intensity of friction source along the back surface is stipulated by the nature of changes in friction induced shear stresses and is little different from the uniform one. The author offered the accurate solution of the issue of calculating temperature within the half-space from the action of a rectangular constant rate heat source. Thus, it became possible to determine the rate of constant heat flows on the front and back surfaces. The author tested a hypothesis about the constancy of heat flows rate. For this purpose, each final heat source was presented as a combination of elementary uniform heat sources. The research proved the large non-uniformity of rate distribution of heat sources that act on the cutting tool surfaces. This made it possible to identify new patterns of temperature distribution on the front and back surfaces of tool within various combinations of heat conductivity of the processed and tool materials, as well as the tool wear. The author identified the essential influence of body deferred on the front surface on the amount and direction of heat flows within the front and back surfaces – to the tool or to the blank part, and eventually on the temperature of cutting tool contact surfaces. It allowed development of guidelines for selecting optimal tool material for processing of blank parts with different heat conductivity.

Finite Element Simulation on Tool Strength of Rough Turning Cylinder

In this paper, numerical simulation method is used to study the turning tool strength by Deform 3D in the process of rough machining high strength steel (2.25Cr-1Mo-0.25V).It mainly studies the effect of the feed rate on the cutting force. At the same time, non-uniform distribution cutting force got from the simulation results is taken as the numerical simulation mechanical load of turning tool blade strength to study the influence of feed rate on the turning tool strength. The simulation results show that: with the feed increasing, the mechanical load that turning tool blade bears increases. The maximum effective stress and displacement of the turning tool blade is also increased.

Blade Technology in Clovis Assemblages in Kentucky: A Brief Comparison with Old World Technologies

During the Upper Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic of the Old World, the use of blade and bladelet technology was widespread in parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. In contrast to this situation, the use of elongated debitage in North America occurs relatively infrequently during the Pre-Clovis and Clovis periods. This article examines three assemblages from the Adams and Joe Priddy sites in Kentucky and the Nuckolls site in Tennessee, and notes possible differences between Clovis blade manufacture and use, versus blade production in many Old World settings. These differences include the intensity of core reduction, the relative frequency and proportions of blades (and bladelets), the diversity of blade tool forms, and the percentage of retouched blade tools to unretouched blades.