Tons Of Rice Research Articles

Intensification of Cropping through Utilization of Fallow Period and Unutilized Land Resources in Bangladesh

Unavailability of suitable technologies including stress-tolerant cultivars, management options, irrigation facilities as well as extension supports are the key challenges for intensification of cropping through horizontal and vertical extension approaches. This study assesses the potential for increasing rice production through a horizontal extension approach. Historical and projected trend of area and production of rice, major cropping patterns and cropping intensity, as well as expert opinion, were the basis for extrapolation of the intensity of cropping by 2030. The analysis shows that about 1.52 M ha area with fallow period of the existing major cropping patterns and 0.65 M ha fallow land is potential for additional rice cropping. Resulting from that about 5.8 million tons additional rice can be added to total rice production in the country. An inclusion of a rice crop in certain percentage of the existing major cropping patterns, such as Boro-Fallow-T. Aman (25%), Boro-Fallow-Fallow (50%) and Fallow-Fallow-T. Aman (40%) may contribute, respectively 1.38 million tons, 1.57million tons and 0.80 million tons of rice in the total rice production. Besides, the addition of a certain percentage of cultural waste (50%), marshy land (25%), newly developed char land (50%), and Jhum (60%) and other extrapolation areas of Chittagong Hill Tract, respectively may contribute 0.4 million tons, 0.25 million tons, 0.34 million tons and 0.06 million tons rice in the total rice production. Strategic policy supports are required for implementing appropriate action plans to achieve the goals. Bangladesh Rice J. 25 (1) : 89-100, 2021

​Development and Performance Evaluation of a Two-row Mechanical Paddy Transplanter

Background: Paddy is one of the most important staple food in most south-east Asian countries. It is grown either by direct sowing or by transplanting under wetland conditions depending upon the availability of water. India produces 116.48 million tonnes of rice with a productivity of 2659 kg ha-1. Manual transplanting of rice seedlings by hand is generally done in stooping posture which is laborious and drudgery. It also requires a huge amount of labour during peak season. Considering the need and to suit the hilly region, a two-row manually operated paddy transplanter was developed. Methods: For picking the seedlings, a four-bar mechanism was selected as the basis of design. The machine construction consists of a float, seedling tray, fixed-fork type finger, chain sprocket system and lugged wheel. For operation, the operator has to rotate the crank handle which transmits the motion through the chain sprocket system and four-bar linkage which in turn picks the seedlings and plants them onto the soil. Result: The machine was tested in the actual field condition and was working satisfactorily. The designed fixed fork-type finger can hold 5 to 8 seedlings at a time. The developed machine was found to be comfortable working at a speed of 0.5 kmph. The actual field capacity of the machine was 0.02 ha/h.

ANALISIS KEBIJAKAN IMPOR BERAS 1 JUTA TON OLEH PEMERINTAH INDONESIA: DATA DAN ANALISIS MEDIA SOSIAL

The rice import plan to be carried out by the Indonesian government is a very interesting issue to discuss considering that Indonesia is known as an agricultural country. Based on data shown by BPS in 2017, around 29.76% of Indonesia's population works as farmers. This means that when rice import activities are carried out, the welfare of 31.68 million people (farmers) will experience a decline. This study aims to analyze the Indonesian government's plan to import 1 million tonnes of rice, from the perspective of the community that is broadcast on the data and analysis on social media. Meanwhile, data and social media analysis can be seen on (Twitter) obtained through Drone Emprit in the period 13-19 March 2021. The results found based on the data displayed by Drone Emprit show that the issue or plan to import 1 million tons of rice is an inviting policy. many pros and cons in society. The policy for rice imports is strongly rejected by the majority of Twitter people because farmers will enter the main harvest, which is when rice imports continue, what happens is a decrease in the selling price of rice from farmers. And as a result, the farmers will experience a lot of losses.

Trade Protectionism and Border Closure in Nigeria: The Rice Economy in Perspective

Rice is one of those staples that Nigerians cannot do without; several tonnes of rice are consumed by Nigerians on daily basis. Yet its domestic cultivation and processing are largely ignored by a greater percentage of ordinary Nigerians. Although scholars have produced fascinating studies on both the domestic production of rice, its international trade, and the border closures that are contrived to facilitate local production, there is scarcely any serious scholarly effort that attempts to examine Nigeria’s rice economy from the political-economic perspective, especially with attention on the gainers and losers during periods of border closures in Nigeria. This study intervenes in the discourse by focusing on the political-economic implications of Nigeria's rice economy. The major thrust of the research is to discover how far the trade protectionist efforts of the governments of Nigeria impact the domestic economy. In essence, it seeks to discover the gainers and losers of Nigeria's border closures.

Management of crop planting in the dry season 2020, an adaptation to the impact of drought for supporting the food security

One of the impacts of climate change is the different of seasonal rainfall characteristics from year to year, thus the conditions for planting schedules and potential planting areas will also differ from year to year. At the beginning of the Dry Season 2020, the competent authority published that 30% of the season forecast zone in Indonesia was predicted to experience Below-Normal rainfall. This paper aims to analyze areas that have the potential to experience drought and recommend crop management in paddy fields in the Dry Season 2020. The methods are to identify the rainfall condition at rice field area, overlay the rainfall condition with the cropping calendar information, recommend planting management, and balance the needs and fulfillment of rice. The results of the analysis showed that the area of rice, maize, and soybean plants in paddy fields that had the potential to experience drought were 1,087,937 hectares, 1,996,156 hectares, and 786,849 hectares. The potential area of maize and soybean to be converted into rice plants are 1,448,110 hectares, and 102,868 hectares. The potential for rice production during the period July 2020 to January 2021 is estimated at around 25.55 million tons of rice. It is predicted that the conversion of maize and soybeans to become rice plants through fulfilling their water needs will result in an increase in rice production to 33.10 million tons, and produce a supplement in the balance of rice availability to their needs during the July-December 2020 period.

Determination of priority locations for the implementation of rice farming insurance: a case study on disaster hazards in Cilacap regency

In 2018, Cilacap Regency produced a total of 793,265 tons of rice, and was the second largest producer of the commodity in Central Java Province, after Grobogan Regency. However, Cilacap is very prone to flooding, thus is grouped into the high flood hazard category. The aim of this study is to determine the rice fields that need to be included in the Rice Farming Business Insurance program. It was conducted using an overlay and weighting or scoring method. The data were the Flood and Drought Hazard Maps obtained from the National Disaster Management Authority (BNPB), and the Rice Field Map obtained from the Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). The results showed that 17,251 ha of the rice farm land were in the priority I category, while 60,742 and 223 ha(s), were in the Priority II and III categories respectively. Furthermore, the sub-district that was most affected by the flood and drought was Kawunganten. In conclusion, the results can be used in the creation of priority policies for the Rice Farmers Business Insurance program

The Bengal Famine of 1943: Misfortune or Imperial Schema

Bengal famine resulted from food scarcity caused by large-scale exports of food from India for use in the war theatres and consumption in Britain. India exported more than 70,000 tonnes of rice between January and July 1943, even as the famine set in. This would have kept nearly 400,000 people alive for an entire year. Churchill turned down fervent pleas to export food to India, citing a shortage of ships-this when shiploads of Australian wheat, for example, would pass by India to be stored for future consumption in Europe. As imports dropped, prices shot up, and hoarders made a killing. Mr Churchill also pushed a scorched earth policy-which went by the sinister name of Denial Policy-in coastal Bengal, where the colonisers feared the Japanese would land. So, authorities removed boats (the region's lifeline), and the police destroyed and seized rice stocks. During the 1873-'74 famine, the Bengal lieutenant governor, Richard Temple, saved many lives by importing and distributing food. But the British government criticised him and dropped his policies during the drought of 1943, leading to countless fatalities.

Properties of Partially Replaced Cement Concrete with Rice Husk Ash

This study investigates the progressions in mechanical properties of concrete by substitution of cement by Rice Husk Ash (RHA) in conjunction with superplasticizers. Rice husk is a by-product of the rice milling process, with inexact generation of 200 kg for every one ton of rice. Diffusion of Rice Husk Ash in the concrete matrix enhance the properties of the concrete. This investigation has been done to determine the strength parameters of concrete with various extents of cement supplemented by Rice Husk Ash. M20 grade concrete (Designed as per Indian standards) was tried with substitutions by weight of the cement amount by 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 15%. Various strength Test results reveal enhancement of strength at 5% substitution of cement by rice husk with compressive strength and flexural strength having an increment of 9.78% and 25.09% respectively as compared to the control mix. Pulse velocity test of the modified concrete at 5% replacement of cement by rice husk ash confirms it as a “good” dense Concrete matrix.

Heterobeltiosis and Economic Heterosis for Grain Yield Related Traits of Boro Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Rice is a staple food for more than half of the world’s population and to increase the yield potential of rice would be a key factor for mitigating global demands of about 810 million tons of rice by 2025. To exploit the economic importance of heterosis, quantitative valuation was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications for 16 agronomic traits of 5x5 half diallel populations during boro season of 2017-2018. Diallel populations were generated by using five selected parents (P1: BRRI dhan28, P2: BRRI dhan74, P3: BINA dhan10, P4: IR59418-7B-21-3 and P5: BRRI dhan67) where, P1 was considered as standard check to estimate the economic heterosis. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant variability among the genotypes for most of the traits except grain length and length-breadth ratio. The results showed that none of the hybrid combination performed better for all the traits over the three types of heterosis. The highest relative heterosis was recorded in P3×P4 followed by P4×P5 for grain yield plant-1, filled grains panicle-1, effective tillers plant-1. Majority of the cross combinations (>60%) revealed highly significant positive heterosis for grain yield plant-1 over mid parent. Heterobeltiosis for grain yield plant-1 was observed significant for 50% cross combinations and could be utilized in hybrid breeding. Whereas, more than 70% crosses exhibited undesirable negative standard heterosis for grain yield plant-1. Only two cross combinations (P3×P5 and P3×P4) among ten revealed significant positive economic heterosis for grain yield plant-1 and those could be exploited in rice breeding.
 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 9(1): 45-53

Rice growing industry of Kyzylorda region of Kazakhstan: trends and development prospects

Авторлар Қызылорда облысының күріш өсіру саласындағы қалыптасқан жағдайды қарастыруда: күріштің егіс алаңы 87 300 га құрады, бұл Қазақстанда өндірілетін күріш өнімінің 90%-ын өндіруді қамтамасыз етуге мүмкіндік берді. Ақ астықтың орташа өнімділігі гектарына 54,5 ц құрайды. Жоғары өнімді сұрыптарды пайдалану есебінен соңғы бес жылда күріш жармасын өндіру 39% - ға, күріштің жалпы түсімі екі есеге артты. Статистика комитетінің деректері бойынша, оның өңірдегі көлемі 2020 жылы 2019 жылмен салыстырғанда 15 мың тоннаға, өңделген күріш 81,2% - ға (60-тан 107,5 мың тоннаға дейін) өскен. Қызылорда облысында 2020 жылы га-дан 61,8 ц алынды, қамбаға 550 мың тоннадан астам күріш себілді. Зерттеу нәтижелері күріш жармасына ішкі сұранысты толық қамтамасыз ететін республика бойынша алынған өнімнің едәуір мөлшеріне қарамастан, ауыл шаруашылығы өндірісінің негізгі саласы және ауыл халқының табыс көзі күріш шаруашылығын одан әрі дамыту, оның экспорттық әлеуетін арттыру болып табылатынын көрсетті. Облыстағы күріш өсіру кешенінің даму қарқыны және осы дақылға әлемдік сұраныс деңгейі талданған. Өңірдегі күріш өндірісінің мәселелері мен перспективалары көрініс тапқан. Бұл мәселені зерттеу республика үшін күріш өсіру саласының маңыздылығын анықтауға мүмкіндік береді, өйткені күріш елде де және шетелде де сұранысқа ие болуда. Саладағы субсидиялар талданып, олардың тиімділігіне баға берілді. Күріш өнеркәсібін субсидиялау бойынша ұсынымдар әзірленген.

Utilization of geospatial technology for land use planning and sustainable agricultural mapping in Aceh Province, Indonesia: a case study

Geospatial technology has developed rapidly and is widely used for various purposes related to geographic location. Aceh is one of the provinces in Indonesia as rice producer provinces. Aceh province contributes about 2 million tons of rice every year, with local consumption of about 650.000 tons. However, rice fields to support sustainability agriculture mapping in Aceh province are still not yet well verified. The shift of land use for non-agriculture is alarming; coincidently, spatial planning to meet the demand for agriculture activities for every regency in Aceh is another crucial issue. With this current situation, the use of geospatial technology is an essential tool. This article presents a geospatial technology for land use planning and sustainable agricultural mapping in Aceh Province, Indonesia, as a case study. Geospatial analysis combined with descriptive using existing spatial data supported by ground-truthing was carried out for this study. The result shows that geospatial technology, a combination of remote sensing data, a global positing system, and a Geographic Information tool, can represent comparison results from different data sources obtained from other studies. The result can also verify the existing data of paddy rice field to land use planning and agriculture mapping activities in Aceh Province.

Optimization of National Rice Production with Fuzzy Logic using Mamdani Method

The purpose of this article is to optimization of national rice production with fuzzy logic using Mamdani method. Based on the results of the study, it is known that four parameters need to be considered to maintain the price stability of necessities, namely production; availability; demand and distribution. Optimization of production by producers and optimization of the ordering of goods by distributors are important steps to maintain price stability for necessities. Optimization of production and ordering of staple goods will have a significant impact on the financial sector because it is closely related to the prediction of the number of raw materials used, production costs, storage costs, and also distribution costs of goods. One of the fuzzy inference methods that can be used for this optimization is the Mamdani method. To get the output on the application of the fuzzy logic of the Mamdani method, four stages are needed, formation of fuzzy sets; application of implication functions; composition of rules and defuzzification. Fuzzy logic Mamdani method can be used to predict the amount of national rice that must be produced. If it is known that the need is 21,908,784 tons of rice and the supply is 65,457,456 tons, the amount of national rice that must be produced is 14,624,592 tons.

Analysis Of Satisfaction and Priority Levels of Jaya Makmur Road Development in Supporting Kurik District as A Rice Surplus Area

Merauke Regency as a national food place is anticipated to create 5.2 million tons of rice each year, identical to 5.41 percent of public rice creation in Indonesian and 88.92 percent of all Papua region. Kurik District is in the second position in Merauke Regency as the largest rice surplus area with a productivity of 47,376.15 tons or equivalent with 27.41 percent. The inadequate condition of road infrastructure resulted uneasy mobility in agriculture between regions. Finding the level of satisfaction between road performance and community expectations of road construction can be done using the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. Meanwhile, the method used in determining road development priorities is the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results of the level of road satisfaction found a gap between road performance and community expectations, namely the need for performance development (quadrant I). While the hierarchical process obtained the priority for the development of the Jaya Makmur Village road is Main Road in Jaya Makmur Village with an eigenvector value of 2.73. This is because Main Road in Jaya Makmur is the main road of Jaya Makmur Village with a condition of 53.19 percent of which is a road with ground level.

Analysis of Chronological Variation in Pedigree and Agronomic Traits of 325 Korean Rice Varieties

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple crop in Korea, which is cultivated over 700,000 ha and produces a half million tons of rice every year. Rice research and varietal improvement have been dynamic, changing in line with public demands and needs. Since the 1970s, plant architecture has been improved to increase yield components. In the 2000s, a new emphasis was placed on grain quality and biotic and abiotic stress resistance, and the rice varieties became more diversified according to reduced consumption and increased demands of processing industries. As a result of extensive research, 232 (71.4%) were categorized as good quality for eating in rice bowls, 27 (8.3%) were high yielding, and 21 varieties (6.5%) were for waxy rice among 325 varieties. The culm length was continuously reduced for lodging resistance, and panicle length and number of seeds per panicle increased. Finally, milled rice yields increased by 13% from 491 kg/10a in the 1980s to 555 kg/10a in the 2010s. One of the potential risks in Korean rice breeding is the narrow pool of genetic diversity. The parental origins of 325 Korean varieties show that 66% of the varieties originate from two Korean-bred stocks and 26% of the varieties have at least one parent from Japanese stocks. The limited genetic diversity has a negative influence on hybrid vigor and may lead to potential problems for Korean rice breeding in the future.

Application Design of Farmbot Mobile App Using Internet of Things on Android

Food is essential for country development. It can impact both sustainability and the succession of the process itself. As for a developing country, Indonesia’s main food supplies are coming from the agriculture sector. It was estimated at least 49.81 million tons of rice must be produced every year. However, this sector has faced some serious threats, the land conversion is one of the major issue, almost 4,000 agriculture hectares is getting convert every year resulting in a mass reduction of food supply. Furthermore, urbanization also decreasing the farmers with a ratio of 0.7 million people annually. These two factors alone will give a huge impact which leading to food shortage. Gladly, the improvements of Internet of Things give a sight at the technological solution. Robotics, combined with IoT, and machinery can produce an agriculture CNC based robotic called Farmbot which functioned to help urban people grow and maintain plants in a small indoor or outdoor area automatically. Farmbot can be controlled by the user using an installed interface on a connected device through internet which allows it to receive command and execute it with great accuracy. In this study, the automation system to operate Farmbot from smartphone devices will be created.

Эффективность выращивания риса в Краснодарском крае

The Krasnodar region is the main rice-producing region in the Russian Federation. The gross yield of rice in the Kuban area is more than 80% of the national total. The rice irrigation systems occupy 234.5 thousand hectares, about 130 thousand of which are sown with rice in accordance with a scientifically based crop rotation. Over the past 5 years, the volume of rice production increased by 114.8 thousand tons and amounted to 823.6 thousand tons in 2019, and the average yield increased by 6.2 centners/ha. The economic indicators of crop production have also increased: in 2019, the total costs per hectare amounted to 89289.0 rubles, which is 24876.7 rubles higher in comparison with 2015. Over 5 years, the growth in all cost items and especially in material costs amounted to 11087 rubles. The cost of one ton of rice for the period of 2015-2019 has increased by 3389.9 rubles.

Closing yield and harvest area gaps to mitigate water scarcity related to China’s rice production

Over the past decades, China’s rice production area has experienced a substantial change in spatial distribution that has exacerbated national freshwater scarcity. To support the development of guidelines for sustainable water use in rice cropping, this study explores the potential for achieving a downscaled freshwater use boundary with high spatial resolution while maintaining China’s current production levels. We found that, to operate within the boundary, which was defined using a water scarcity index, national irrigation water use for rice cropping should reduce by 10% in water-scarce regions, implying a 10% loss in national rice production without further intervention. However, using scenario analysis, we found that the production losses can be reduced to approximately 7% by closing yield gaps, and fully compensated by closing harvest area gaps in water-rich regions. The closing of both the yield and harvest area gaps allows an increase of 6.9 million metric tons of rice (3% of the national production). The water-rich regions which are suitable for double-rice systems show a high potential to increase rice production. The spatial redistribution of rice production under these scenarios resulted in a reduction in the national water-scarcity footprint related to rice cropping of 52–55%. These results demonstrate that, to reach the downscaled water use boundary, national redistribution of rice production is necessary and urgent. Our study provides detailed spatial information to support water and land use decisions.

Potensi Beban Pencemaran Limbah Sektor Pertanian, Perkebunan dan Peternakan Terhadap DAS Bengawan Solo di Kabupaten Boyolali

The Central Java Province is one of Province with a major agricultural livelihood. Central Java is also rice, corn, and soybean, which in 2019 the productivity of rice was 57.53 million per hectare. The rice land in Central Java is approximately 1.68 million hectares and provides 9.65 million tons of rice (BPS , 2020). The agricultural sector also has a large multifunctional value in terms of improving food security, welfare of farmers, and also helps preserve the environment (Tannaim, Hasriyanti, & Nasiah, 2019). The goal for the study is to find out the potential burden of waste on agricultural, plantation, and livestock at Bengawan Solo Watershed in Boyolali Regency. This research using a quantitative descriptive method. Based on analysis of the livestock sector is by far the largest concentrations than other sectors, which could be proved that the highest wast-producing category of Cepogo dentures with a 2027 tons per year of body waste and a cost-burden of 26196 tons per year. This means that the livestock sector growing in Boyolali Regency could potentially produce a burden of pollution that could disrupt water quality in a Bengawan Solo Watershed.

Ratoon rice production in central China: Environmental sustainability and food production

Rice is an important strategic food crop for China concerning food security and environmental sustainability. Ratoon rice (RR) is proposed as a promising rice system to increase grain yield via improving multiple crop index. It is increasingly attractive for farmers due to its high resource efficiency and low labor requirement. Nevertheless, little information is known about the environmental profile of RR production. A comprehensive assessment regarding productivity and sustainability is of urgent importance. This paper aims to investigate the productivity and environmental impact of RR production and to identify its environmental hotspots through life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The analysis was conducted based on land-based and yield-based function units (FUs) using on-farm data from 561 RR producers in Hubei Province, China. The results, which were calculated using the land-based FU, showed that the yields for RR production were an average of 25.3% higher than the yields for traditional single rice production. However, the environmental impacts of RR production disproportionally increased, leading to 23.5% to 35.1% higher pollutant emissions. Opposite results were obtained from the comparisons based on the yield-based FU. The worse environmental results per hectare were canceled out because of its higher yields in RR production, leading to lower environmental impacts per ton of rice. If 18% of the current area that should be planted with traditional double rice shifted into RR instead of traditional single rice, a considerable increase in total rice production would be achieved with minimal environmental impacts. The major contributors to pollutions were methane emissions produced from flooded fields, emissions related to fertilizer and pesticide application, and diesel fuel for machinery. Increased environmental burdens in RR compared to the traditional single rice production were mainly attributed to the additional fertilizers and longer growing period. The study's results indicate that RR can be a viable alternative option to increase productivity with minimal environmental impact in rice production.

Pyrolysis system to obtain carbonaceous material from rice husk used as a precursor

We present the development and validation of a pyrolysis system with a controlled nitrogen atmosphere for the production of carbonaceous materials from biomass elements. Our objective was to use rice husk as a precursor to produce carbonaceous material and explore its application in different technological fields. In Colombia, over 800.000 tons of rice are produced every six months by the leading producing regions such as the Orinoquia region and the provinces of Tolima and Huila, among others. This system provides the opportunity to use agro-industrial waste such as rice husk, an environmental contaminator, and convert it into a useful and value-added material for the development of science and technology in emerging technological fields. Analyses performed using electron scanning microscopy (SEM) have shown that the synthesized material is a porous carbonaceous substance composed of irregular fibers with a hollow internal structure between 5 and 30 μm in size. The Raman spectra show a vibrational response of graphene oxide (GO) multilayer type. These results suggest the GO derived from rice husk can be a candidate for the development of applications in technological areas such as flexible electronic devices and systems, sensors, batteries, supercapacitors for energy storage, and bioremediation systems, among other technological applications.