Neural Correlates of Metamemory Judgments in Worry: An ERP Study.

ABSTRACT Previous research has demonstrated grammatical constraints under which phonologically-related words help to resolve tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states: Words in a different grammatical class from the TOT increase resolution while words in the same grammatical class do not. The present research investigated whether grammatical class effects on TOT resolution result from nonpresented neighbours, which can be activated via nonword primes’ suffixes. During TOTs, participants completed an auditory lexical decision task where one item was a first-syllable nonword prime or unrelated nonword. Suffixes of nonword primes, which lack lexical representations, indicated a part of speech different from the target, same as the target, or ambiguous in part of speech. Different part-of-speech nonword primes and ambiguous part-of-speech nonword primes increased TOT resolution, whereas same part-of-speech nonword primes did not. These results refine earlier theories of grammatical class constraints on phonological priming of TOT resolution by documenting a novel influence of a TOT's first-syllable neighbours.

Electromagnetic Articulography (EMA), an instrument to capture high-precision 3D movement data of the tongue, lips, and jaw, has been widely employed in speech production research, L2 instruction, and clinical rehabilitation. This study introduces the SAIT-EMA database, a Mandarin speech corpus that integrates articulatory and acoustic data from both native speakers of Mandarin and second language learners from diverse first-language backgrounds. The database comprises data from 18 participants (9 male and 9 female), including six L2 learners from Vietnam, Peru, Mexico, and Russia, and twelve native Mandarin speakers as a control group (two highly proficient speakers and ten general native speakers). Data were collected using the Carstens AG501 EMA system, with nine sensors attached to articulators: tongue tip (TT), tongue blade (TB), tongue dorsum (TD), lower incisors (LI), upper lip (UL), lower lip (LL), nasal bridge (NR), and bilateral mastoids (LE and RE). Articulatory data were sampled at 250 Hz, with synchronized audio recorded at 48 kHz, resulting in motion data in.pos format and standard.wav audio files. The speech materials were selected from a Mandarin interlanguage speech corpus, covering a broad range of phonetic phenomena including segments, tones, tone sandhi, and focus prosody-ensuring coverage of key issues in L2 phonetic research. The SAIT-EMA database offers the resource specifically targeting articulatory patterns in Mandarin L2 learners from diverse language backgrounds. It provides a valuable foundation for testing theoretical hypotheses in L2 acquisition and supports the development of intelligent computer aided pronunciation training technologies.

This study investigates the hypothesis that the theoretical framework underlying the Self-Consistency Model of subjective confidence can be extended to feeling of knowing (FOK) judgments and to judgments of learning (JOLs). According to this model, when individuals make a binary choice, their confidence in the selected option derives from the internal consistency among cues that are sampled randomly from a shared pool - termed collective wisdomware. Consequently, confidence should increase with the popularity of the chosen option (the "consensuality effect") and should predict the likelihood that others will select the same option (the "replicability effect"). Applying this framework to FOK and JOL revealed that both judgments exhibit robust consensuality and replicability effects. Results for JOLs further indicated that items differ reliably in the extent to which they elicit replicable cues across different encounters, and that signs of shared collective wisdomware exist even among first graders. The implications of these findings for the characterization and development of collective wisdomware are discussed.

Tongue tip wounds are challenging due to mechanical stress, vascularity, and microbial exposure. Although the 450-nm diode laser allows precise, minimally invasive incisions, strategies to enhance healing remain limited. Exosomes, nanoscale extracellular vesicles, have emerged as potent acellular mediators of tissue regeneration. The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the histological and immunohistochemical effects of 2 commercial plant derived exosome formulations, Exoline and Glow, on the healing of 450-nm diode laser-induced incisions at the tongue tip in a rabbit model. A total of 108 New Zealand rabbits were randomized into 3 groups (control, Exoline, Glow; n = 36 each). Standardized linear incisions were created at the tongue tip with a 450-nm diode laser, followed by immediate injection of the assigned treatment at the wound site. Animals were euthanized at baseline, day 3, and day 7 (n = 12 per group per time point). Biopsies were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome staining to assess inflammation, epithelial regeneration, and collagen deposition, as well as CD31 immunohistochemistry to evaluate neovascularization. Both plant-derived exosome formulations accelerated healing compared with controls. By day 7, Exoline-treated wounds exhibited significantly reduced inflammatory infiltrate, denser and more organized collagen bundles, more complete epithelial regeneration, and higher CD31 expression indicating enhanced angiogenesis compared with Glow. Plant-derived exosomes enhance healing of diode laser-induced tongue tip wounds, with Exoline producing superior histological and angiogenic outcomes. These results highlight Exoline's potential as an adjunctive therapy for functional oral soft tissue regeneration.

Using the phenomenology of retrieval failures to understand curiosity for inaccessible and unavailable knowledge.

To explore the effects of temperature and relative humidity on the tongue color of diabetic patients with different severity levels and their interactions. A total of 1,711 participants were included, divided into five groups based on disease status (no diabetes, simple diabetes, diabetes with hypertension, diabetes with coronary heart disease, diabetes with both hypertension and coronary heart disease). RGB values of the tongue body and coating at five sites (tip, middle, root, left, and right) were collected (30 indicators in total). The month of visit (six categories) was used as a composite temperature-humidity proxy variable, with age, gender, BMI, smoking, and alcohol consumption as covariates. Multiple linear regression was conducted, including the interaction term of month × group, to perform Type III tests and FDR corrections for the 30 RGB indicators and principal component scores. Significant interaction effects were found between the month of visit and disease group on tongue color (PC1: F(20,1670)=12.87, P<0.0001; PC2: F(20,1670)=18.64, P<0.0001). In the diabetes with hypertension and coronary heart disease group, tongue redness and brightness increased by 2.74-3.19 standard deviations during the hot and humid months of July and August compared to colder months (P<0.0001), while the no diabetes group remained stable throughout the year. Forty-seven RGB interaction terms had FDR <0.05, with the ten most significant located at the tongue tip; the R-value of the tongue body was significantly associated with temperature increase, showing a clear dose-response relationship with the severity of complications (trend P<10-¹²). High temperature and humidity can significantly amplify tongue redness in diabetic patients, potentially involving a microcirculation expansion-endothelial dysfunction-oxidative stress cascade pathway, while tongue color remains highly stable in healthy individuals. This interaction effect suggests that RGB tongue indicators may serve as an objective dynamic biomarker reflecting cardiovascular metabolic risk under heat stress.

This study evaluated whether articulatory kinematics, inferred by articulatory phonology speech inversion neural networks, aligned with perceptual ratings of /ɹ/ and /s/ in the speech of children with speech sound disorders. Articulatory phonology vocal tract variables were inferred for 5,961 utterances from 118 children and three adults, aged 2.25-45 years. Perceptual ratings were standardized using the novel 5-point PERCEPT Rating Scale and training protocol. Two research questions examined if the articulatory patterns of inferred vocal tract variables aligned with the perceptual error category for the phones investigated (e.g., tongue tip is more anterior in dentalized /s/ productions than in correct /s/). A third research question examined if gradient PERCEPT Rating Scale scores predicted articulatory proximity to correct productions. Estimated marginal means from linear mixed models supported 17 of 18 /ɹ/ hypotheses, involving tongue tip and tongue body constrictions. For /s/, estimated marginal means from a second linear mixed model supported seven of 15 hypotheses, particularly those related to the tongue tip. A third linear mixed model revealed that PERCEPT Rating Scale scores significantly predicted articulatory proximity of errored phones to correct productions. Inferred vocal tract variables differentiated category and magnitude of articulatory errors for /ɹ/, and to a lesser extent for /s/, aligning with perceptual judgments. These findings support the clinical interpretability of speech inversion vocal tract variables and the PERCEPT Rating Scale in quantifying articulatory proximity to the target sound, particularly for /ɹ/. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.31152061.

The present study compared the gross morphological features of the tongue in crossbred sheep and non-descript goats, emphasizing notable interspecies differences. In crossbred sheep, the tongue was pointed at the apex and exhibited a distinct median longitudinal groove on the dorsal surface, whereas in non-descript goats the tip of the tongue was spatula-shaped with an indistinct median longitudinal groove. The tongue surface in adult goats showed marked pigmentation, while the sheep tongue was predominantly white colored. Among the lingual papillae, variations were observed in the distribution of lenticular papillae. They were arranged in two parallel rows on the torus linguae in goats but irregularly distributed in sheep. Additionally, sheep generally exhibited a comparatively greater density of papillae on the root region. These morphological differences might reflect species-specific adaptations related to feeding behavior and functional anatomy.

ABSTRACT Existing literature on speech disfluencies in healthy aging often categorizes them as indicators of word-finding difficulties, yet disfluencies can arise from multiple sources. To isolate those specifically linked to word-form retrieval failure, this study used the Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) Object Paradigm, a controlled task designed to elicit TOT states under well-defined conditions. Twenty-seven younger ( <25 years) and twenty-six older (60–72 years) adults learned and named newly created objects associated with pseudoword labels. TOTs were categorized as solved or unsolved following phonological cueing. Participants produced more disfluencies during TOTs than during fluent naming, particularly silent pauses, filled pauses, conduites d’approche, and phonological errors, confirming that these behaviors index word-form retrieval difficulty. However, disfluency patterns were comparable in solved and unsolved TOTs, suggesting that they reflect retrieval difficulty rather than retrieval success. Older adults produced significantly more disfluencies than younger adults in the no-TOT condition, pointing to possible age-related differences in metacognitive monitoring, whereby older speakers may experience retrieval difficulty without consciously reporting a TOT. Overall, the TOT-object paradigm provides a reproducible method to investigate the behavioral and metacognitive correlates of word-form retrieval and their modulation by age.

The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is a transient state in which speakers momentarily fail to retrieve a known word despite preserved semantic knowledge and a strong sense of imminent recall. This review integrates cognitive and neural evidence with emerging neurochemical perspectives to develop a comprehensive biomedical framework for word-finding failures. Cognitive models of semantic-phonological transmission and interloper interference have been refined through structural, functional, and metabolic imaging to elucidate the mechanisms underlying TOT states across the lifespan. Functional neuroimaging implicates a left-lateralized fronto-temporal network, particularly the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and temporal pole, in retrieval monitoring and conflict resolution. Structural MRI and diffusion imaging link increased TOT frequency to reduced integrity of the arcuate and uncinate fasciculi and diminished network efficiency. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) introduces a neurochemical dimension, with studies of related language tasks implicating lower γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and altered glutamate concentrations in frontal and temporal cortices as potential contributors to slower naming and heightened retrieval interference. Together, these findings converge on a model in which transient lexical blocks arise from local disruptions in excitation-inhibition (E/I) balance that impair signal propagation within language circuits. By uniting behavioral, neuroimaging, and neurochemical perspectives, TOT research reveals how subtle perturbations in cortical homeostasis manifest as everyday cognitive lapses and highlights potential biomedical strategies to maintain communicative efficiency across the lifespan.

Objective . To give a hygienic assessment of the diets of Belarusian State Medical University’s (BSMU) students regarding essential amino acids and some vitamins’ adequacy. Materials and methods . First to five year students of BSMU aged 20-23 years old (n=63), who gave their oral consent to participate, were engaged in the study using a simple random sample. The data collected for evaluation have been made to arithmetical mean. The average daily protein intake in a diet was calculated according to the tables of chemical content of food, taking into account the loss under heating [15]. To determine the vitamin C body supply, a “tongue” test with a Tillman’s reagent was used, and the assessment of the vitamin A body supply was carried out by the method of determining the time of dark adaptation and color perception. Results . Analysis of the actual nutrition of students showed that it was characterized by insufficient consumption of meat and meat products, fish and fish products, dairy products, vegetables and fruits. As a result of the analysis of the chronometric results of all activities of students, the average daily energy expenditure was found to be 2662,1±80,79 kcal, when the energy from food in the body is 2182,2±148,62 kcal. The correspondence between the amount of energy received by the body with food and the amount of daily energy expenditure was recorded in only 11.3±0.4% of students; energy deficit of more than 10% was recorded in 88.7±0.08% of cases. Based on the obtained results of the average daily energy costs of respondents, physiological need for proteins was determined, which amounted to 79 g. Despite the fact that the share of energy value of diets due to proteins was 16.6%, the proteins in students’ diets are characterized as having limited value in terms of the content of essential amino acids, which reduces their digestibility. They consist of 5 limiting amino acids: methionine, histidine, tryptophan, threonine and lysine. The main limiting amino acids are methionine with cystine, whose amino acid ratio is 54%. Based on the data obtained, a reliable intake level for a protein mixture in this food diet is counted at 1,63 g per 1 kg of the body weight (BWT) of the eating. Based on the data obtained, a reliable intake level for a protein mixture in dietary intake is counted at 1,6 g per 1 kg of the body weight (BWT) of the eating. An analysis of the food diet shows that the consumption deficit of mentioned essential amino acids is due to insufficient consumption of foods containing complete protein. These products include meat, fish, milk and dairy products as well as chicken eggs. When analyzing the diets, it was found that the content of some vitamins and minerals was below the required amount. Thus, the average intake of vitamin A was lower than the daily requirement among 96,2±0,05% of students, amounting to 473,5±13,09 mсg of retinol equivalent, corresponding to 47,4% of the physiological need. The results of the conducted study of the time of dark adaptation in conditions of weak (twilight) light showed an insufficient level of vitamin A supply. The average time of dark adaptation was 2 minutes 59 seconds, 60±0,3% of the study participants had a dark adaptation time within 1-2 minutes, and 40±0,3% had a dark adaptation time within 3-4 minutes. Daily average consumption of Vitamin В 12 among students was lower in 60±0,3% of cases, and was 2,37±0,66 mcg (79% of the physiological requirement). The average vitamin C requirement of students was 60,5±2,2 mg when consumed with diet 46,8±4,77 mg. The “tongue” test with Tillman’s reagent showed vitamin C body deficiency in 7,5±0,12% of students, the reagent color fading time on the tongue tip was 28-30 seconds. Conclusion . The study showed that student’s nutritionis irrational and inadequate. The content of protein and essential amino acids, and vitamins in diets does not provide physiological needs of the body. In this regard, organization and nutritional status of students needs to be adjusted and improved. The actual nutrition of students in terms of energy value and nutrient composition is characterized as inadequate, it does not provide the body with complete protein and vitamins for its physiological needs.

The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is traditionally considered a retrieval failure; however, it may also reflect cognitive advantages in semantic memory. Semantic memory refers to the repository of general world knowledge, including word meanings, objects, people, and their relationships, and is underpinned by a network of multiple brain regions. Prior studies on the relationship between semantic memory and TOT occurrences have yielded inconsistent results, warranting further investigation. Here, we examined this relationship by applying graph theory to analyze the topological properties of the semantic memory network, using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) data from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (Cam-CAN) repository (N = 576; age: 18-87). Our results demonstrated that global metrics of the semantic memory structural network-global efficiency, local efficiency, mean degree centrality, and mean clustering coefficient-positively predicted TOT rates. At the nodal level, increased metrics in the right posterior lateral temporal cortex (pLTC) and left dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) were associated with higher TOT rates. These findings suggest that a more extensive semantic memory, characterized by a richer network of general knowledge, may hinder word retrieval.

Background: Lidocaine hydrochloride (LDCA) is one of the medications used to treat burning mouth syndrome (BMS). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether benzocaine (BEN) can also be used for the treatment and examination of BMS. This study used quantitative sensory testing to investigate the effects of two surface anesthetics on the sensory function of the tongue tip.Methods: Thirty healthy women participated in this study. All participants completed a single-blind, randomized crossover study. Surface anesthetics- (2%LDCA, 20%BEN) and vaseline (control) were applied to the tongue tip. The experiment was conducted over three days, with each drug applied on a different day in a randomized order. The mechanical detection threshold (MDT), mechanical pain threshold (MPT), and numerical rating scale (NRS) were measured at the following points: before application of the drug (pre), immediately, at 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after application of the drug.Results: MDT immediately (P < 0.01), at 5 (P < 0.01) and 15 (2%LDCA: P = 0.0112, 20%BEN: P = 0.0128) minutes after application of the drug were significantly higher than pre-values in both local anesthetic sessions. MPT immediately (P < 0.01), at 5 (P < 0.01), 15 (P < 0.01), and 30 (P = 0.0026) minutes after application of 2%LDCA was significantly higher than pre-values. MPT immediately (P < 0.01), at 5 (P < 0.01) and 15 (P = 0.0057) minutes after application of 20%BEN was significantly higher than pre-values. NRS scores did not differ significantly between measurement periods or between drugs.Conclusions: This study suggested that 2%LDCA and 20%BEN may have comparable anesthetic effects on the sensory function of the healthy tongue tip.

&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis (CIPA) is a rare hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type IV disorder characterized by an inability to feel pain and temperature, with impaired sweating results from mutations in the NTRK1 gene, affecting nerve development and function. Patients often suffer from repeated injuries, burns, and fractures due to their inability to perceive pain, leading to severe complications. Anhidrosis further predisposes individuals to life-threatening hyperthermia. CIPA is diagnosed through clinical evaluation and genetic testing. Currently, no cure exists, and management focuses on injury prevention and supportive care. &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A 4-month-old male infant was presented to the department with a traumatic ulcer on the ventral surface of the tongue involving the lingual frenum and the tip of the tongue. The early eruption of the lower central incisors was observed. The patient had recurrent fever for 1 month and was on medication. Initial diagnosis was made as Riga Fede Disease but later with subsequent symptoms diagnosed as CIPA. The treatment performed consisted of the extraction of the lower central incisors, debridement of the ulcerative lesion, continuation of systemic antibiotics, and regular follow-up. Complete wound healing with the regeneration of tongue was observed after 1 month follow up.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

This study investigates how English Education students experience and resolve Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) states during English word retrieval. The research uses a qualitative descriptive design to explore students’ natural responses and strategies when they temporarily cannot recall a word. Fifteen seventh-semester students from an English Education Department in Medan participated in individual observation sessions. The data were collected using a PowerPoint presentation containing twenty visual stimuli designed to trigger TOT moments and were analyzed through transcription, coding, and triangulation. The findings show that proper nouns were the most common triggers of TOT states, followed by uncommon concrete and abstract nouns. Five main types of retrieval strategies were identified, including phonological, semantic, gestural, interlingual, and associative strategies. Among them, phonological strategies were most frequently used, followed by semantic strategies, suggesting that learners rely heavily on sound and meaning cues to retrieve words. These results highlight how English learners manage lexical difficulties and show that TOT experiences can provide useful insight into mental lexicon functioning. The study also implies that raising awareness of retrieval strategies may help teachers design speaking and vocabulary activities that support faster word recall and reduce hesitation in communication.

This study aimed to investigate the position of the tongue and hyoid bone at rest according to incisal relationships using cone beam computed tomography and to examine whether dentoskeletal measurements are correlated with these positions. Participants were categorised into normal, open bite, cross-bite and combined open-crossbite groups according to overjet and overbite. Linear and volumetric measurements of tongue dimensions and positions of the tongue and hyoid bone were compared among the four groups using one-way analysis of variance and the Bonferroni post hoc test. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the relationships of tongue and hyoid bone positions with dentoskeletal parameters. Downward and forward positions of the tongue and hyoid bone were observed in the cross-bite and open-crossbite groups. Overjet and mandibular incisor-to-mandibular plane angles were negatively correlated with all parameters of the vertical and horizontal tongue and hyoid bone positions. Horizontal skeletal parameters negatively correlated with tongue-to-palate distance, tongue tip ratio, oral cavity airway volume and horizontal hyoid bone position. Vertical skeletal parameters correlated with the horizontal position of the tongue and hyoid bone. The downward and forward positions of the tongue and hyoid bone at rest were related to anterior cross-bite but not to anterior open bite, indicating that the tongue position was related to the most anteriorly positioned teeth. The inferior and anterior positions of the tongue correspond to a constricted maxilla, skeletal Class III relationship, retroclined mandibular incisors and negative overjet.

Background/Objectives: The “tip of the tongue” (TOT) and “feeling of knowing” (FOK) phenomena were cognitive experiences that notably affected word retrieval, particularly among older adults. The study aimed to investigate the influences of age of acquisition (AoA), vocabulary size, and verbal fluency on the frequency and nature of TOT and FOK occurrences as individuals aged. Methods: A behavioral experiment was conducted based on the two-step word retrieval framework established by Gollan and Brown in 2006. Early and late acquisition words were utilized to induce tip-of-the-tongue phenomena and the feeling of knowing. Additionally, vocabulary and verbal fluency tests were administered. Sixty monolingual older adults participated in the study (35 female, 25 male; mean age: 77.66 years). Mixed-effects linear regressions had been used to analyze the data. Results: The logistic regression analysis identified age of acquisition as the most significant predictor of TOT and FOK experiences (p < 0.0001), highlighting that earlier vocabulary acquisition enhanced retrieval efficiency. Notable interactions between vocabulary size and verbal fluency illustrated that increased lexical knowledge diminished reliance on age of acquisition for successful retrieval. Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of early vocabulary acquisition as a protective factor against cognitive decline in older adults, emphasizing the necessity for interventions aimed at enhancing vocabulary and fluency. This study contributed valuable insights into the cognitive mechanisms underlying language retrieval and suggested that fostering rich linguistic environments throughout life could facilitate better cognitive health in aging populations.

Age-related decline underlies cognitive functions such as sensorimotor control, executive functioning, memory, and language production (LP), whereas language comprehension (LC) tends to remain intact or improve across healthy adult lifespan. This preservation likely stems from structural and functional integrity within core language network (cLAN) regions. To investigate this hypothesis, we analyzed the relationships among brain's resting-state functional connectivity (FC), structural connectivity (SC), and language behavior (LC and LP) using a cross-sectional cohort of healthy adults (N = 652; M/F = 322/330; aged 18-88) from the Cambridge Centre for Ageing and Neuroscience (CamCAN) dataset. Six cognitive tasks assessing LC and LP were employed, with neuroimaging measures focused on region-specific connections within the cLAN. Using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs), complex brain-behavior interactions were identified. Behavioral analyses revealed established age-related dichotomy, LC abilities in vocabulary and proverb comprehension improved, and in syntactic and semantic comprehension remained stable, whereas LP tasks, e.g., verbal fluency, picture priming, and tip of tongue, exhibited significant decline across the lifespan. SC exhibited decline in both intra- and interhemispheric frontotemporal and frontal lobe connections, contrasted by preserved or enhanced temporal lobe connectivity, supporting a pattern of frontal vulnerability concomitant with temporal resilience. Age-related FC patterns demonstrated overall preservation, reflecting compensatory mechanisms to sustain functional integrity despite structural degradation. GAMM analyses revealed complex relationships between brain connectivity and language performance across age. Thus, integrating knowledge of brain structure, function, and language abilities, we identified the brain network mechanisms associated with dichotomous language behavior along lifespan.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the relationships between learner characteristics, AI utilization, and learning outcomes in an intelligent nutrition education platform. By examining 109 university students, we explored how prior nutrition literacy, motivational factors, task anxiety, and critical thinking abilities influenced learners' interactions with AI support and their subsequent learning experiences. The study employed both quantitative analysis of pre‐test and post‐test measures, as well as qualitative content analysis of AI interactions. Results revealed that participants with higher baseline nutrition literacy were less likely to utilize AI support, demonstrating an expertise reversal effect. Although prior nutrition literacy significantly influenced feelings of knowing (FOK), AI usage showed no significant direct impact on perceived usefulness or judgment of learning. Analysis of AI interactions revealed a strong preference for factual information seeking, with limited engagement in normative and interpretative queries. These findings suggest the need for adaptive AI systems that can calibrate support based on prior knowledge and highlight the importance of scaffolding more sophisticated forms of AI interaction in educational settings. This research contributes to our understanding of how AI tools mediate learning processes and informs the design of more effective smart learning environments for nutrition education.