Tomato Pomace Research Articles

Lycopene in tomatoes and tomato products

AbstractThis article focused on the content of lycopene in fresh and dried tomatoes and tomato pomace, as well as in tomato paste at different harvest times (harvest 1 – August and harvest 2 – September). The lycopene content of tomatoes and tomato products was evaluated by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the highest content of lycopene was estimated in the tomato paste independent of the time of harvest (211.73 mg/100 g dm in August and 184.29 mg/100 g dm in September) and the lowest content in fresh pomace (20.45 and 16.11 mg/100 g dm in August and September, respectively). Good sources of lycopene are tomato by-products, in particularly dried tomato pomace (25.11 mg/100 g dm – harvest 1 and 19.30 mg/100 g dm – harvest 2). This study showed that tomato waste can be considered as a promising source of lycopene for the production of functional foods.

Influence of Transport Stress on the Adaptation Potential of Chickens

Influence of Transport Stress on the Adaptation Potential of Chickens

Influence of Tomato Pomace Inclusion on the Chemical, Physical and Microbiological Properties of Stirred Yoghurt

Influence of Tomato Pomace Inclusion on the Chemical, Physical and Microbiological Properties of Stirred Yoghurt

Tomato pomace extract and organic peppermint essential oil as effective sodium nitrite replacement in cooked pork sausages.

The effect of supercritical fluid extract of tomato pomace (TP) and essential oil of organic peppermint (PM) on pH, color, residual nitrite content, lipid oxidation (TBARS value) and total plate count (TPC) of cooked pork sausages produced with 50mg/kg of sodium nitrite was investigated. Five batches were produced: T1: 100mg/kg of sodium nitrite; T2: 50mg of sodium nitrite; T3: 50mg of sodium nitrite and 0.150µL/g TP; T4: 50mg of sodium nitrite, 0.075µL/g TP and 0.075µL/g PM; T5: 50mg of sodium nitrite and 0.150µL/g PM. The lowest residual nitrite content and TBARS value were observed in treatment T4. The inclusion of TP increased redness of cooked pork sausages. TPC was the lowest in treatment T5. The results of this study showed that the addition of TP and PM enhanced quality of cooked sausages produced with reduced level of sodium nitrite.

Dietary Fiber-Bound Polyphenols Modify Canine Fecal Endocannabinoid Levels and Improve Stool Firmness

Abstract Objectives Not all dietary fibers are equal in effect. Fiber may entrap bioactive polyphenols (PP), enabling them to bypass digestion and arrive in the colon. We documented effects of fiber combinations on stool firmness and fecal metabolomics in dogs fed a hydrolyzed meat diet, hypothesizing that fiber-bound PP would deliver these bioactives to the colon, improve stool firmness and alter the fecal metabolome. Methods Dogs were group housed, provided daily exercise in outdoor grassy runs, had access to natural light that varied with season and were fed to healthy body weight. Health was monitored through clinical and physical indices. Fecal collections were under IACUC protocols. Fibers were measured by AOAC and PP by Folin-Ciocalteu methods. Nine foods using a base of hydrolyzed chicken and cornstarch together allowed parsing of the effects of fiber-bound PP-containing food ingredients (active blend; AB). Control food had cellulose as a fiber source, AB added pecan, citrus, beet, flax and cranberry. Cellulose, psyllium and pumpkin were explored as supplements to AB. Additionally, other fiber sources were tried alone and in combination: pea fiber, tomato pomace, maize dextrin, silica dioxide inulin, fructooligosaccharide. Dogs (n = 6) offered a diet for 10 days, with daily stool scoring on day 6–10 for firmness on an ordinal scale. A sample for fecal metabolomics by LC-MS was frozen within one hour of defecation on day 10. Linear Mixed Modeling was used to examine diet effects. Results The AB was 65% fiber and 20% PP by weight, with PP mostly in bound form. Stool firmness was highest from dogs fed the AB-containing foods; inclusion of cellulose was not required for maximal stool score. AB-containing foods increased fecal fiber-derived sugars, PP and microbial products of PP metabolism; this was not apparent from foods devoid of PP sources. Across foods, inclusion of whole flax increased fecal levels of long chain 2-acylglycerol endocannabinoids while decreasing levels of very long chain acylethanolamide endocannabinoids. Colonic microbial lipolysis may have contributed to the appearance of 1-acyl and 2-acylglycerols. Conclusions It would appear that provision of microbiome-nourishing fibers, along with fiber-bound PP, may differentially alter acylglycerol and ethanolamide endocannabinoid levels and increase stool firmness. Funding Sources Hill's Pet Nutrition.

Structural changes in bacterial and fungal soil microbiome components during biosolarization as related to volatile fatty acid accumulation

Biosolarization is an integrated pest management strategy that combines soil solarization with organic amendment application. In the present study, soil samples were taken after biosolarization using tomato pomace and green waste compost (GWC) amendments and analyzed to elucidate changes to the soil microbiome, including both fungal and bacterial communities. Following a field trial wherein soil mesocosms were biosolarized for 8 days, the effects of soil depth and soil amendments were assessed via sequencing and bioinformatic analysis of 16S rRNA gene and ITS2 amplicons generated from soil microbial genomic DNA. Structural and network analyses were used to quantify differences in microbiota between treatments and these results were correlated with measured levels of volatile fatty acids in the soils. The results showed that biosolarization had a stronger impact on the bacterial community relative abundance profile than on the fungal community at the phylum and order levels. However, at the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) level, biosolarization treatment had a significant impact on both fungal and bacterial communities, across soil depth and GWC addition. Co-occurrence microbial network analysis revealed a unique circular network consisting of 8 discrete clusters. Correlation between the clusters and soil volatile fatty acid (VFA) production suggested that the bacterial Clostridium, Weissella and Acetobacter genera tolerate, and perhaps drive, VFA accumulation. Notable fungal community effects included significantly reduced relative abundance within genera known to contain plant pathogenic members, such as Gibberella, Haematonectria, Fusarium, Aspergillus and Alternaria.

Production of Sustainable and Biodegradable Polymers from Agricultural Waste.

Agro-wastes are derived from diverse sources including grape pomace, tomato pomace, pineapple, orange, and lemon peels, sugarcane bagasse, rice husks, wheat straw, and palm oil fibers, among other affordable and commonly available materials. The carbon-rich precursors are used in the production bio-based polymers through microbial, biopolymer blending, and chemical methods. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 20–30% of fruits and vegetables are discarded as waste during post-harvest handling. The development of bio-based polymers is essential, considering the scale of global environmental pollution that is directly linked to the production of synthetic plastics such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PET). Globally, 400 million tons of synthetic plastics are produced each year, and less than 9% are recycled. The optical, mechanical, and chemical properties such as ultraviolet (UV) absorbance, tensile strength, and water permeability are influenced by the synthetic route. The production of bio-based polymers from renewable sources and microbial synthesis are scalable, facile, and pose a minimal impact on the environment compared to chemical synthesis methods that rely on alkali and acid treatment or co-polymer blending. Despite the development of advanced synthetic methods and the application of biofilms in smart/intelligent food packaging, construction, exclusion nets, and medicine, commercial production is limited by cost, the economics of production, useful life, and biodegradation concerns, and the availability of adequate agro-wastes. New and cost-effective production techniques are critical to facilitate the commercial production of bio-based polymers and the replacement of synthetic polymers.

Improving Nutritional Qualities of Tomato Pomace by Pleurotus ostreatus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium Fermentation

In this study, it was aimed to improve nutrient quality by fermenting tomato pomace with Pleurotus ostreatus (P. ostreatus) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (P. chrysosporium). Tomato pomace was incubated for 21 days at optimized conditions of pH (3.50-5.50), temperature (24-28 oC), moisture content (68% w w-1), aeration (0,25 L min-1) and stirring rates (10 rpm). Three samples taken at each incubation time were chemically analyzed. The results indicated that fermentation with P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium significanly increased ash content by 25 and 21%, crude protein content by 16 and 30%, respectively (P<0.05). Fermentation with P. ostreatus decreased ether extract content from 7.22% to 0.29% at 21th day (P<0.05). However, there was an increase of ether extract content with P. chrysosporium fermentation (from 7.22 to 11.62% at 21 day) (P<0.05). Crude fiber of tomato pomace with P. chrysosporium were reduced by 64% (P<0.05). Both fungal fermentations reduced total reducing sugar content by about 30% (P<0.05). Fermentation with P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium significantly changed tannin and pectin levels (P<0.05). As a result, fungal fermentation caused to nutritionally enriched tomato pomace with added active compounds, and could be used as functional feed in animal nutrition.

Effect of Incorporation of Corn Bran, Dried Carrot Pomace and Dried Tomato Pomace on Quality Attributes of Chicken Nuggets

A study was conducted to improve dietary fibre content of chicken nuggets by incorporating corn bran (CB), dried carrot pomace (DCP) and dried tomato pomace (DTP) as dietary fibre sources. Lean meat was replaced with each dietary fibre source at 3%, 6% and 9% level. One product from each fibre source was selected on the basis of sensory evaluation. Sensory acceptability of 3% fibre treated nuggets was comparable with control and further increase in fibre level resulted in a decline in sensory acceptability. All CB and DCP treated nuggets were harder and firmer than control while 3% DTP treated nuggets were harder than control. Fibre addition resulted in less springier and less cohesive nuggets. Yellowness increased in DCP added nuggets while both redness and yellowness increased in DTP added nuggets. Fibre treated nuggets had less moisture and cholesterol content and higher protein, ash, crude fibre, emulsion stability and cooking yield. pH of DCP and DTP treated nuggets was lower than control. Drastic increase in total dietary fibre and insoluble dietary fibre content was observed in treated nuggets. Sensory scores of nuggets declined significantly while thiobarbituric acid reacting substance value (TBARS) and microbial counts increased significantly during refrigerated storage. It is concluded that incorporation of dietary fibre at 6% level resulted in healthier and fibre enriched nuggets with higher cooking yield and acceptability upto 15th day of refrigerated storage.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Crude Extracts of Raw and Fermented Tomato Pomace and Their Correlations with Aglycate-Polyphenols.

Two tomato pomace (TP) were studied as feedstocks to obtain extracts that are rich in polyphenols. TPs prompt degradation impairs biomass safety, thus naturally present microflora were tested to perform conservation, and own lactic bacteria became predominant after 60 days of treatment. The extracts of TPs and TPs fermented (TPF) were chemically characterized and tested for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Flavonoids and phenolic acids were classed as aglycone-polyphenols (A-PP), the most bioactive polyphenol fraction. Fermentation led to a reduction of the A-PP amount, but no significant change in composition. Antioxidant power increased, despite the A-PP reduction, for the presence of fermentation metabolites having aromatic-substituent. TP and TPF both have anti-inflammatory properties that were strictly dependent upon the A-PP content. Fermentation preserved the anti-inflammatory activity and the Partial Least Square (PLS) identified as the most active molecules naringenin chalcone, kaempferol, gallic acid, and cinnamic acid, together with the definition of the active dose.

Supplementation of by-products from grape, tomato and myrtle affects antioxidant status of dairy ewes and milk fatty acid profile.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing different dried by-products on milk and blood plasma antioxidant capacity of dairy ewes. Thirty-six Sarda ewes were assigned to four treatments: control (CON; no by-product), 100g/day of grape marc (GM), 100g/day tomato pomace (TP) and 75g/day of exhausted myrtle berries (EMBs). The superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in blood, and SOD, GR and lactoperoxidase (LPO) in milk were determined. Total antioxidant capacity (FRAP and ABTS assays), malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyls (PCs) were also measured. Milk fatty acid profile was investigated by gas chromatography. The results showed higher antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP or ABTS assays and a reduction in MDA in GM plasma than CON. All by-products enhanced the protection of milk proteins by oxidation, as evidenced by lower values of PCs compared with CON. GM supplementation increased PUFAn-6, due to increase in C18:2n-6, the main component of GM compared with CON. All by-products did not modify the nutritional indexes of milk fat. In conclusion, dietary GM may enhance protection against oxidative condition of dairy ewes, whereas TP and EMB need further research to define the optimum inclusion level in sheep diet.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of tomato pomace: Evaluation of the solubility of lycopene in tomato oil as limiting factor of the process performance

This work considered lycopene (lyc) amount and (all-E)-lyc:Z-lyc (E:Z) ratio as driving parameters of the tomato pomace (TP) supercritical CO2 extraction (SFE_CO2) performance. By testing lyc concentrations solubilization in tomato seed oil and E:Z ratios of 75:25, 59:39 and 25:75, full and partial equations (SE) were calculated. The application of mass balances to experimental TP_SFE_CO2 highlighted an extraction yield of 84.6% TP lyc, although the recovery into the extract was 48.4% of the extracted lyc (lyc = 1339 μg g−1 oil). The SE application to TP_SFE_CO2 data confirmed that partial solubilization mainly depended on oil availability vs. lyc amount. Thus an improved TP_SFE_CO2 was designed in which 703 g of exogenous tomato oil will be fluxed from the co-solvent tank: the new process will produce 884 g kg−1 d.m. of extract with an expected recovery of 99.3% of the extractable lyc (lyc = 502 μg g−1 oil).

Protective Role of Lycopene Extracted from Tomato (Tomato pomace) against Gamma Irradiation or Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Brain and Liver Toxicity in Male Albino Rats

Background: Based on the effect of substance possessing antioxidant effect previously reported, it was hypothesized that lycopene extracted from tomato (Tomato pomace), a substance possessing antioxidant activity, might be able to protect against oxidative stress induced by either carbon tetrachloride or gamma radiation. Materials and Methods: A total of 72 experimental male albino rats were randomly divided into equal six groups of twelve rats each. Group 1: served as the control group. Group 2: rats were administrated with (5 gm) tomato extract/kg body weight by gastric lavage tube for 15 days. Group 3: rats were exposed to single dose (10 Gy) whole body gamma irradiation. Group 4: rats were administered with CCl4 only in groundnut oil (1:1) at a dose of 3 ml/kg body weight by single intraperitoneal administration. Group 5: rats were treated with lycopene extract for 15 days before exposure to single dose (10 Gy) whole body gamma irradiation. Group 6: rats were treated with lycopene extract for 15 days before administered with CCl4 for 15 days. Results: showed highly significant increase in activities of alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum, 24 hours after CCl4 administration or radiation exposure. Highly significant decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) content in the brain tissues. Meanwhile, highly significant increase in MDA content in the brain tissues. Supplementation with lycopene before CCl4 intraperitoneal administration or radiation exposure, exerted marked amelioration of CCl4 and ionized radiation induced disturbances in all the investigated parameters. Histopathological evaluation of the tissues also demonstrated a significant decrease in cellular degeneration and infiltration parameters after lycopene administration. Therefore, lycopene could have a beneficial role in modulating oxidative stress by improving the natural antioxidant mechanism. Conclusion: Administration of lycopene by using suitable stomach tube pre-CCl4 intraperitoneal administration or gamma irradiated has significantly ameliorated the disturbances induced in all the investigated parameters.

Protective Role of Lycopene Extracted from Tomato (Tomato pomace) against Gamma Irradiation or Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Brain and Liver Toxicity in Male Albino Rats

Background: Based on the effect of substance possessing antioxidant effect previously reported, it was hypothesized that lycopene extracted from tomato (Tomato pomace), a substance possessing antioxidant activity, might be able to protect against oxidative stress induced by either carbon tetrachloride or gamma radiation. Materials and Methods: A total of 72 experimental male albino rats were randomly divided into equal six groups of twelve rats each. Group 1: served as the control group. Group 2: rats were administrated with (5 gm) tomato extract/kg body weight by gastric lavage tube for 15 days. Group 3: rats were exposed to single dose (10 Gy) whole body gamma irradiation. Group 4: rats were administered with CCl4 only in groundnut oil (1:1) at a dose of 3 ml/kg body weight by single intraperitoneal administration. Group 5: rats were treated with lycopene extract for 15 days before exposure to single dose (10 Gy) whole body gamma irradiation. Group 6: rats were treated with lycopene extract for 15 days before administered with CCl4 for 15 days. Results: showed highly significant increase in activities of alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in serum, 24 hours after CCl4 administration or radiation exposure. Highly significant decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione (GSH) content in the brain tissues. Meanwhile, highly significant increase in MDA content in the brain tissues. Supplementation with lycopene before CCl4 intraperitoneal administration or radiation exposure, exerted marked amelioration of CCl4 and ionized radiation induced disturbances in all the investigated parameters. Histopathological evaluation of the tissues also demonstrated a significant decrease in cellular degeneration and infiltration parameters after lycopene administration. Therefore, lycopene could have a beneficial role in modulating oxidative stress by improving the natural antioxidant mechanism. Conclusion: Administration of lycopene by using suitable stomach tube pre-CCl4 intraperitoneal administration or gamma irradiated has significantly ameliorated the disturbances induced in all the investigated parameters.

A Promising Food Waste for Food Fortification: Characterization of Dried Tomato Pomace and Its Cold Pressed Oil

A Promising Food Waste for Food Fortification: Characterization of Dried Tomato Pomace and Its Cold Pressed Oil

Temporal Responses of Microbial Communities to Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation

Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is an organic amendment-based management tool for controlling soil-borne plant diseases and is increasingly used in a variety of crops. ASD results in a marked decrease in soil redox potential and other physicochemical changes, and a turnover in the composition of the soil microbiome. Mechanisms of ASD-mediated pathogen control are not fully understood, but appear to depend on the carbon source used to initiate the process and involve a combination of biological (i.e., release of volatile organic compounds) and abiotic (i.e., lowered pH, release of metal ions) factors. In this study, we examined how the soil microbiome changes over time in response to ASD initiated with rice bran, tomato pomace, or red grape pomace as amendments using growth chamber mesocosms that replicate ASD-induced field soil redox conditions. Within 2 days, the soil microbiome rapidly shifted from a diverse assemblage of taxa to being dominated by members of the Firmicutes for all ASD treatments, whereas control mesocosms maintained diverse and more evenly distributed communities. Rice bran and tomato pomace amendments resulted in microbial communities with similar compositions and trajectories that were different from red grape pomace communities. Quantitative PCR showed nitrogenase gene abundances were higher in ASD communities and tended to increase over time, suggesting the potential for altering soil nitrogen availability. These results highlight the need for temporal and functional studies to understand how pathogen suppressive microbial communities assemble and function in ASD-treated soils.

Consumer Response to Tomato Pomace Powder as an Ingredient in Bread: Impact of Sensory Liking and Benefit Information on Purchase Intent.

This study evaluated consumer acceptance and purchase intent (PI) for bread formulated with dried tomato pomace powder (DTPP). DTPP was used to substitute 5 or 10% by weight for a 50/50 mix of white and whole-wheat flour used in a control bread. Consumers (n=231) evaluated sensory attributes and PI on the breads, which were produced and presented as slices from a typical commercial sandwich loaf. Before answering PI questions, panelists were presented with information regarding the DTPP ingredient. Some received information on nutritional quality, some on sustainability impact, some both, some neither. This approach allowed the impacts of those messages on PI to be tested, along with impact of liking, price, and other factors. PI was analyzed using a fractional logistic model. Statistically significant differences were observed in several sensory attributes, some favoring the DTPP ingredient with overall liking very similar for the 5% DTPP and control bread samples. Price and overall liking were highly significant variables effecting PI. DTPP proved to be an excellent ingredient to replace a portion of wheat flours to improve nutritional value of bread products. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study shows that dried tomato pomace powder (DTPP) has potential application as an ingredient, since it improved nutritional content, appearance, and color appeal of wheat bread. Furthermore, food producers who are considering the use of byproducts in their product formulations should be encouraged by the finding that informed consumers were as willing to purchase the bread with the ingredient, as they were to purchase a typical comparable sandwich bread without it. Furthermore, both a nutrition message and a sustainability message can increase PI for the bread containing the byproduct relative to their PI toward the control bread.

Effects of Tomato Pomace Composts on Yield and Quality of Processing Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

Organic farming encourages the use of organic waste materials as substitutes for chemical fertilizers. Tomato pomace presents an alternative to inorganic fertilizer. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the influence of tomato pomace composts and nitrogen fertilization on agronomic and quality parameters of the processing tomato. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and five fertilization treatments (untreated, nitrogen fertilizer, tomato pomace with biocyclic humus soil, tomato pomace with manure and tomato pomace with plant residues). The results showed that the highest average fruit weight and fruit yield (163.4 t/ha) were found in plots subjected to nitrogen fertilization, while the highest total soluble solids content (4.29 °Brix), and L* and a* colour parameters, important quality parameters to processing tomato industry, were obtained through the application of tomato pomace mixed with biocyclic humus soil making organic tomatoes suitable for processing tomato industry.

Emulsifying properties of pectic polysaccharides obtained by sequential extraction from black tomato pomace

The polysaccharides in black tomato pomace (BTP) were extracted by water, cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diamine tetraacetic acid, Na2CO3 and KOH to obtain hemicellulose fraction (HF) and pectic fractions including water-soluble pectin (WEP), chelator-extractable pectin (CEP), sodium carbonate extractable pectin (NEP). Structural characterization indicated that WEP, CEP and NEP were high-methylated (68.02%, 61.58% and 59.70%, respectively). Percentage content of the major domain, linear homogalacturonan (HG), in WEP, CEP and NEP were 70.44%, 84.07% and 60.08%, respectively, while the percentage content of branched rhamnogalacturonan (RG-I) were 10.97%, 5.32% and 29.08%, respectively. The results were also confirmed by atomic force microscope (AFM) images. DSC results showed that the Tm of CEP and NEP was higher than WEP. Evaluation of emulsifying property suggested that the pectic fractions could stabilize emulsion containing 50% oil phase at a concentration as high as 1.5% (w/v) and pH 4.0–8.0. Pectin's ability to lower surface tension and increase viscosity, along with the repulsion in pectin molecules, facilitated emulsion formation. Protein residue (WEP) and structure difference (CEP and NEP) might be responsible to the distinction of emulsifying capacity.

Cellulases Production by a Trichoderma sp. Using Food Manufacturing Wastes

The cost of cellulase enzymes is a main contributor to the operational cost of a biorefinery producing ethanol from lignocellulosic material. Therefore, onsite production of enzymes using low-value substrates might be an option to make a bio-based facility more economical, while improving environmental sustainability. Food manufacturing wastes (FMWs), such as olive mill solids, tomato pomace, and grape pomace, are some of the main wastes produced by the food industry in Chile. FMWs are mostly composed of lignocellulosic material, which is primarily made of cellulose. A fungal strain obtained from olive stones was identified as a Trichoderma sp. and characterized by molecular and morphological techniques. This strain was able to grow on three FMWs in both liquid and solid cultures. In liquid cultures, cellulase and β-glucosidase activities from the culture supernatants were quantified. Identification of extracellular proteins using mass spectrometry revealed the presence of endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and β-glucosidases. Cellulase production from agroindustrial residues could be an excellent opportunity to utilize FMWs as well as decrease enzyme production costs in biorefinery processes.