Toilet System Research Articles

Thermodynamic Performance of a High Efficient Power Plant Based on Faecal Biomass Gasification, Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Micro Steam Turbine

Affordable sanitation around the world with the recovery of valuable energy and clean water from faecal biomass in an off-grid system is a challenge. A novel small scale combined heat and power (CHP) toilet system concept has been optimized which generate power very efficiently and produce clean water. The system combines a dryer, a plasma gasifier, and a gas cleaning unit with an ambient pressure solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack and a micro steam turbine (MST). The gasifier uses additional heat supplied from the combustion of stack depleted fuel. With this concept, syngas with high heating value can be produced which can be efficiently converted in a SOFC system. This is reflected by the net electrical efficiency of the integrated system configuration of the order of 40%. Additional power is produced combining it with an MST and an efficiency increase of the order of 20% is achieved.

Effect of Post-treatment Conditions on the Inactivation Rate of Pathogenic Bacteria after the Composting Process

ABSTRACTA urine diverting composting toilet system is modified for rural areas of Burkina Faso from the system that is commercially available in Japan. The rural model does not have a heat source. It still has some pathogens in the compost after three months of operation and hence requires a post-treatment. In this study, the kinetics inactivation of Enterococcus and Escherichia coli, selected as an indicator for pathogenic bacteria, was determined during post-treatment at different temperatures (37, 50, and 70°C) with varying moisture contents (50, 60, and 70%). Additionally, the fate of pathogenic bacteria under different lime doses (1.0, 0.5, and 0.1 g) at 60% of moisture content were determined. As a result, bacteria decreased as temperature increased, moisture reduced, and the length of time increased. However, under high temperature the effect of moisture was not significant. With regards to relative resistance of bacteria, Enterococcus was the most resistant to temperature. For 6 log reduction target to reduce the concentration of E. coli in compost, post-treatment conditions of 50°C, 50%, and a contact time over 4.5 h are needed or post-treatment conditions of 70°C, 50%, with a contact time of over 20 min are required. For Enterococcus, to achieve a 6 log reduction, post-treatment conditions of 50°C, 50%, with a contact time of 15 h or 70°C, 50%, with a contact time of over 2.5 h are required. The addition of the higher dose of Ca(OH)2 to increase the pH of compost to ≥8.1 was capable of reducing the concentration of pathogenic bacteria.

Commode injury (toilet seat injury) of the Achilles tendon: A rare mechanism

Background: Open cuts of the Achilles tendon are caused by various modes. The toilet seat as a cause of such injury is extremely rare. We report this mechanism of injury, its management and the results after treatment. Materials and methods: 11 patients (9 males and 2 females) with cut wounds over Achilles tendon were included in this prospective study. Right side was involved in 7 and left in 4 cases. All patients sustained the injury when their foot had slipped into the Indian type toilet seat and the edge had inflicted the cut. After thorough washing and debridement, primary repair of the tendon was done in all cases. Postoperative casting was done as per recommendations and was standardised. At 1 year follow up results were assessed by American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hind foot scale. Results: 9 patients were satisfied with the final results and 2 were not. As per AOFAS scale 9 had excellent and 2 fair results, and the average score was 92. Out of 7 cases with complete tear, 2 developed postoperative infection. Rerupture was not seen in any case. Conclusion: Toilet seat injury is an important cause of tendon cut in Indian population. Judicial debridement and washing under antibiotic cover help to contain the infection in such potentially contaminated wounds. Such injuries can be avoided by the use of western toilet system.

Toilet practices and system change: lessons from a transdisciplinary research project

This paper draws on a pilot project of novel sanitation systems, trialled to learn about the potential for system change. Urine diversion (UD) systems, which capture, store and reuse urine in agriculture as a substitute for chemical fertiliser were trialled within an institutional setting over the last two years in collaboration with government, industry and academic partners. Qualitative social research tools were implemented to capture changing perceptions of users, the domestication process arising in the practical use of UD toilets. Feedback from end-users highlighted the need to modify their own practices, adopt new practices and the need for technology modifications to accommodate established practices, if UD was to be more widely accepted beyond experimental trials. The value of qualitative inquiry was that it provided a way of capturing subjective and speculative knowledge from participants about the social context of the trial and unexpected consequences of trialling innovation in practice.

Study of Energy Consumption on a Vacuum Toilet System for Train

Study of Energy Consumption on a Vacuum Toilet System for Train

自動泡洗浄付き介護用トイレシステムの開発とその評価

自動泡洗浄付き介護用トイレシステムの開発とその評価

Unobtrusive and comprehensive health screening using an intelligent toilet system

Home monitoring is a promising technology to deal with the increasing amount of chronically ill patients while ensuring quality of medical care. Most systems available today depend on a high degree of interaction between the user and the device. Especially for people relying on advanced levels of care, this scheme is impracticable. In this paper, we are presenting an "intelligent toilet" performing an extensive health check while being as simple to use as a conventional toilet. The main focus of the system is to support the treatment of diabetes and chronic heart failure, but additional applications are possible.

Feasibility study of hybrid energy system for off-grid rural water supply and sanitation system in Odisha, India

A feasibility study of a hybrid renewable energy system comprising the combined use of solar and biogas was conducted for a rural village Jahangirabad (latitude 20° 48′N and longitude 86°11′E) of Cuttack district of Odisha, India, by using the software Hybrid Optimisation Model for Electric Renewable. The objective of this study is to develop a suitable cost-effective model for the supply of reliable clean water as well as to provide a hygienic community toilet system for the poor people of the village. For various configurations of the components, the capital cost, net present cost, operating cost and the levelised cost of energy were determined.

AN APPROPRIATE HUMAN BODY WASTES DISPOSAL SYSTEM FOR WATERFRONT DWELLERS IN PORT HARCOURT METROPOLIS

In this study, analysis of an appropriate toilet system for the slums of Port Harcourt metropolis was carried out in order to improve the existing toilet system for the slums within the metropolis. Disposal of human feaces is one of the pressing public health problems in most of the urban areas. A critical look at the existing toilet systems of the slums was observed and analyzed. Considerations were made with respect to the slums, environmental factors, provision of sanitation system, physical, social and cultural factors. Four different locations were sampled this include Elabuchi, Marine Base, Abonnema Wharf and Nember Waterside. At Elabuchi 165 households disposes faeces directly into the River while 25 house holds have bucket latrine. At Marine base, 65 households disposes faces directly into the river, while 25 households have bucket latrine. Abonnema Wharf has 80 households disposing feaces directly into the river while 10 households have bucket latrine and for Nembe waterfront has 75 households disposing faeces directly into the river while 15 households have bucket latrine. A comparison of composted and uncomposted feaces was observed. The result showed that composting reduced ascarid egg count to zero while the un-composted does not which is why the composting privy is regarded as one of the prospective alternatives and favourable as a tool to accomplish sustainable sanitation system, because it can utilize human excrements as compost. A safe recycling of this feaces will benefit agricultural production and to reclaim swamps is more desirable.

Development of Robotic Defecation Simulator

<div class=""abs_img""><img src=""[disp_template_path]/JRM/abst-image/00260003/11.jpg"" height=""200"" />Defecation robot</span></div> The processing of human excretion has become a serious problem in two specialized environments – the nursing care of elderly bed-ridden patients and the microgravity space environments as the International Space Station. To deal with such issues, the authors are developing a new type of toilet system, and they feel that a defecation simulator is needed to investigate and test such systems. This paper discusses development of a robotic defecation simulator (defecation robot) that mimics defecation involving the rectum, anal sphincter, puborectalis muscle, abdominal pressure, etc. </span>

院内感染対策トイレシステムの構築に向けた研究:その２ 病棟トイレへの適用

院内感染対策トイレシステムの構築に向けた研究:その２ 病棟トイレへの適用

1A1-B03 新型トイレシステムの開発(福祉ロボティクス・メカトロニクス(1))

Japan entered a super-aged society, and an excretion care of nursing care is a serious social problem. The excretion care causes physical and mental stress to both caregivers and recipients. In this study, we have been developing a new nursing care equipment for reducing the stress of the excretion care. The equipment consist of "Support system" and "Toilet system". The support system assists the recipient to get up from a bed and walk without help, and the toilet system assists of toileting. The toilet system can capture feces, prevent odor dispersion by adhering tightly to the buttocks, and automatically wash an anus. This paper describes the general appearance of the toilet system, the details of a toilet unit which is some of the toilet system, and washing function of the toilet unit of estimation.

Development of a Self-Contained, PV-Powered Domestic Toilet and Wastewater Treatment System

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From Flush to Energy Model: Solution of World's Biggest Open Toilet (Indian Railways)

Indian Railways was being roundly criticized for creating an environment hazard by discharging toilet waste on tracks. IR coaches have toilet system that has hole on the floor through which human feces and urine is flushed directly on railway tracks. Various types of environment friendly Green toilets have put on outfields trials by Indian Railways to overcome this problem. Controlled Discharge Toilet System (CDTS), Bio-toilet developed by Indian Railways engineers and DRDO biotechnologists, development of Zero Discharge Toilet System (ZDTS) by IIT Kanpur and Research Development and Standards Organization (RDSO) Lucknow, are some efforts in this direction. These technologies are more expensive due to inherent complexities, disposal problem at yards (ZDTS) and requirement of extra infrastructure at the terminal. FFEM approach not only solves these problems but also convert toilet waste into energy which can be utilized further in lighting at platforms or some other useful purposes.

2P1-C11 新型トイレシステムと排泄ロボットの開発(福祉ロボティクス・メカトロニクス(3))

2P1-C11 新型トイレシステムと排泄ロボットの開発(福祉ロボティクス・メカトロニクス(3))

3B17 全方向移動機能を有するトイレシステムの開発(GS13-3:移動・運動支援)

3B17 全方向移動機能を有するトイレシステムの開発(GS13-3:移動・運動支援)

A Self-Contained, PV-Powered Toilet and Domestic Waste Water Disinfection System

A Self-Contained, PV-Powered Toilet and Domestic Waste Water Disinfection SystemA comprehensive design review, development, construction, and performance testing of a sustainable, traditional infrastructure-free approach to the handling and processing of human sanitary waste including human fecal solids control, urine processing, and liquid wastewater treatment. The treatment scheme incorporates sludge disinfection, treatment, and volume reduction. This solar...Author(s)Yan QuAsghar AryanfarClement CidHao ZhangMichael R. HoffmannSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Feb, 2013ISSN1938-6478DOI10.2175/193864713813503701Volume / Issue2013 / 2Content sourceDisinfection and Reuse SymposiumCopyright2013Word count317

1P1-E09 生体情報モニタリング機能を有する移動トイレシステムの開発(看護とメカトロニクス)

Excreting is one of the most important living activities for the elderly who are in need of nursing care. It is difficult to predict when the elderly will need help of caregivers to go to the lavatory because excreting is a purely physiological requirement. The elderly sometimes needs to wear an adult diaper or set a portable toilet in their living space but they make the elderly uncomfortable and insanitary. To solve these problems, we developed a mobile toilet system equipped with omnidirectional wheel. As for toilet seat, a surface of buttock is placed into immediate contact with a toilet seat during elimination. It will become possible to monitor heath condition of a user by implementing sensors in toilet seat. In this study, we also equipped the mobile toilet with a sensor system.

鉄道車両用真空式トイレにおける真空特性と消費エネルギーに関する研究

鉄道車両用真空式トイレにおける真空特性と消費エネルギーに関する研究

Seroprevalence of hepatitis E and Helicobacter pylori in a low socioeconomic area of a metropolitan city in a developing country

This study aims to determine the prevalence of coinfection of H. pylori and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in the paediatric age group in an urban slum area of Karachi and identify risk factors associated with co-infection. Five hundred and forty children aged one to 15 years were investigated. Blood samples were collected and questionnaires completed on socio-demographic characteristics. Anti-H. pylori, HEV IgG and IgM antibodies were analysed by enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). The seroprevalence of H. pylori antibody was 47.2%, while that of HEV IgG and IgM was 14.4% and 2.4%, respectively. 12.4% exhibited seroprevalence for both H. pylori and HEV (IgG). In 67 (26%) cases positive for H. pylori IgG, HEV IgG positivity was also seen (P<0.001). Only 13 (5%) positive for H. pylori were also positive for HEV IgM (P<0.001). Only 11 (4%) HEV IgG-positive cases were H. pylori antibody-negative (P<0.001). Hepatitis E virus was common in children who had access to municipal piped water (P=0.025). H. pylori was common in children who used a non-flush toilet system (P<0.001). Children exposed to H. pylori infection were also exposed to the risk of HEV.