Collective Title Research Articles

Is the Formalization of Collective Tenure Rights Supporting Sustainable Indigenous Livelihoods? Insights from Comunidades Nativas in the Peruvian Amazon

After decades of activism by Indigenous Peoples and their allies, the need to formalize Indigenous land rights has received increasing global attention as a strategy to address climate change. Research has highlighted the compatibility between community forest management regimes and carbon sequestration, reiterating the essential role that securing Indigenous land tenure must play in forest-based climate change mitigation strategies. Based on research conducted in six Indigenous Comunidades Nativas with formal collective titles in Peruvian Amazonia, this article argues that titling alone is not enough to ensure that Indigenous Peoples are supported and enabled to access their recognized rights and play a central role in addressing the climate crisis. Indigenous Awajun and Ashaninka informants discussed challenges with accessing suitable livelihoods, excessive restrictions on timber harvest, land conflicts with smallholder migrant farmers and extractive concessions, unclear conflict resolution mechanisms, and policies that assume a communal governance model that differs from actual Indigenous leadership roles and institutions. All of these challenges put pressure on community members, creating incentives for unsustainable land and resource use, and undermining their abilities to protect their forests. Although Peru has included Comunidades Nativas and other co-managed areas in the mitigation actions toward its Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement, it must re-examine its titling reforms, and the way that Comunidades’ land and resource access is regulated and weakened. This will allow for titling in practice to live up to its promise in theory as a strategy for promoting equity and mitigating climate change.

The new Guarani reductions: aftermaths of collective titling in Northern Paraguay

ABSTRACT This paper documents aftermaths of Indigenous collective land titling in Northern Paraguay, drawing on participant observation, interviews, and archives involving Indigenous Guarani, private landholders, NGO partners, and campesinos. While collective title attempts to safeguard Indigenous land, I argue that land available for Paĩ Tavyterã Guarani livelihoods was reduced, with sometimes violent sociopolitical impacts and challenges to land control. I contend that the unfinished, hegemonic process of land titling is contested through Guarani communities' sociopolitical creativity, where the Paĩ creatively adapt their ways of life on land reduced. This contributes to debates on territorialization, land titling and rights, and political economy.

Collective Land Titling: Formalization of Customary Regimes or Redistribution of Land Ownership for Afro Colombian Communities

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the first collective titles of 1996 and 1997. It interrogates Collective Land Titling (CLT) processes and examines the differences between the actors that participated in them. It argues that communities’ narratives around their achievement did not conform to those of the other actors involved in granting the collective titles received in 1996 and 1997 or with the characterization of CLT processes as successful land reform. CLT functioned as a policy to recognize black communities’ historical presence in the Pacific region and their informal land ownership regimes in lands historically marginalized by the Colombian state.

Margaret Atwood’s Poetry in Slovene Translation

Margaret Atwood is undoubtedly the most popular Canadian author in Slovenia, with eight novels translated into Slovene. Although this prolific author also writes short fiction, poetry, children’s books, and non-fiction, these remain unknown to Slovene readers, at least in their own language. Atwood has published as many poetry collections as novels, but her poetry is inaccessible in Slovene, with the exception of some thirty poems that were translated and published in literary magazines between 1999 and 2009. The article provides an overview of Atwood’s poetry volumes and the main features of her poetry, as well as a detailed overview of Atwood’s poems that have appeared in Slovene translation, with the names of translators, titles of poetry collections, dates of publication, and names of literary magazines. This is the first such overview of Slovene translations of Atwood’s poetry. Additionally, the article offers an insight into some stylistic aspects of Atwood’s poetry that have proven to be particularly challenging for translation.

MCGIRT V. OKLAHOMA: ENFORCING INDIAN TREATIES AND COLLECTIVE TITLES TO INDIAN LANDS

One of the most important modern United States’ Supreme Court cases involving indigenous politics centers on the problem of defining criminal jurisdiction. The Supreme Court’s decision in McGirt v Oklahoma advanced the principle that both U.S. state and federal governments must abide by longstanding treaty agreements with tribal nations, strengthening —tangentially— the collective titles to Indian lands. If an Indian reservation is to be suppressed, it must come via an explicit act of Congress, not the will of state or local governments. The immediate consequences of this decision are a renewed sense of legal duty toward treaty obligations for the United States and the reinvigoration of Muscogee (Creek) Nation jurisdiction over tribal lands, including over non-indigenous people. In the long run, this case stands to open doors for other tribal nations to challenge state absorption of tribal jurisdictions.

Haugerudbekken: Community Improvement through Socially Engaged Art

Haugerudbekken is the collective title of a series of art projects where two local artists (the authors of this article) collaborate with pupils from local schools in Haugerud to create public art installations in the neighbourhood. Haugerudbekken may be considered a practical exploration guided by principles in the fields of socially engaged art (SEA), teaching artists (TA) and community artists (CA). The project is being undertaken within the broader context of a government run local improvement initiative in the Oslo suburbs of Haugerud and Trosterud. A growing demand for art entering a societal context (like urban development) calls for approaches emphasizing dialogue, communication and local affiliation. As this demand grows, so does the need for best-practice guidance for initiating artists as well as for policymakers and others inviting artists to contribute. Furthermore, our approach as independent artists working within a community setting might also benefit from clarification of theory and framework in this field. This article therefore aims to share knowledge gathered through our three years (and still ongoing) working on Haugerudbekken, pinpointing what we believe to be key success factors as well as challenges in our project. Findings are discussed in relation to existing theory and relevant practice in SEA, TA and CA informing existing guidelines as well as terminology.

Seven Keys to Unlock Mediation’s Golden Age - The Introduction

Mediate.com has published a series of peer reviewed articles under the collective title Seven Keys to Unlock Mediation’s Golden Age. The objective of the Seven Keys is to encourage discussion among all stakeholders on navigating mediation’s best future. The seven keys are: Leadership, Data, Education, Profession, Technology, Government and Usage. Each key has between two and four articles, each no more than 1,200 words in length, contributed by some 40 leading authors around the world. Professors Nadja Alexander and Lela P. Love introduce the series with “Imagine.” The Seven Keys articles portray a variety of images and understandings of mediation. All recognize mediation’s extraordinary versatility. Some focus on resolving disputes; some on deal making; some on managing interpersonal disputes in families, communities, schools and the workplace with more of a relational focus; others are about peace-making between groups and nations and public policy decision-making. Some of these articles apply to all sectors of mediation practice while others focus on particular fields with a view to inspiring new adaptations and approaches in other areas. Each key is a jigsaw piece. Connected together, they form a vibrant, exciting vision of how the field can dramatically improve and prosper. The 40 women and men from the mediation sphere around the world who have contributed to this work reflect many different backgrounds, experiences and cultures. We owe our gratitude to each contributor for succinctly sharing their proposals for how mediation can achieve its Golden Age. Each article has been peer reviewed by other contributors. We are also grateful to the extraordinary thought leaders who prepared the Introduction and Conclusion for their strong encouragement, deep perception and clear vision.

Latin American Studies of Our Time: Origins, Results, and Perspectives

Latin American studies have entered the period of scientific maturity. This connotation is valid both for the global context and for domestic practice. The results are obvious: tens of thousands of book titles in the bibliography on Latin American issues in the world count, far beyond the thousands of titles of monographic publications and thematic collections published in total in the Soviet period and in our time. Thanks to this, today the multidisciplinary “scientific mirror” reflects the region in all its diversity and largely adequately. Yet new guidelines are needed to find answers to many complex questions posed by Latin American practice amid the global transition to a different mode of reproducing the world economy and international relations.

What’s in a Title: The Long-debated Question on the Title of Sacchetti’s Novelle

Franco Sacchetti (1332–1400) may be considered Boccaccio’s most important follower in the ‘golden century’ of the Italian literary language, and his Novelle rank among the undisputed classics of early Italian literature. However, with no extant autograph witness, their text must be reconstructed from manuscripts copied almost two centuries after (second half of the sixteenth century). Thus, the authorial form of the collection title has been long disputed, but often with little attention paid to period documentation. This essay attempts to outline the main issues of the discussion, which has been recently reopened with new arguments, and to reassess it in the light of the work’s reception history as well as authorial intention.

Contested terrain: International development projects and countervailing power for the excluded

• “Countervailing power” enables accountability. • The “positive outlier” approach identifies instructive exceptions to dominant patterns. • This comparison of five outlier projects shows that unlikely aid agencies can contribute to openings, but with mixed results. • Ostensibly pro-participation projects had contradictory effects; the same intervention can enable both power from below and elite capture. • Measuring contradictory effects poses the methodological challenge of determining variation, relative weights, and interaction effects. Conventional international development project approaches to enable participation of the excluded often fall short of building countervailing power, which is key for accountability. This study analyzes possible exceptions to identify causal pathways, as well as long-term effects beyond projects. The methodology combines the identification of positive outliers, process tracing and comparative analysis of five World Bank projects from the 1990s that were also the focus of subsequent academic research. Tangible openings from above that enabled countervailing power took two main forms: 1) institutionalized power-sharing over allocation of social funds — at local, subnational and national levels and 2) support for autonomous, multi-level social organizations, including collective titling of ethnic territories. Over the longer term, projects lacked strong national allies and their most innovative contributions were reversed, watered down or at best contained - though these differences mattered to social actors on the ground. The most analytically significant finding is that projects can have not only contested and uneven outcomes (“mixed results”), but also contradictory interaction effects. This poses the methodological challenge of how to measure and explain the relative weights of both countervailing power shifts and elite capture.

Two Steps Forward, Two Steps Back: The Mobilisation of Customary Land in Papua New Guinea

In May 2019, the Minister for Lands convened a National Land Summit in Port Moresby to review the implementation of the National Land Development Program over the course of the past decade. Much of the discussion at this meeting was concerned with the incorporation of customary land groups and the voluntary registration of their collective land titles under legislation that was passed by the National Parliament in 2009 but did not take effect until 2012. Participants in the summit thought that the implementation of this legislation had not proven to be an effective way of ‘mobilising customary land for development’. This paper seeks to explain why the new legal and institutional regime has failed to live up to the expectations of the policymakers who were instrumental in its establishment. An initial examination of the rationale behind the legislation is followed by an examination of published evidence relating to its implementation in different parts of the country, including case studies of areas where the evidence serves to illuminate the motivations of the actors involved in the process of incorporation and registration. The paper concludes with some reflections on the lessons to be learnt from this experiment in policy reform.

Is collective titling enough to protect forests? Evidence from Afro-descendant communities in the Colombian Pacific region

Abstract During the mid-1990s, one of the most ambitious land reforms in recent decades took place in Colombia. The reform recognized collective land rights of almost 6 million hectares to Afro-Colombian communities, with the dual goals of improving livelihoods and preserving valuable ecosystems. We estimate the impact of this collective land titling program on forest cover using panel data and a difference-in-difference empirical strategy. We find that overall, collective titling significantly reduces deforestation rates, but the effect varies substantially by sub-region. We observe that the larger effects are in Narino and Valle del Cauca. Our qualitative analysis suggest that this might be the result of local community-based organization defining the rules for community use of natural resources and the expulsion of private companies dedicated to timber exploitation and oil palm plantations. We conclude that under the adequate conditions, collective titling can lead to forest conservation.

Latin American racial equality law as criminal law

ABSTRACTAfter years of struggle for visibility, recognition, and equality in Latin America, Afro-descendants have garnered a number of anti-discrimination law enactments. These legal gains range from multi-cultural constitutional recognition, collective land titles, affirmative action programs and criminal sanctions on discrimination. Most pervasive across the region has been the deployment of anti-discrimination criminal law sanctions. This entry will examine the strengths and weaknesses of the criminal law model for addressing Afro-Latin American discrimination by focusing on a number of case examples from various countries.

A titulação coletiva de terras quilombolas e os conflitos por direitos territoriais no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

A titulação coletiva das terras de comunidades remanescentes de quilombos tem se configurado em uma das políticas que representam a territorialização do poder do Estado e o exercício do poder pelos quilombolas. A proposta deste artigo é discutir a titulação coletiva de terras de remanescentes quilombolas, destacando os impasses, o andamento dos processos e os conflitos territoriais no Rio Grande do Norte. O período de análise dá-se a partir de 2003, ano de promulgação do Decreto 4.887, que regulamentou o direito e a titulação de terras quilombolas. Após pesquisa bibliográfica, coletamos dados secundários junto a órgãos federais e realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com lideranças quilombolas e com o antropólogo do Incra. Os resultados apontaram fatores que atrasam o andamento dos processos, como a burocracia e a escassez de recursos para a contratação de apoio técnico para o mapeamento das áreas e dos conflitos deflagrados tanto entre os próprios membros das comunidades como também entre esses membros e os sujeitos externos às comunidades que reivindicam lotes de terra em alguns territórios.Palavras-chave: Titulação coletiva. Terras quilombolas. Rio Grande do Norte.

Is Collective Titling Enough to Protect Forests? Evidence from Afro-Descendant Communities in the Colombian Pacific Region

During the mid-1990s, one of the most ambitious land reforms in recent decades took place in Colombia. The reform recognized collective land rights of 5 million hectares by Afro-Colombian groups, with the dual goals of improving livelihoods and preserving valuable ecosystems. We estimate the impact of this collective land titling program on forest cover using panel data and a difference-in-difference empirical strategy. We find that overall, collective titling significantly reduces deforestation rates, but the effect varies substantially by sub-region. We observe that the larger effects are in Narino and Valle del Cauca especially in places with higher deforestation threat, closer to the forest frontier, to roads, and to navigable rivers, as well as in places without illegal crops. Our qualitative analysis suggest that this might be the result of communities being able to expel private companies from their lands which is more challenging with actors promoting illegal crops. We conclude that under the adequate conditions, titling can lead to forest conservation.

Lost Places: On Losing and Finding Home by Cathryn Hankla

Reviewed by: Lost Places: On Losing and Finding Home by Cathryn Hankla Emily Masters (bio) Cathryn Hankla. Lost Places: On Losing and Finding Home. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press, 2018. 288 pages. Softcover. $20.00. In her essay collection Lost Places: On Losing and Finding Home, Cathryn Hankla focuses on ways the concept of home manifests in various aspects of her life. Hankla is a poet, novelist, and has written a variety of essays including the ones gathered in Lost Places. Her previously published works include Fortune Teller Miracle Fish (2011), Great Bear (2016), and Galaxies (2017). In Lost Places, she takes readers on a journey to explore many of the places she has physically called home as well as the homes she finds in spiritual places and in other people. The collection includes previously published content, such as "Neighborhood of [End Page 109] Desire," "The Final Frontier," and "Natural Disasters," alongside fresh content for her readers including "God's Eyebrow," an essay examining Hankla's relationship to her mother; "Invisible Cities," a meditation on fighting fears far from home; and "The Indispensable Condition," which offers a place for Hankla to pause and question her beliefs. Themes in Hankla's essay collection include homesickness, staying versus leaving, heartbreak, solitude, loss, love, family, and spirituality. She confronts stereotypes about Appalachia by portraying a complex region throughout her essays, revealing a diversity of experiences. She also paints herself in a complex light, sharing with readers both her triumphs and pitfalls in her search for home. Hankla's writing evokes a wide range of emotional response. Often, readers will find themselves laughing out loud but then will find themselves biting back tears. Hankla uses humor to address moments in her life when she feels like she is losing her sense of self, turning many moments of reflection into chances to connect to readers using laughter. The humor in the collection is balanced by Hankla's ability to turn a phrase, to express descriptions poetically, making scenes come to life on the page and creating emotions readers will feel as if they are their own. In her essay, "Cleaning out the House," Hankla writes, "No substitute for the self, a house can still be a surrogate, experimental self, a personal cabinet of curiosities, an expression of one's tastes and travels, dreams, expectations—and neuroses." Throughout the collection, Hankla reveals herself through her definitions of home. Readers get a glimpse of who she is, of her failed relationships, of her triumphs, of her doubts and vulnerabilities, through a tour of her various homes, both ones in which she dwells like in "Dream House" and ones she returns to again and again like Hankla's writing community in "Scarlet Tanager." [End Page 110] In "Lost Places," the collection's title essay, Hankla characterizes Chaco Canyon in New Mexico as a place she travels for spiritual renewal and reconnection to herself. She is drawn to Chaco because of the mystery of the history, the hidden pieces she likes to imagine, just as she enjoys writing in these essays to uncover aspects of herself and those places which have affected her life. Like all the essays in the collection, the title essay is full of research and literary references Hankla uses to reinforce her themes of home and of self-examination. One of the best essays in the collection, "My Life in Snakes," traces the ways in which snakes have slithered into Hankla's life at seemingly every turn, a constant in a world where at times, her definition of home is forever shifting. The snakes are haunting, yet familiar, primordial. The shift from fear to familiarity shows how adaptable humans are to make any place their home, although some homes might call out to us more than others. Hankla's writing throughout the essays will be relatable to readers who have ever felt out of place, homesick, or found a fluidity to their definitions of home. While almost all of the essays in Lost Places fit in with themes of home, "Place as Language" sticks out like a sore thumb. It is more a meditation on novelist William Goyen's work than an examination on Hankla...

Hard Child by Natalie Shapero

Reviewed by: Hard Child by Natalie Shapero Emma Bogdonoff (bio) Natalie Shapero, Hard Child (Copper Canyon Press, 2017), 96 pp. Natalie Shapero's second collection, Hard Child, is a ferocious book. Darkly funny and incisive, it demands that the reader consider motherhood alongside tragedies both personal and public, alongside war and violence and suicide. In the first of the book's two parts, the child is hypothetical—a list of names, a hope for a daughter rather than a son, a "blip in utero" who can suffer from the mother's traumas. In the second part, the child is born, but still we see her only fleetingly, her existence often made most notable through her absence. To have a daughter, Hard Child suggests, is to live with the specter of her loss. To bring a child into this world requires a reckoning with its hardest realities. Hard Child dives headfirst into the opening poem, where Shapero's speaker rehearses baby names, saying she "made two lists: one if she's born breathing, / one if not. The second list was longer." The collection's title poem, which immediately follows, talks back to the first: So I had two lists of names for a girl, sowhat. The president's allowed tohave two speeches, in case the hostagecomes home in a bag. There's something defiant in this comparison, in its enjambed "so / what." Why, Shapero seems to ask, is it macabre for a mother to consider a worst-case scenario but not for a president to do the same? The dialogue between [End Page 457] the first two poems also sets a precedent: the poems are part of a larger whole even when they leap between seemingly unrelated topics, from the Challenger space shuttle disaster to Schindler's List to x-ray vision to the nerve endings in a turtle's shell. This ability to find significance in the most minute of details is particularly manifest in "Not Horses": What I adore is not horses, with their moderndomestic life span of 25 years. What I adoreis a bug that lives only one day, especially ifit's a terrible day, a day of train derailment orchemical lake or cop admits to cover-up, a daywhen no one thinks of anything else, least of allthat bug. Shapero possesses a comedian's sense of timing and tension. The strangeness of the negation "not horses" gives way to the more commonplace phrasing of "what I adore is a bug." But the oddity of this sentiment pushes back against any familiarity or comfort, keeping the reader perpetually off balance. The details of the poem are humorous in their hyper-specificity, but their humor has a sharp edge, perfectly capturing the way our culture fixates on the disaster of a given moment, whether "chemical lake" or "cop . . . cover-up," before moving on to the next day's disasters. The poem ends with Shapero's speaker saying she wishes her dog "could have a single day of language, / so that I might reassure her don't be afraid— / our whole world is dead and so can do you no harm." This preoccupation with our dead world and human harm pervades nearly every poem, although Shapero's speaker repeatedly tries to deny her interest in the past, growing more insistent in every iteration. "I typically hate discussing the past," she says, early on, which becomes "I hardly think of the past" a few pages later, and finally, "I swear to God I hardly think of the past." But the past is indifferent to this insistence, finding a way into so many of Shapero's poems. She touches on slavery, speaking of her fear of "burial / beside a hateful tree," referring briefly to the history of lynching in the United States. She circles repeatedly around the Holocaust—"the great terror we're ordered to remember"—finding it in the least expected places, so that we begin to feel the magnetism of this kind of horror, the way the mind can't help but return and return to it. She touches on the Vietnam War, mass shootings, environmental destruction. "My greatest fear / is...

The Geographies of Social Movements: Afro-Colombian Mobilization and the Aquatic Space by Ulrich Oslender

Reviewed by: The Geographies of Social Movements: Afro-Colombian Mobilization and the Aquatic Space by Ulrich Oslender Karly Marie Miller Ulrich Oslender The Geographies of Social Movements: Afro-Colombian Mobilization and the Aquatic Space. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016. xiii + 290 pp. Maps, photos, illustrations, notes, glossary, references, index. $25.95 paper (ISBN 978-0-8223-6122-0); $99.95 cloth (ISBN 978-0-8223-6104-6); $19.99 electronic (ISBN 978-0-8223-7440-4). The Geographies of Social Movements by Ulrich Oslender presents a compelling and theoretically situated argument for a geographical perspective in the study of social movements, illustrating the importance of space and place through an account of Afro-Colombian social mobilization in Colombia’s Pacific Lowlands. Oslender [End Page 225] is an associate professor of geography at Florida International University and has worked in the Colombian Pacific since the mid 1990s, publishing on topics of social mobilization, development, and geographies of terror. In this book, he showcases his extensive ethnographic and historical scholarship on Afro-Colombian social mobilization. While some of the material will be familiar to those who have read his previous work, the breadth of material ensures something novel for most readers, and the depth and density of information promises to reveal new insights with each read. Beyond its relevance to those studying rural social mobilization or the Colombian Pacific, students and scholars of Latin America, black studies, development and conservation are certain to find connections with their own work. This book begins with a theoretical argument for the inclusion of space and place in social movement research through what Oslender calls a “critical place perspective”, which “co-implicates scale, territory and networks…to account more fully for the multiple, multi-scalar, rooted, and networked experiences within social movements” (p. 18). He offers insights into the ways in which space and place are created, understood, and engaged in social movements, and in particular how they “influence, shape, enable, or otherwise constrain resistance practices” (p. 22). Chapters 2 and 3 focus on the Colombian Pacific, developing the concept of “aquatic space” in the Pacific Lowlands and showing that it is a necessary precursor for understanding the broader social, political, and economic regional context. The physical space is seen through the lives of those who live there in a mutually constitutive relationship whereby the river, tides, and rains shape both the landscape and the social and cultural lives of the people. The rhythms of the aquatic space are stitched together with the roots of the past in oral traditions that Oslender sees as hidden transcripts of resistance, which represent a well of identity and strength that serve as pillars for social mobilization. These stories also reveal skeletons of past development, territorial transformations, and histories of displacement and migration, offering a context for the broader processes that continue to shape black social mobilization in Pacific Colombia. The last third of the book presents a comparative analysis of the social mobilization of lowland Afro-Colombian communities following Colombia’s Constitution of 1991. This new charter created a pathway for Afro-descendent communities in the Pacific to obtain collective title to their lands through the creation of Community Councils. Oslender uses these Community Councils as a “privileged space” to examine the influence of the physical and cultural dimensions of the aquatic space on the process of social mobilization of Afro-Colombians. He examines many facets of social mobilization, including its initiation and timing, its internal tensions and divisions, and barriers to its progress, and explains how Afro-Colombians draw upon their history and territory, symbolically or functionally, as a source of strength to organize and empower. Regional differences are unpacked in documenting how the new law was received by different communities and its impact on social organization, [End Page 226] including the role of the state, the church, and private capital interests. While at times revealing a dark and cynical political landscape, the book ends with glimmers of hope, pointing to the ways in which Afro-Colombian communities have drawn on their past culture and traditions of resistance to carve out a space of political actualization and mobilization. Overall, this book offers a broad, interdisciplinary perspective...

Unsettling Territory: Indigenous Mobilizations, the Territorial Turn, and the Limits of Land Rights in the Paraguay-Brazil Borderlands

The territorial turn in Latin America has resulted in the restitution of more than 200 million hectares of land to Indigenous and Afro-descendant communities since the 1990s. While the territorial turn has provided a juridical solution to numerous Indigenous land claims by legally demarcating collective property rights, title does not necessarily resolve territorial disputes. Such is the case with the Kue Tuvy Aché community in the Paraguay-Brazil borderlands that successfully won collective title only to be continually confronted with (extra-)legal challenges to their hard-won land rights. Drawing from qualitative research with Kue Tuvy community members, secondary-source data, and scholarship on territorial epistemologies from Latin American and Anglophone scholars, I analyze the grounded effects of territorial turn politics with attention to struggles that precede the turn and the conflicts that follow issuance of title. The paper shows how the territorial turn plays out in place, not merely as the product of neoliberal political economic reforms but as Indigenous efforts to unsettle territory to create communal spaces for more just futures. I argue that territorial assemblages are never finished, just as struggles for Indigenous justice do not end with territorial restitution.

Unsettling territory: Indigenous mobilizations, the territorial turn, and the limits of land rights in the Paraguay-Brazil borderlands

The territorial turn in Latin America has resulted in the restitution of more than 200 million hectares of land to Indigenous and Afro-descendant communities since the 1990s. While the territorial turn has provided a juridical solution to numerous Indigenous land claims by legally demarcating collective property rights, title does not necessarily resolve territorial disputes. Such is the case with the Kue Tuvy Aché community in the Paraguay-Brazil borderlands that successfully won collective title only to be continually confronted with (extra-)legal challenges to their hard-won land rights. Drawing from qualitative research with Kue Tuvy community members, secondary- source data, and scholarship on territorial epistemologies from Latin American and Anglophone scholars, I analyze the grounded effects of territorial turn politics with attention to struggles that precede the turn and the conflicts that follow issuance of title. The paper shows how the territorial turn plays out in place, not merely as the product of neoliberal political economic reforms but as Indigenous efforts to unsettle territory to create communal spaces for more just futures. I argue that territorial assemblages are never finished, just as struggles for Indigenous justice do not end with territorial restitution.