Titanium Salts Research Articles

EVALUATION OF THE POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF TUNING ELEMENT RELIEF PATCHES IN DOGS UNDERGOING OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY

Ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is a common surgical procedure in small animals that causes significant postoperative pain. Tuning Element Relief Patches (TERPs) are silicone patches containing titanium salts, believed to relieve pain by resonating pain-related ion channels. In this experiment, 12 dogs undergoing OHE surgery received subcutaneous robenacoxib (group R, [Formula: see text]) injection or two sheets of TERPs (group T, [Formula: see text]) as postoperative analgesia to assess the analgesic effect of TERPs. The results demonstrated no significant differences in physiological parameters, pain scores and mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) between groups postoperatively, indicating that the TERPs provide comparable results to robenacoxib in managing postoperative pain in dogs undergoing OHE. While this study provides evidence of the pain-relieving effects of TERPs, further studies are required to evaluate their long-term safety and efficacy in various clinical conditions.

Removal of hexavalent chromium using one-step synthesized metal-polyphenol composites epigallocatechin gallate/titanium: Performance, interference, and mechanisms

Chromium-containing wastewater intensifies the shortage of water resources, and how to solve the problem has become a research hotspot. In this study, epigallocatechin gallate and titanium salt were combined to prepare epigallocatechin gallate/titanium composites by one-step synthesis, and the effectiveness and mechanisms of removing hexavalent chromium from wastewater were studied. Based on the characterization results, the epigallocatechin gallate/titanium nanometer-scale materials were irregularly spherical, and their surface was rich in phenolic hydroxyl groups. The average particle size, average pore size, and BET surface area were 448 nm, 6.23 nm, and 15.40 m2/g, respectively. The Freundlich isothermal model for adsorption and pseudo-second-order adsorption kinetics were both applicable to the hexavalent chromium adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of hexavalent chromium was 105.8 mg/g, and the adsorption process was more inclined to endothermic reaction. The salinity resistance of epigallocatechin gallate/titanium materials to different salts was sodium chloride > magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. In the organic acid-coexisting system, the removal efficiency of epigallocatechin gallate/titanium materials for hexavalent chromium with 20 mg/L fulvic acid and citric acid was 82.7% and 81.5%, respectively. The epigallocatechin gallate/titanium materials also showed excellent removal ability for hexavalent chromium, lead(II), copper(II), and nickel(II), with removal efficiencies all above 95%. Hexavalent chromium was first adsorbed and then reduced to trivalent chromium with the help of phenol hydroxyl groups on the materials. The trivalent chromium was further immobilized through electrostatic attraction and complexation. This work aimed to provide a new idea for handling hexavalent chromium-contaminated wastewater by using green and versatile polyphenol nanomaterials.

Removal of hexavalent chromium using polyphenol-based functional materials

Chromium from industrial wastewater, waste, pesticides, fertilizers, etc., always causes serious environmental problems. High levels of chromium pollution can have adverse effects on environments and living organisms. In this study, titanium salt was used to react with green tea extract to form a composite material, and the material was further used to remove hexavalent chromium in solution. The removal effect of hexavalent chromium was investigated under different reaction conditions, namely temperature, time, pH, and initial chromium concentration. The results showed that the chromium removal effect was the best under the conditions of acid to neutral pH, 45℃, reaction time of 24 h, and initial chromium concentration of 80 mg/L. This study provides a feasible method to solve the problem of chromium pollution and has high application value in wastewater treatment.

A comparison between the titanium-based and the zinc phosphate dispersion conditionings of zinc phosphate baths

ABSTRACT Phosphating is a metallic surface treatment widely used in the industrial environment as it provides greater adhesion of the paint film to the metallic substrate and greater efficiency in inhibiting corrosion. The conditioning agents in the phosphating process contribute to reducing the time to obtain the phosphate layer and favor the refinement of the formed crystals. Commercially, the most used conditioning agent is based on titanium salts, however, it is possible that other compounds may be an alternative in optimizing the industrial process. Therefore, with the aim of reducing the time and temperature of the phosphating process, this work aims to verify the performance of using the conditioning agent based on zinc phosphate in obtaining the phosphatized layer, in terms of corrosion resistance, in comparison with to the titanium-based conditioner. For this purpose, SAE 1010 carbon steel samples were degreased and sandblasted, immersed for 1 minute in the conditioning solution (titanium or zinc phosphate) and phosphated with a commercial solution of tricationic zinc phosphate at different temperatures (40 and 50°C) and immersion times (2, 3 and 4 minutes). The deposited masses of the phosphate coatings were measured and the coatings characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), through electrochemical tests of open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization. The results showed that the greater coverage of the substrate, with the formation of denser layers, improves the anticorrosive performance of samples phosphated with both conditioners. For the titanium-based conditioner, the optimal phosphating conditions were 3 min at 50°C, while for the zinc phosphate conditioner, they were 2 min at 40°C. Therefore, for commercial use, immersion in a zinc phosphate-based conditioner is indicated, followed by phosphating for 2 min at 40°C.

Synthesis and characterization of TiO2/hydrochar matrix composites for enhanced ammonia degradation.

This study explores the limitations of TiO2 as a photocatalyst, focusing on its narrow bandwidth and high electron-hole complexation probabilities that restrict its applications. A novel one-pot synthesis method for TiO2/hydrochar matrix composites is presented, with variations achieved through control of hydrothermal temperature, time, and loading concentration. The efficacy of these composites in ammonia removal is investigated, revealing optimal performance for the composite denoted as 3Ti-160-7, synthesized with a titanium salt concentration of 0.3 mol L-1, a hydrothermal temperature of 160 °C, and a hydrothermal time of 7 hours. Comparative analyses with commercial TiO2 (P25) and hydrochar demonstrate superior performance of 3Ti-160-7, exhibiting significantly lower ammonia concentration and reduced NO and NO2 concentrations. This research underscores the cost-effectiveness and application potential of TiO2/hydrochar matrix composites, offering valuable insights for the enhancement of photocatalytic activity and broader applicability in addressing TiO2-related challenges.

The contribution of metal allergy to the failure of metal alloy implants, with special reference to titanium: Current knowledge and controversies.

After almost three-quarters of a century during which contact dermatologists have often struggled to comprehend the relationship between metal allergy and failure of metal-alloy containing implant, it is possible to say that a relationship does exist, particularly for cobalt and chromium, but also for nickel. There is still debate as to whether allergy develops as a consequent of failure but thenceforth contributes to it, or whether sensitisation starts first and induces failure secondarily-opinion probably favours the first. Metal-on-polypropylene articulations were associated with few metal allergic problems but now are less favoured by orthopaedists due to plastic wear products causing osteolysis and pseudotumour formation through local inflammation. New metal alloys are regularly being introduced such that interested dermatologists need to stay on top of the situation. The jury is still out as to whether the recent favouring of titanium-containing alloys will confirm them to be more inert allergenically. Case reports do show some clinical reactions to titanium-containing implants and patch test series have inferred sometimes quite a high background rate of allergy, but interpretation must be tempered by the awareness that titanium salts on patch testing have a tendency to cause irritant reactions. Blood monitoring of metal ion values is now recommended in certain situations after joint replacement and increasing levels may be an indication that allergy with joint failure can develop, in which case patch testing is indicated, and suggested series are available. Predictive patch testing, whilst generally not recommended in the past, has been introduced into some protocols often by non-dermatologists, such that it is now needed for temporo-mandibular joint and Nuss bar insertion, and it can be anticipated that this may become more commonplace in the future. One of the major current deficits for patch testers is standardised guidance on which preparation or preparations to use for suspected titanium allergy. One suggestion is 0.5% titanium sulphate in petrolatum, though experience in at least one centre suggests the use of a battery of titanium salts might be desirable.

Simultaneous chelated heavy metals removal and sludge recovery through titanium coagulation: From waste to resource

Green methods for chelated heavy metals treatment and recovery are essential for coordinated development of resources and environment. Herein, a simple and competent method, titanium salt (TiCl4) coagulation was developed to remove and recycle chelated heavy metals. Our results revealed that this method proved to be effective for metals-citrate [Cu(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cr(VI)], achieving removal efficiencies of 95 %, 92 %, 99 %, and 99 % within 30 min, surpassing direct alkaline precipitation and well-used Fe(III) coagulation. Whereafter, the copper-containing sludge was successfully transformed into copper-doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysts by facile calcination. Through comprehensively investigating physicochemical properties by a suite of characterization techniques, we confirmed that doping of Cu induced bandgap narrowing, high specific surface area as well as the formation of oxygen vacancy. Accordingly, the recycling photocatalysts showed remarkable enhanced photocatalytic performance than the pristine TiO2, achieving improvement in the degradation efficiency of 82 %, 61 % and 67 % for carbamazepine(CBZ), bisphenol A (BPA) and methyl orange (MO). In addition, both radical (OH and O2−) and non-radical (1O2 and h+) pathways synergistically contributed to the removal of organic pollutants during photocatalysis. Ultimately, based on economic feasibility assessment and life cycle assessment (LCA), the copper-containing titanium coagulation sludge reuse for photocatalyst could bring lower carbon emissions, reduced environmental risks and higher economic benefits. The elucidation of this study provides new insights into the removal and recycle of chelated heavy metals from wastewater by using an environment-friendly and cost-effective method.

Synthesis of Composite Titanate Photocatalyst via Molten Salt Processing and Its Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties.

Photocatalysis plays a pivotal role in environmental remediation and energy production and improving the efficiency of photocatalysts, yet enhancing its efficiency remains a challenge. Titanate has been claimed to be a very promising material amongst various photocatalysts in recent years. In this work, a novel composite photocatalyst of sodium titanate and potassium titanate was synthesized via a simple hydrothermal and molten salt calcination method. Low melting point nitrate was added in the calcination process, which helps reduce the calcination temperature. The as-prepared composite sample showed excellent photocatalytic performance compared with commercial P25 in the visible light range. According to the characterization of XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, UV-Vis, and photocatalytic property testing, the composite's photocatalytic performance results are due to the dual optimization brought about by the layered structure and composite of titanium salts forming a heterojunction. We believe that the composite has significant application potential for the use of titanate in the field of photocatalysis. Notably, this study employed well-documented synthesis methods and adhered to established protocols for experimental procedures.

Strategy for Patterning Titania Dendrites by Gas-Solution Interaction at Droplet Surfaces.

Interaction of the solution droplet surface with gaseous components of the environment can lead to the formation of highly ordered patterns, such as dendrites. Here, we show that these structures can be spontaneously created during the open-air interaction of aqueous solution drop of titanium(III) salt with gaseous NH3 at the contact boundary thereof. The conditions have been identified under which radially ordered dendritic patterns can form on the surface of the TiCl3 solution droplet. The formation of these self-organized dendrite patterns can be attributed to the surface instability manifesting in Marangoni thermal flows in a droplet occurring during open-air fabrication. The composition of as-synthesized structures corresponds to coprecipitated crystalline NH4Cl and amorphous TiO2nH2O. After thermal treatment at 450 °C, TiO2 with the anatase crystal lattice is formed; meanwhile, the ordered dendrite patterns are preserved.

Synergistic Promotion of the Photocatalytic Preparation of Hydrogen Peroxide (H2 O2 ) from Oxygen by Benzoxazine and Si─O─Ti Bond.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is considered one of the most important chemical products and has a promising future in photocatalytic preparation,which is green, pollution-free, and hardly consumes any non-renewable energy. This study involves the preparation of benzoxazine with Si─O bonds via the Mannich reaction, followed by co-hydrolysis to produce photocatalysts containing benzoxazine with Si─O─Ti bonds. In this study, a benzoxazine photocatalyst with Si─O─Ti bonds is synthesized and characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The size and elemental distribution of the nanoparticles are confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The photocatalytic synthesis of H2 O2 is tested using the titanium salt detection method, and the rate is found to be 7.28µmol h-1 . Additionally, the catalyst exhibits good hydrolysis resistance and could be reused multiple times. The use of benzoxazine with Si─O─Ti bonds presents a promising experimental and theoretical foundation for the industrial production of H2 O2 through photocatalytic synthesis.

Study on anodic oxidation of 2099 aluminum lithium alloy and sealing treatment in environmental friendly solutions

2099 aluminum lithium alloy is anodized in sulfuric acid electrolyte, and then is sealed in boiling water, silicate solution and titanium salt solution respectively to further improve the corrosion resistance. The experimental results show that a porous anodized film is formed on the surface of 2099 aluminum lithium alloy. The surface morphology and composition of the anodized film are changed significantly after being sealed in boiling water, silicate solution and titanium salt solution, resulting in the enhancement of the corrosion resistance. The effect of sealing in silicate solution is better than that of in boiling water. There are fewer pores in the anodized film after sealing treatment in silicate solution, which has better corrosion resistance. The sealing effect is the best in titanium salt solution. After sealing treatment in titanium salt solution, the anodized film shows the best corrosion resistance. It is found that titanium salt solution is an environmental friendly sealing solution and can significantly improve the corrosion resistance of anodized film on aluminum lithium alloy.

STUDY ON PHOTOCATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF TiO2 FILM PREPARED ON Q235A STEEL AND ITS DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANT IN SIMULATED WASTEWATER

TiO2 film is prepared on the surface of Q235A substrate from an acid solution ([Formula: see text]) to research its degradation of methylene blue organic pollutant in wastewater. The titanium oxysulfate is used as the titanium precursor to provide the source of titanium. The preparation of TiO2 film is mainly a polymerization reaction of titanium oxysulfate, which makes Ti2O[Formula: see text] and OH− combine to produce [Ti2O5(OH)2]n precipitation deposited on the cathode surface by electrochemical reaction. TiO2 film is formed after high temperature heating. The nitrate ion which derives from potassium nitrate in the electrolyte is reduced to hydroxide ion during the electrochemical reaction process, resulting in the formation of titanium compounds and titanium hydroxide. The TiO2 film prepared from solution containing 0.2[Formula: see text]mol/L KNO3 has the best photocatalytic performance which can effectively degrade the methylene blue organic pollutant in wastewater. However, when the KNO3 in the solution is 0.25[Formula: see text]mol/L, excessive hydroxide ions inhibit the hydrolysis of titanium salts and accelerate the oxygen evolution resulting in the decrease of degradation efficiency.

Comparison analysis of cationic-polyacrylamide as flocculant aid in titanium salt coagulants

The combination of organic and inorganic coagulants is considered to be an effective strategy for Humic Acid (HA) removal. In this study, the performance of Titanium-based coagulants aided by Cationic-Polyacrylamide (CPAM) to HA molecules was compared. It was found that CPAM had a higher promotion effect in the TXC system. The reason for why CPAM was more suitable for the TXC system could be explained by analyzing Zeta potential, FTIR, and XPS. By comparing the coagulation mechanism of TiCl4 (TC) and Poly-Titanium Chloride (PTC), we found that complexation was the main mechanism of TC and PTC in acidic and neutral environments. The C-O-Ti Bond was formed by complexing the Ti-OH with the C-OH and -COOH functional groups of HA molecules. Sweeping was the most important removal mechanism of TXC in the neutral and alkaline environment, and CPAM bridged floc through hydrogen bond force for enhancing the sweeping effect. In addition, the role of CPAM in TXC system was further demonstrated by Zeta potential analysis. Both TC and PTC were positively charged in the measured pH range, so the removal of Humic acid was limited by increasing zeta potential. In both neutral and alkaline environments, TXC kept a negative surface charge and CPAM significantly enhanced the adsorption of HA on the TXC floc surface. This study provided clues for the interaction mechanism between titanium salt coagulants and HA, and it also provided a reference for the application of TXC coagulant combined with CPAM flocculant for the removal of HA molecules.

Formation of Hydrated Titanium Dioxide on the Surface of Aqueous Solution of Titanium(III, IV) Salt under the Action of Ammonia Gas

During the interaction at the phase boundary, the aqueous interface between the titanium salt solution and air (NH3) gives rise to TiO2 · n H2O films consisting of nanoparticles about 20 nm in size. The morphology of products synthesized on the surface of TiOSO4, TiCl3, Ti2(SO4)3 solutions was studied by optical and electron microscopy. Using X-ray spectral microanalysis and X-ray phase analysis, the composition and crystal structure of the synthesized compounds were established. The conditions for obtaining tubular TiO2 · n H2O structures with the morphology of microscrolls about 10 µm in diameter and 200 to 600 µm in length were found. Possible reactions for the formation of gradient films of hydrated titanium dioxide and a hypothesis to explain the reasons for their transformation into microscrolls are proposed.

Formation of Hydrated Titanium Dioxide on the Surface of Aqueous Solution of Titanium(III, IV) Salt under the Action of Ammonia Gas

Formation of Hydrated Titanium Dioxide on the Surface of Aqueous Solution of Titanium(III, IV) Salt under the Action of Ammonia Gas

Irritant Reaction to Titanium Oxalate on Preoperative Patch Testing Before NUSS Procedure

At our institution, we patch test patients for common metal hypersensitivities prior to the Nuss procedure for the correction of pectus excavatum. Recently we detected an increased incidence of positive reactions to titanium oxalate on patch testing that we believe is attributable to irritant reaction rather than true hypersensitivity due to its burn-like appearance. We aim to support this diagnosis of irritant reaction by testing three different formulations of titanium salts on patch testing.

ENVIRONMENT-FRIENDLY SYNTHESIS OF TITANIUM OXIDE (TIO2 ) NANOPARTICLES, CHARACTERIZATION, AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Green processes are the best method to prepare nanoparticles that are economical and environment-friendly. Current reviews focus on the synthesis of TiO2 NPs and their potential applications. Plant extracts (leaves, fruit, shell and flower) and other biological sources are used in the environment-friendly synthesis of TiO2 NPs. Through a reduction mechanism, TiO2 NPs are made by reacting titanium salt with these biological sources. These biological sources are rich of metabolites. The TiO2 NPs have exclusive morphology and its surface chemistry shows a wide range of applications. The TiO2 NPs are mainly spherical with a particle size range between 1-100 nm, there is always a rich source of metabolites. They have been studied as a photocatalyst to remove toxic element from water. TiO2 NPs are also used for photocatalytic removal of dye RG-19 and many other dyes which are toxic and hazardous pollutants. TiO2 NPs exhibit potent antiparasitic and antibacterial activities against parasitic insects and pathogenic microorganisms. These TiO2 NPs exhibited size and dose-dependent antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities

Получение анатазного диоксида титана — наполнителя для специальных герметиков

Current TiO2 technologies are complex and costly in terms of reagents and energy. Due to the high sinterability of the titanium dioxide particles, the calcination of the hydrate precursor requires several grinding stages of the product as well as TiO2 particles surface modification to improve performance, including oil capacity. A solid-phase proccess for the production of anatase titanium dioxide has been developed based on the thermolysis of a crystalline titanium (IV) salt, a semi-product of sulfuric acid processing of sphene concentrate.

Assessing the potential use of composite titanium-containing coagulants, when treating wastewater from copper compounds

Wastewater treatment from heavy metals is a complicated and currently relevant task. Electrochemical coating processes are undoubtedly a main source of heavy metal compounds in wastewater. The second major source of heavy metal input to the environment is mining and processing of various ores. As part of the conducted research, the author assessed a potential intensification of wastewater treatment from copper compounds, using conventional and titanium-containing chemical agents. The samples taken for research were wastewater from electroplating facilities, containing copper compounds, rinse waters after neutralization and sedimentation, and mine waters. It is found that the use of pure titanium salts (titanyl sulfate) contributes to achieving the minimum residual concentration of copper compounds for all the wastewater samples under study; however, their extremely high cost makes this process economically impractical. Composite titanium-containing chemical agents produced by modification of aluminum sulfate with added titanium compounds significantly increased efficiency of the base chemical agent and reduced the residual concentration of copper in wastewater by almost 30%. Iron-containing coagulant was not efficient for the task. Factoring into a minimum amount of added titanium compounds (5–10 % wt.), the cost of composite titanium-containing chemical agents is slightly higher than the cost of pure aluminum sulfate, while the lower residual concentration of copper will significantly reduce the amount of penalties from the regulatory authorities for discharging pollutants into the city drainage main above the limit. It is stated that composite titanium-containing coagulants also contribute to a significant increase in efficiency of removing suspended particles and the coagulation sludge sedimentation rate, entailing reduced sizes of wastewater treatment facilities or their increased performance.The author gratefully acknowledges Natalia E. Kruchinina, research advisor, Doctor of Engineering Sciences, Professor, Head of the Industrial Ecology Department.The measurements were made using equipment of the Mendeleev Research Equipment Sharing Center.

An effective titanium salt dosing strategy for phosphorus removal from wastewater: Synergistic enhancement of chemical and biological treatment

Titanium salt coagulant, as a new type of water treatment agent, has been widely studied, but most researches do not consider its effect on the biological treatment. In this study, different doses of TiCl4 were added to the biological phosphorus removal (BPR) system to investigate the impact of TiCl4 on BPR. The results showed that the addition of TiCl4 not only significantly reduced the phosphorus concentration in effluent (below 0.5 mg/L), but also kept it stable. Moreover, the sedimentation performance of activated sludge was improved, which was superior to the control group. According to the results of flow cytometry (FCM), a small amount of TiCl4 significantly improved the bioactivities, but excessive dosage caused inhibition. When the dosage of TiCl4 below 20 mg/L, polyphosphate accumulating metabolism (PAM) was strengthened. In addition, the richness of microbial community and the relative abundance of Candidatus Accumulibacter clades also increased. However, when the dosage reached 60 mg/L, the relative abundance of Candidatus Competibacter increased and the BPR system was deteriorated. This study suggests that the addition of appropriate concentration of TiCl4 can realize the synergistic enhancement of biological and chemical phosphorus removal in sewage treatment.