Titanium dioxide is used in different applications such as paints, plastics, paper, and water treatment. Various routes are applied for the recovery of TiO2 according to the available raw material. The aim of this work is the application of response surface methodology for optimizing the recovery of TiO2 from illeminite beach sand deposits (black sand, Kafr-El-Sheikh, Egypt) with high purity using sulfuric acid. Utilizing local raw material to obtain titanium dioxide with high purity for applications in paints and energy applications. Applying a simple method for separating iron, which is present in high weight% (49%). Application of the RSM approach in the extraction of titanium dioxide to determine the interaction of the studied parameters and determine the model relating them to the yield of titanium dioxide. characterizations of raw material are applied; X-ray fluorescence (XRF) indicates the chemical composition, and the weight% of titanium dioxide is 43%. The illeminite phase is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the raw material sample. The average particle size of illeminite powder is measured using screen analysis, and it is around 118 micrometers. Three selected parameters affecting the leaching of illeminite are studied using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) technique: temperature (60–120℃), sulphuric acid concentration (4–12 M), and time (1–5 h). Maximum conversion (84%) is obtained at the optimum conditions predicted by the RSM model at Temperature (120 ℃), time 4.2 h, Concentration (12 M). The relation between the studied parameters and conversion is represented by a reduced cubic model with R2 = 0.973 and p-value = 0.0001, which confirms the accuracy of the model. The prepared titanium dioxide is separated from the filtrate solution by hydrolysis at 109 °C for 3 h, using EDTA as a complexation agent to capture the solvated iron. The hydrated titanium dioxide powder is dried, then calcinated at 500 °C for 3 h to produce titanium dioxide in an anatase phase. The prepared sample is examined using XRF, XRD, and SEM-EDX. 96.4% purity of titanium dioxide is formed; the XRD pattern of the examined sample confirmed the formation of the anatase phase. SEM images display that TiO2 has a uniform spherical morphology. The EDX spectrum shows that most of the sample is TiO2. The average particle size of the prepared titanium dioxide using a particle size analyzer is about 78.82 nm.

ABSTRACT This study successfully developed a waterborne anti‐corrosion coating composited with organotitanium and TC4/TiO 2 ultrafine powders, and systematically investigated its microstructure, phase composition, and long‐term anti‐corrosion performance. The corrosion resistance was optimized by adjusting the ratios of TC4 and TiO 2 and incorporating auxiliary fillers including organic titanium and carbon powder. The underlying mechanism was elucidated using SEM, TEM, EDS, XRD, FTIR, electrochemical tests, and salt spray testing. The optimized coating formulation was: 50 wt% epoxy resin, 7.5 wt% TC4 alloy, 8 wt% organic titanium, 5 wt% carbon powder, 7.5 wt% TiO 2 , 1 wt% dispersing agent, 1 wt% water, and 20 wt% curing agent. A synergistic effect among these components significantly reduced porosity and promoted the formation of a protective film. Furthermore, organic titanium formed TiOR bonds with the substrate and fillers, creating a cross‐linked macromolecular network that stabilized the hybrid system. The optimized coating exhibited excellent performance, achieving Grade 1 adhesion, 6H hardness, and 50 kg·cm impact resistance. Salt spray testing revealed a corrosion resistance exceeding 720 h, which translates to a protective lifespan improvement of over 1.8 times compared to conventional waterborne epoxy coatings.

Postoperative infection and aseptic loosening are leading causes of orthopedic implant failure, often necessitating complex and costly revision surgeries. Teicoplanin (TP), a glycopeptide antibiotic effective against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and albumin (AB), a biocompatible carrier protein, present a promising strategy for implant surface functionalization. However, previous approaches using intermediate adhesive layers have demonstrated limited antibiotic retention following physiological conditioning. This study investigates the direct functionalization of titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder with an AB-TP complex to develop a stable antibacterial surface coating capable of retaining efficacy after phosphate exposure. The AB-TP complex was prepared and immobilized onto TiO2 powder. AB attachment kinetics and stability were assessed using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay after short-term incubation, serial buffer washes, and extended conditioning. Invitro, antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against S. aureus using viable count assays and disk diffusion. Additional tests assessed TP leaching following sample conditioning. The biological response of osteoblast-like MG63 cells to AB-TP was examined to evaluate cytocompatibility and pro-osteogenic potential. AB demonstrated rapid and irreversible binding to TiO2, with negligible protein loss following 10 washes or 7-day physiological buffer incubation. AB-TP-TiO2 completely inhibited bacterial growth (6.18-log reduction). Following phosphate conditioning, AB-TP-TiO2 retained antibacterial activity, with log reductions of 3.3. Disk diffusion confirmed no TP leaching from AB-TP-TiO2, in contrast to TP-TiO2, which exhibited significant antibiotic release and complete loss of antibacterial function post-conditioning. Treatment of MG63 with the AB-TP supported significant cell growth and increased alkaline phosphatase activity. Direct functionalization of TiO2 with the AB-TP complex yields a stable, durable, and antibacterial surface capable of withstanding physiological conditions. This approach bypasses the limitations of adhesive layers and demonstrates potential for application in orthopedic implant coatings.

The objective of the research was to combine the machining and coating process through the Electric Discharge Alloying (EDA) technique by incorporating copper (Cu) and titanium (Ti) powder in the dielectric medium. Material removal from the surface, coating of the workpiece, and reinforcing coating with strong carbide particles all occurred at the same time by regulating the process. It was the first technical report on such a comprehensive method. The EDS spot analysis confirmed that presence of carbon, copper, and titanium on the surface and EDS mapping inveterate the existence of reinforced particles on the coating. The Ti incorporated samples showed enhanced wear resistance due to the formation of a protective tribo layer.

It was shown, that porous nickel, the absorption was 0.7 wt.% at 15 atm and 300◦C. Magnesium absorbed hydrogen up to 1.5 wt.%. The aluminum-nickel alloy samples did not show any hydrogenation under any conditions. Titanium powders absorbed hydrogen at a level of 3.8 wt.% at 12 atm and 700◦C, which is slightly lower than the theoretical value of 4.04 wt%. TiH2.Lithium LiH samples showed high absorption values. At 700◦C and a pressure of 12 atm, the amount of hydrogen in lithium metal was 12.5 wt.% , therefore, to obtain good absorption (> 6 wt.%) requires high temperatures (700◦C) and high pressures (> 15 atm).

Rapid titanium carbide synthesis from titanium and graphite powders via ultrafast high-temperature sintering

Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify optimum laser settings and scanning strategies for titanium powder in a Trumpf Truprint 1000 to maximise density and minimise secondary roughness of printed parts. Design/methodology/approach Volumetric energy density (VED) was controlled via laser power and speed in the manufacturing of solid coupons. Relative density and surface finish (i.e. secondary roughness and its thickness) were measured. Optimum parameters were validated using porous lattices. Findings High density (99.6 ± 0.1%) and minimal secondary roughness (thickness 75 ± 2 µm, Sa 2.9 ± 0.2 µm, Sz 30.1 ± 2.8 µm) coupons were achieved using 108 W laser power, 889 mm/s laser speed, 55 µm hatch distance and 20 µm layer height to deliver VED 110 J/mm³ via a “double pass” of VED 55 J/mm³ in a conformal infill fashion. The validation lattices displayed improved strut line profiles and fewer internal voids, and open porosity closer to the design intent. Research limitations/implications The inherent variability present across machines and materials requires that the printing parameters have to be optimised for each pair. Initiatives to digitalise processes are needed to support our understanding of these variabilities. Our results contribute to the AM community efforts to compile experimental data that tabulates hardware performance in pursuit of that digitalisation. Originality/value The effectiveness of the “double pass” conformal style to increase density without compromising secondary roughness resides in the doubling of the VED experienced at the core of the component whilst leaving its edges unaffected.

The thermal combustion of polymers contained in PV has been studied by 9-Tech, and it has been shown to be an efficacious way to recover from end-of-life (EoL) photovoltaic secondary raw materials with high efficiency and purity. In this work, the removal of the backsheet from photovoltaic (PV) panels has been investigated as a pre-treatment step in the thermal recycling process, assessing its impact on material recovery, energy consumption, and environmental emissions. The backsheet has been removed by means of an innovative technology developed by CEA based on sanding. The analysis of the materials recovered from PV panels with and without backsheet indicated that backsheet removal improves material purity by eliminating contamination with titanium dioxide (TiO₂) powder. Furthermore, it reduced dust emissions and avoided the production of toxic hydrofluoric acid. Finally, it also slightly increased energy consumption due to the removal of combustible polymeric material.

ABSTRACT In the present work, selective laser melting (SLM) process was used to implement multiple layer deposition techniques in the Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo alloy powder. Ti (Titanium)-SLM is titanium powder has been used in the SLM process. To enhance the bonding strength and surface characteristics, Ti-SLM samples were produced using the shot peening-SLM (SP-SLM) and post peening nitriding-SLM (PPN-SLM) processes. The SLM sample's compressive residual stress and hardness value increased during the shot peening process, while Ti-SLM samples were subjected to a plasma nitriding method for different time intervals 4, 8, and 12 h at 450°C separately. Hexagonal Ti2Al phase, Ti3Al phases, α2-Ti2Al interface, and lattice Ti structure were detected in the microstructure of the Ti-SLM sample of heat inputs. The EBSD investigations of SP-SLM and PPN-SLM samples revealed the presence of the γTi-phase, homogenous Ti structure, β-TiAl matrix phase, and cubic TiAl face structure in both the outer and inner layers. Ti1<0001>, Ti2<1011>, and Ti3<2110> inner layers all mirrored the texture picture of the Ti-SLM samples on the TiAl structure. The outer layers of the PPN-SLM sample with texture findings ranging from 0-2700θ reflected the basket Ti2Al1<0001>, Ti2Al2<1010>, and Ti2Al3<1120 structure, While the Ti3Al phase, bulk Al-Mn structure and β-Ti crystal structure were all obtained at 216 HV on the SP-SLM sample, the hardness value of the Ti-SLM sample was achieved at 189 HV. The PPN-SLM sample's outer surface was reached at 9% of the hardness value.

The clean production of low-oxygen titanium powder through molten salt electrolysis-magnesiothermic reduction (MSE-MR) of TiO2

Title Page &amp; Editorial Board OpenAccess creativecommons back to 2025 Jul-Sep;31(3) Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) Publisher: Peytchinski Publishing Ltd. ISSN: 1312-773X (Online) Issue: 2025, vol. 31, issue3 Subject Area: Medicine - DOI: 10.5272/jimab.2025313.6386 Published online: 12 August 2025 Original article J of IMAB. 2025 Jul-Sep;31(3):6386-6393 MEDIUM-TERM RESULTS OF THE USE OF CEMENTLESS, PLASMA-COATED WITH DISPERSED TITANIUM POWDER AND HYDROXYAPATITE, ANATOMICAL ACETABULAR CAGES Hristo PetrichevORCID logo, Spas RadevORCID logo, Valentin PetrovORCID logo, Petko GanevORCID logo, Valeri StavrevORCID logoCorresponding Autoremail, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Plovdiv, Bulgaria. ABSTRACT: Background: The purpose of this study is to report the medium-term clinical and radiographic results of Paprosky type II and III acetabular bone defects revised with a cementless anatomical cage and cemented lipped acetabular cup. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 58 patients who underwent revision hip arthroplasty with cementless anatomical cages and lipped cemented acetabular cups between April 2009 and December 2013. We registered the following bone defects: Paprosky type IIA - 12 patients, Paprosky type IIB – 15 patients, 14 patients were with Paprosky type IIIA - 14 patients and with Paprosky type IIIB – 17 patients (pelvic discontinuity). Clinical assessment included Harris Hip Score (HHS) and Short Form-12 (SF-12). The radiographic assessment included the center of rotation, cage migration, and osteointegration of the implant. Results: We followed up the patients included in our series with a mean follow-up of 89.5 months (range 38–141), The Harris Hip Score (HHS) improved from 29.5 (12–41) points preoperatively to 87.7 (57–96) points during the last follow-up, and the Short Form – 12 (SF–12) also increased. In 1 patient we did revision due to cage loosening and broken screw 57 months after surgery. In 2 patients, we registered non-progressive radiolucency in the AP and Lateral radiographs without any clinical complaints. Conclusion: The cementless anatomical cage combined with a cemented lipped acetabular cup achieves a good result with a high osteointegration rate in Paprosky type II and III acetabular bone defects.

Objective: To report the medium-term outcome of a modular, cementless, proximal hydroxyapatite-coated, anatomical femoral stem in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods: 160 consecutive patients aged 42 to 92 years (average 70) years underwent 185 cementless arthroplasties for primary osteoarthritis or femoral neck fractures. All procedures were performed by a single surgeon using the same modular, cementless, proximally plasma-coated with dispersed titanium powder and additionally superimposed hydroxyapatite, anatomical femoral stem, regardless of age and bone quality. The clinical assessment (pain, range of motion and walking ability) is based on the results of the Merle d'Aubigne and Postel scales. Stem failure is defined as revision or impending revision due to aseptic loosening or pain. Of the 160 patients, 21 died, and none were lost for follow-up. In 3 of the 21 patients, the femoral stems were revised for periprosthetic fractures after a fall at 6 weeks, 10 months, and 3.8 years. 138 patients (162 arthroplasties) completed a median follow-up of 7.8 (range, 5.5–10.4) years. Their overall average Merle d'Aubigne and Postel scores increased from 7.09 before surgery to 16.36 after surgery. There were 5 periprosthetic fractures of the femur, 2 deep infections, 3 dislocations, and 2 aseptic loosenings (one each for the femoral stem and acetabulum). Conclusion: The MBA femoral stem provides predictably stable fixation with an excellent medium-term result.

Preparation of low-oxygen titanium powder based on a new method of real-time judgment of electrodeoxygenation endpoints

Abstract The polymerization kinetics of 50 volume percent suspensions of four oxide powders in isobornyl acrylate solutions initiated with benzoyl peroxide were determined with dynamic differential scanning calorimetry at a range of heating rates. Compared with the powder‐free isobornyl acrylate solution, polymerization kinetics were similar for titania suspensions. Polymerization kinetics were much faster in suspensions of barium titanate, strontium titanate, and alumina powders, indicating a significant catalytic effect of the oxide surfaces.

Structure and Properties of Titanium Powder Obtained by Electrodispersion of Vt20 Alloy Waste in Alcohol

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of heat and surface treatment on the physicochemical properties of samples produced using Direct Metal Sintering incremental technology from Ti64ELI titanium powder. Two groups of samples were selected for the study: sandblasted and mechanically polished samples. Each group consisted of samples in the initial state and after heat treatment carried out at temperatures of 800 °C, 910 °C, and 1020 °C. The article presents the results of microscopic metallographic observations, wettability and surface topography, hardness, and resistance to pitting corrosion in Ringer’s solution, together with microscopic evaluation of the surfaces before and after testing. Based on the test results, both heat and surface treatments were found to alter the functional properties of the printed samples. All the tested samples show hydrophilic properties. Heat treatment at 1020 °C produces the best resistance to pitting corrosion. This information is important when selecting the mechanical properties of the biomaterial and the physicochemical properties of the surface for a specific type of stabilizer. The choice of appropriate heat treatment and surface treatment of the implant will also depend on the length of time the implant remains in the body.

Aluminum ion batteries (AIBs) offer advantages over Lithium-based batteries, such as lower cost, increased safety, and higher volumetric energy density. However, the sluggish mobility of Al ions in the solid state limits the development of AIBs due to a lack of high performing electrolytes and cathode materials.Focusing on the electrolytes, most of the literature reports the use of haloaluminated-based ionic liquids (e.g., EMImCl-AlCl3). Although non-flammable, these electrolytes are expensive, viscous, hygroscopic, and highly corrosive. Their liquid nature also poses risks of leakage, gas evolution (Cl2), and dendrite growth at high current densities. Despite excellent electrochemical performance, the use of chloroaluminate ILs has therefore several limitations, including compatibility with cell components like spacers and current collectors.Few quasi solid state electrolytes (SSEs) are documented in the literature, mostly based on ILs or deep eutectic solvents in a polymeric host. These jelly systems still contain a significant liquid phase, only partially addressing the issues of conventional liquid electrolytes. To the authors' knowledge, the use of inorganic full solid-state electrolytes for Aluminum batteries applications has never been reported so far in the literature. The development of such class of materials seems particularly relevant since it could enable to obtain extremely safe batteries based on cheap and high energy dense Aluminum.In this context, the work proposes a family of full solid state Al-ion conductors (ceramic) to be used as electrolyte for full solid state AIBs [2]. The materials are obtained by surface functionalization of fluorinated Titanium oxide powders [3] and show an Al content as high as 1.4 mol×kg-1 and a conductivity equal to 2.7 10-5 S cm-1 at 25°C and 5.3×10-5 S cm-1 at 80°C. The interplay between the structure of the proposed materials and the conductivity mechanism is investigated using a broad set of techniques including: X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, X-Ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), impedance measurements and solid-state NMR. It is demonstrated that the obtained high conductivity values are associated with the long-range migration of Al3+ at the interfaces between anatase particles, coordinated by Fluorine atoms. For the first time, the level of performance of the proposed materials can pave the way to the development of a full solid-state Aluminum batteries.[1] M. Bandiera, A. Pavesi, G. Valota, M. A. Abello, V. Trombetta, M. Daga, C. Fiocchi, A. Bonfanti, A. Mancini, F. Bertasi Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2023 170 120516.[2] Italian Patent Application n° 102024000016099 filed on 11/07/2024.[3] F. Bertasi, G. Pagot, K. Vezzù, E. Negro, P.J. Sideris, S. Greenbaum, H. Ohno, B. Scrosati, V. Di Noto Journal of Power Sources, 2018 400 16-11.

ABSTRACT The effects of titanium powder morphology and size (sponge, rolled porous, fused, spherical; particle size ranging from several 10 to several hundred micrometers) on burning rate and the characteristics of titanium agglomeration during the combustion of composite propellant containing AP, Ti and an active polymer binder at a ratio of 60/20/20 were investigated with use of sampling techniques. The goal was to optimize propellant composition in order to reduce agglomeration retaining the maximal possible titanium content in the propellant, in relation to the idea of developing a pyrotechnic generator of finely dispersed titanium dioxide. Detailed data on the morphology of sampled condensed combustion product particulate matter, their particle size and elemental composition assessed by EDS are presented. It is shown that burning rate, the mass and size of agglomerates are essentially dependent on the morphology and size of initial titanium. It has been determined that the optimal metallic fuel for the formulated goal is spherical titanium with particles smaller than 36 μm which is minimal among the studied ones. The results of EDS allow us to assume that the agglomerates burning in the air are completely transformed into the oxide, which confirms the potential possibility to develop a pyrotechnic generator of TiO2.

Controlled electrochemical synthesis of dense titanium powder from TiO2 in fluoride-based molten Salts: Dissolution behavior, kinetics, and particle evolution

This study aims to improve the performance of A356 cast aluminum alloy by incorporating titanium dioxide (TiO2) powder and applying variations in stirring speed during processing. The effects of these modifications were evaluated based on microstructural characteristics, tensile strength, and impact strength. The methodology includes a casting process with TiO2 concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight, along with variations in stirring speed (300, 400, 500 and 600 RPM) to ensure homogeneous powder distribution within the aluminum matrix. The mechanical properties of the A356 + TiO2 composite, including tensile strength, elastic modulus, strain, and impact energy, were evaluated. Furthermore, the material's microstructure was examined using optical microscopy. The results indicate that the addition of TiO2 contributes to an increased titanium content in the alloy, leading to microstructural changes characterized by the formation of finer dendrites. Furthermore, the combination of TiO2 addition and increased stirring speed significantly enhances the material's tensile and impact strength. With the addition of TiO2 by 15%, there is an increase in tensile strength of 14.2% and impact strength of 21%. Likewise, with an increase in rotation up to 600 RPM, tensile strength increases by 14.9% and impact strength increases by 8.2%. These findings provide valuable insights into the development of advanced aluminum-based materials for industrial applications, particularly in the automotive and aerospace sectors.