Addition Of Titanium Carbide Research Articles

Novel fillers for wearable technology: Impact of titanium carbide and thinners on room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber composites

Wearable technology has emerged as a robust pathway to achieve smart functionalities in healthcare, sports, fitness, and beyond. This study investigates the mechanical and electromechanical properties of silicone rubber (SR) composites. The SR was reinforced with titanium carbide (TiC) and modified with varying (room-temperature vulcanized) RTV-thinner (silicone oil) concentrations. RTV-SR was utilized, which cures at room temperature to form a flexible, durable, and moldable rubber widely used for sealing, bonding, and making molds. The addition of TiC enhanced tensile strength from 0.5 MPa (control) to 0.59 MPa (5 phr of TiC), and tensile modulus from 0.41 MPa to 0.51 MPa. However, the thinner inclusion reduced tensile properties. For instance, the T10 sample (10 phr thinner) showed a tensile strength of 0.51 MPa and a tensile modulus of 0.29 MPa making the composites soft. Thinner addition also increased ductility, with fracture strains rising from 151 % (control) to 217 % (T10). Compressive strength followed a similar trend, with the control and 5 phr TiC samples exhibiting compressive strengths of 0.18 MPa and 0.17 MPa, respectively, which decreased to 0.12 MPa for the T20 sample. Under cyclic loading, TiC-filled samples showed consistent load patterns, while thinner addition resulted in increased energy dissipation and reduced stiffness. Electromechanical analysis revealed that TiC 5 phr samples exhibited stable piezoelectric responses, with voltage outputs increasing from ±0.1 mV at 15 % strain to ±1.0 mV at 40 % strain. The T5 samples demonstrated significant voltage improvements, generating ±2.5 mV at 15 % strain and ±5 mV at 40 % strain. Long-term cyclic tests confirmed the stability of T5 samples, maintaining voltage outputs of −1.5 mV to 1.5 mV over 50 minutes. Response time analysis indicated faster response times for TiC 5 phr samples, decreasing from 145 ms at 15 % strain to 102 ms at 40 % strain, while thinner addition led to longer response times. Real-time electromechanical tests under mechanical study showed that T5 samples achieved optimal performance with voltage peaks up to ±2.4 mV under thumb pressing. These findings highlight the trade-off between mechanical strength and flexibility, suggesting that an optimal balance of TiC and thinner enhances the properties of silicone rubber composites for applications in wearable technology and sensors.

Effect of TiC addition on microstructure and properties of network structured TiC–ZrO2 composite conductive ceramics

Zirconia (ZrO2) ceramics have excellent mechanical properties and high-temperature conductivities. However, ZrO2 ceramics do not possess room-temperature conductivity, which significantly limits their application as functional components in smart communication devices and wearable smart products. To achieve room-temperature conductivity in ZrO2 ceramics, this study prepared a network-structured TiC–ZrO2 composite conductive ceramic with a low titanium carbide (TiC) addition using pressureless sintering. The influence of the TiC addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and electrical properties of the TiC–ZrO2 composite material was investigated. The results showed that the composite material consists of cubic zirconia (c-ZrO2), tetragonal zirconia (t-ZrO2), and titanium carbide (TiC) phases. When the TiC content was 11 vol %, the relative density, open porosity, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of the sample were 98.6 ± 0.1 %, 0.16 ± 0.06 %, 383 ± 38 MPa, and 4.66 ± 0.26 MPa m1/2, respectively. The electrical percolation threshold of the TiC–ZrO2 composite was between 8.0 and 11.0 vol %. When the TiC content is 18.8 vol %, the sample exhibited the lowest room-temperature resistivity of 3.00 × 10−5 Ω m. The electrical resistance of the TiC–ZrO2 composite material is mainly attributed to the grain boundary effect. With increasing TiC content, the resistivity of the composite material decreased, exhibiting linear conductivity and achieving conductive percolation characteristics.

Strength Enhancement of Laser Powder Bed Fusion 316L by Addition of Nano TiC Particles.

316L stainless steel is widely used in various industrial fields, but its strength is relatively low. The improvement of its strength has become a research hotspot. In this study, nano titanium carbide (TiC) particles are ball milled with 316L with the addition of 2 wt% and 4 wt%. The composite powder was then used for the fabrication of samples by laser powder bed fusion. The results show that the TiC is uniformly distributed in the microstructure. With the addition of TiC, the average size of the grains is significantly reduced. The strength, hardness, and wear resistance of TiC/316L samples have been greatly improved. The tensile strength of formed 2 wt% TiC/316L is 948 MPa, together with a extension rate of 36.0%, which has been increased by 42.6% and 79.7%, respectively. This study provides an effective way to improve the strength at room temperature and the high temperature of 316L built by laser powder bed fusion.

Influence of Tic on Density and Microstructure of Al2O3 Ceramics Doped with Nb2O5 and Lif

Ceramic matrix composites are widely studied in the ballistic sector due to their high hardness, fracture toughness, and improved ballistic performance in multilayer shielding systems. However, the presence of dopants in ceramics can pose challenges during processing and potentially compromise the final properties of the sintered material. This study focused on the ceramic processing of Al2O3-based ceramic matrix composites by adding 4 wt.% Nb2O5 (niobium oxide), 0.5 wt.% LiF (lithium fluoride), and 38.5 wt.% TiC (titanium carbide). The composites were produced using cold uniaxial pressing and conventional sintering at 1400 °C for 3 h. The composites were characterized using Archimedes’ principle and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed that the samples to which TiC was added exhibited low initial densities, indicating that the applied pressure of 50 MPa during cold pressing was insufficient to adequately densify the green bodies. Moreover, the presence of TiC led to a significant reduction in densification, making it challenging to apply a conductive coating for SEM analysis. Adjustments to the intensity of the electron beam were necessary to conduct the analysis successfully. Conversely, the samples to which TiC was not added exhibited high density values in the green state and yielded consistent results after sintering in line with previous research, indicating a satisfactory degree of sintering in the absence of TiC. These findings highlight the importance of carefully considering the addition of TiC in ceramic matrix composites during processing, which can have a significant impact on densification and subsequent material properties. The results contribute to the understanding of processing parameters with regard to the production of ceramic composites with desirable characteristics for ballistic applications.

Enhancing high-temperature properties of stainless steel composite with titanium carbide reinforcement: a study on coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, and strength

The high-temperature properties of titanium carbide (TiC)–reinforced stainless steel (SS) matrix composite, fabricated through infiltration process, were investigated across different temperatures. By adding highly concentrated and closely adjacent TiC particulate reinforcement, dramatic variations in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and thermal conductivity properties, which originate from the phase transformation of the SS matrix, were effectively suppressed. Moreover, the addition of TiC significantly strengthened the SS, with its strengthening effect increasing at higher temperatures and reaching its highest value after the phase transformation. Therefore, TiC–SS composite exhibit great potential for use as advanced high-temperature-resistant structural materials.

Worn Surface Analysis and Wear Map Mechanism of AA4032 Composites

Abstract The present research work exhibits the effect of reinforcement particles on the mechanical and wear properties of AA4032 hybrid and unhybrid metal matrix composites (MMCs). The unhybrid MMCs were prepared by incorporating titanium carbide (TiC) particles onto the AA4032, whereas the hybrid MMCs were prepared by the addition of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) particles to unhybrid AA4032-TiC composite. The tribological study conducted on the composites reveals that the wear rate was augmented at a higher applied load because of the formation of plastic deformation with some cracks. The generation of shear stress at an elevated applied load increases the coefficient of friction (COF). However, the addition of TiC and h-BN particles decreases the COF and wear rate because of the abrasion resistance and self-lubrication property of TiC and h-BN, respectively. The wear mechanism map study confirms that the hybrid MMCs have better wear resistance properties than the unhybrid MMCs with minimum delamination.

Effect of addition of titanium carbide and graphite reinforcement on Al7075 hybrid metal matrix composites by gravity stir casting method

In recent years composite materials play vital role on automobile and aerospace industries and the maximum researcher developed the composite, they are used maximum addition of reinforcement particle to the base aluminium matrix is less than 10 % of weight fraction. An attempt is made to increase the addition of reinforcement to the aluminium base material more than 10 % weight fraction. In this research work is to evaluate the mechanical properties of Al7075-Titanium carbide (TiC)-Graphite (Gr) composites developed by gravity stir casting method with increasing the addition of weight percentage of ceramic reinforcement of titanium carbide from 10%,12% and 14% weight fraction with fixed 2% weight percentage of graphite to the composite. The developed Al7075-TiC-Graphite composites were exposed to tensile hardness, and impact studies. The tensile strength, Hardness and impact strength of the composite were decreased while increasing the addition of ceramic reinforcement. Scanning electron microscope confirms the presence of reinforcement of titanium carbide and graphite in the hybrid metal matrix composite. The average tensile strength of the composite increased from 80.87 MPa to 139.87 MPa for the addition of titanium carbide of 10% and 12% weight fraction addition of TiC, beyond that the average tensile strength were decreased when further increasing the addition of reinforcement to base alloy matrix material. The hardness of the Al7075-TiC-Graphite composites increased to 41.31% while increasing the addition of weight percentage of TiC to base matrix where as impact strength of composites decreased while increasing the addition of reinforcement due to higher brittle nature of reinforcement than the base aluminium matrix material. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) confirms the presence of Aluminum, TiC and Graphite particle in the cast composite.

Structure-property-process parameters correlation of laser additive manufactured TiC dispersed titanium aluminide (Ti45Al5Nb0.5Si) composite

The present work concerns understanding the microstructure and nano-mechanical properties of titanium carbide (TiC) added (5 wt% and 10 wt%) titanium aluminide (Ti45Al5Nb0.5Si) composite developed by laser additive manufacturing (LAM) route. LAM has been carried out by melting pre-mixed titanium aluminide (Ti45Al5Nb0.5Si) and titanium carbide (5 wt% and 10 wt%) with a Nd:YAG laser (of 3 kW power and 2 mm beam diameter) and subsequently, depositing it on Ti–6Al–4V substrate one layer after another to a dimension of 10 mm × 10 mm x 4 mm. The process parameters used in the present study were applied power (varying from 400 to 600 W), scan speed between 200 and 400 mm/min and powder feed rate varying from 1.8 to 2.6 g/min. The effect of process parameters on microstructure, phase fraction, residual stress and microhardness was determined. In the LAM clad coupon there is formation of refined microstructures with the dispersion of carbides (TiC, Ti2AlC, Ti3AlC2 and Ti2AlC) in refined α2+γ matrix. TiC addition increases the nanohardness, which varies with applied laser parameters. Attempts were made to derive the process parameters corresponding to a maximum improvement in nano-hardness.

Microstructure and Wear Properties of Hot-Pressed NiCrBSi/TiC Composite Materials

In this study, TiC-reinforced NiCrBSi matrix composite materials were produced using the hot pressing powder metallurgy (PM) technique. The effect of the addition of titanium carbide to NiCrBSi powder in different proportions (5, 10, and 20 wt %) on the microstructure, hardness, relative density, and wear properties of composites was investigated experimentally. NiCrBSi–TiC composites were produced for 10 min at 1000°C with an applied pressure of 45 MPa using a vacuum-assisted automatic hot-pressing machine. The wear behaviors of the composites were compared through dry sliding wear tests. Wear rates and coefficient of friction (COF) values were observed of composites. In addition, the main wear mechanisms are investigated by using SEM and EDS analyses of the worn surfaces. The wear rates of the composites were decreased by increasing the TiC content.

Effect of Bimodal-Sized Hybrid TiC–CNT Reinforcement on the Mechanical Properties and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Aluminium Matrix Composites

Aluminium (Al) matrix reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNT), micron-sized titanium carbide (TiC) particles, and bimodal (nano + micron) hybrid TiC–CNT is fabricated by solution ball milling, followed by cold compaction and vacuum sintering to improve the mechanical properties and reduce thermal expansion. The hardness, wear resistance, compressive strength and CTE of pure Al, 0.6 wt% CNT/Al, 10 wt% TiC/Al, and hybrid 10–0.6 wt% TiC–CNT/Al composites have been investigated in this work. Analysis of strengthening mechanisms based on theoretical models, microstructure, and properties of constituent materials is performed. Microstructure analysis reveals an excellent distribution of the reinforcement phase and no new phase formation in sintered composites. The hardness value of bimodal TiC–CNT reinforced Al composite is significantly higher than monomodal TiC reinforced composite, reaching 2.3 times the hardness value of pure Al. Similarly, the wear resistance improved, and CTE reduced with CNT and TiC addition but is even significantly better in the hybrid reinforced composite. Experimental values of CTE show good agreement with the theoretical model. The strength and ductility of materials are mutually exclusive, but the compressive strength of pure Al has been doubled without significant loss in ductility through the use of bimodal-sized hybrid TiC–CNT reinforcement in this work.

Response analysis on synthesized aluminium-scandium metal matrix composite using unconventional machining processes

The research work and applications of aluminium based Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) has been increased. It has more attractive material properties like strength, ductility, corrosion and wear resistance. The current work reports the Titanium Carbide (TiC) and Vanadium Carbide (VC) reinforced aluminium scandium MMC is formulated through metallurgy technique. The synthesized MMC is under various materials testing for evaluating the properties. After addition of TiC and VC, the material properties have been increased. Hence, Unconventional machining techniques such as Spark Erosion or Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM), Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) and Laser Beam Machining (LBM) have been carried out. In each machining processes, the influential parameter effect is determined through the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The orthogonal array (L9) based Taguchi approach is employed to find the optimal parameter for Material Deletion Rate (MDR).

The effect of TiC particulate reinforcement on dry sliding wear behaviour of Al based composites

Abstract The purpose of developing Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) is to improve the mechanical and tribological properties by adding reinforcement in to the aluminium alloy. The current research is focussed on enhance the tribological and mechanical properties of Al6061 alloy MMC with the addition of Titanium Carbide (TiCp) particles. Different composites were developed by varying TiC particles for 3, 6, 9 and 12 weight percent. Tensile and hardness tests were conducted to evaluate mechanical properties. Wear test also carried out at constant load of 10N and velocity of 2 m/s for all weight fractions at sliding distances of 300m, 600m, 900m and 1200m. It was found that, Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and hardness increased with the increase of TiCp. The worn-out surface of tested specimens were analysed and found that frictional coefficient and wear rate decreased with the increase of reinforcement and sliding distances for all the weight fractions. However, after 9% weight fraction the wear rate increases.

Formability of Sintered Al, Al-Cu and Al-Cu-TiC Composites during Cold Upsetting

Abstract This work examines the formability characteristics of sintered Aluminium (Al) composites during cold upsetting. Formability evaluates the extent of deformation that materials can withstand without the initiation of cracks or before yielding in the forming process. As such, formability studies are critical in order to produce defect free components. This study is particularly necessary for parts produced by the Powder metallurgy (PM) technique, considering the high volume of pores present in PM components even after the sintering process. Thus, this study experimentally investigates the effects of different weight percent of Copper (Cu) and Titanium carbide (TiC) addition to the Al composite preforms. To determine the formability behavior; Al, Al-3%Cu, Al-6%Cu, Al-3%Cu-2%TiC, Al-3%Cu-4%TiC, Al-6%Cu-2%TiC and Al-6%Cu-4%TiC with aspect ratios (height/ diameter) of 0.45 and 0.9 were cold upset under different frictional conditions (nil/ no lubricant, graphite lubricant and zinc stearate lubricant). Consequently, the effects of reinforcement addition to the Al composite and initial preform geometry on the relative density, R, are investigated. Moreover, other influencing physical parameters such as axial stress and the formability stress index, β are also graphically presented. It has been established from this study that the nil lubricated lower aspect ratio TiC containing compacts generally achieved improved densification, higher values of axial stresses and consequently better formability. However, the addition of Cu and TiC limits the height strain to fracture

Investigation on mechanical and corrosion behaviour of AA8011 reinforced with TiC and graphite hybrid composites

In this work, the aluminium alloy (AA8011) reinforced with TiC and graphite Hybrid Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite (HAMMC) fabricated through stir-casting technique. The reinforcement was added particulates of titanium carbide (TiC) of different weight fractions (10% and 20%) and the graphite (1% and 2%). The cast specimens were subjected to mechanical, characterization, corrosion studies, the mechanisms of fracture in tensile test specimens were studied as per ASTM standards. The results showed improved properties with higher addition of TiC and graphite. Corrosion studies performed on hybrid composites which reveals an increase in 83.9% corrosion resistance of AA8011 + 20%TiC + 2%Gr when compared with as cast AA8011 alloy. Addition of graphite intensifies the galvanic corrosion and nucleation of corrosion at the AA8011/graphite interface due to higher H2 evolution.

Microarc oxidation coatings containing TiC and NbC on magnesium alloy

ABSTRACT Microarc oxidation (MAO) coatings were formed on AZ91D magnesium alloy in zirconate–phosphate electrolytes with and without the addition of titanium carbide (TiC) and niobium carbide (NbC) particles. Surface morphologies, structures, compositions and corrosion resistance of the MAO coatings were investigated. The MAO coating formed in the based electrolyte was mainly composed of MgO, Mg2Zr5O12 and some amorphous phases. TiC and NbC particles in the electrolyte were incorporated and uniformly distributed in the MAO coatings. Both particles increased the thickness and compactness of the MAO coatings. Electrochemical measurements results indicated that the TiC and NbC particles in the electrolyte improved the corrosion resistance of the MAO coating, and those formed in the electrolyte with NbC particles showed the best corrosion resistance.

Mechanical and Wear behaviour of Al6061 reinforced with Graphite and TiC Hybrid MMC’s

ABSTRACTAluminium (Al6061) with Graphite (Gr) and Titanium Carbide (TiC) particles of different configurations have been prepared using stir casting method. The development of aluminium with Gr and TiC composites has been confirmed with Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) tests. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) study has been performed to identify the configuration of the composite material. In the current work, an attempt is made to study the mechanical and tribological behaviour of Al6061 reinforced with 5wt% Gr for different fraction of TiC hybrid composites. The addition of Gr was maintained constant and equal to 5 wt.% throughout the experiment. TiC was varied from 0% to 8 wt. % in a step of 2%. The effect of addition of Gr and TiC on microstructure, micro hardness, tensile strength, wear resistance were investigated. The results showed that aluminium reinforced with Gr and TiC exhibited better mechanical and tribological properties of composites.

Laser cladding of iron-based erosion resistant metal matrix composites

Erosion greatly reduces the service life of slurry handling equipment. Applying an erosion-resistant coating on equipment has been widely used to protect components from erosion. In this study, vanadium carbide (VC), titanium carbide (TiC), and tungsten carbide (WC) were blended with AISI 420 stainless steel (SS) powders, respectively, to fabricate metal matrix composites (MMCs) coatings on mild steel A36 by using a high power direct diode laser. The slurry erosion test was conducted at three eroding angles, 30°, 45°, and 90°, by using an abrasive waterjet to evaluate the erosion performance of the fabricated MMCs. The results showed that the resistance of 420 SS to erosion was increased at the impingement angles of 30° and 45° after adding the carbides. At 90° impingement angle, the addition of VC and TiC improved the erosion resistance of 420 SS. In contrast, the WC deteriorated the erosion resistance of 420 SS. In addition, the VC/TiC reinforced coatings had an erosion behavior of ductile material. The maximum erosion occurred at an angle of 45°. In contrast, the WC reinforced coating exhibited the erosive characteristics of brittle material, and the maximum erosion occurred at an angle of 90°. It was found that for all coatings, the VC reinforced coating exhibited the best anti-erosive performance at all impingement angles.

Experimental investigations on optimisation of parameters to produce W-TiC composites using powder metallurgy route

In this research work, the effect of titanium carbide (TiC) in tungsten (W) matrix to be analysed. The W matrix composites contain different weight percentage (0, 4 and 8) TiC particles were produced by ball milling and powder metallurgy methods. The required quantity of powders were milled and compacted in a hydraulic press with a suitable punch and die. The sintering was done at a temperature of 1,400°C for a period of three hours. The mechanical properties of the sintered composites were studied and reported. The SEM images of as received W and TiC power particles were reported. Taguchi analysis was used to discover the control of parameters and their relations on the output responses. Weight percentage of TiC has the most significant effect on hardness and flexural strength at the 95% confidence interval. Increasing the TiC addition increases the hardness and flexural strength of the composites.

Experimental investigations on optimization of parameters to produce W-TiC composites using powder metallurgy route

In this research work, the effect of titanium carbide (TiC) in tungsten (W) matrix to be analysed. The W matrix composites contain different weight percentage (0, 4 and 8) TiC particles were produced by ball milling and powder metallurgy methods. The required quantity of powders were milled and compacted in a hydraulic press with a suitable punch and die. The sintering was done at a temperature of 1,400°C for a period of three hours. The mechanical properties of the sintered composites were studied and reported. The SEM images of as received W and TiC power particles were reported. Taguchi analysis was used to discover the control of parameters and their relations on the output responses. Weight percentage of TiC has the most significant effect on hardness and flexural strength at the 95% confidence interval. Increasing the TiC addition increases the hardness and flexural strength of the composites.

Structure and Properties of MgB2: Effect of Ti-O and TiC Additions

The effects of the additions of powdered titanium carbide (TiC) and polyvalent titanium oxides (Ti-O) to MgB2 (synthesized under high pressure (2 GPa)–high temperature (800 and 1050 °C) conditions) on the critical current density, j c, critical magnetic fields, B C2 and B irr, and the related transformations in the materials structures are reported in this paper. The superconducting characteristics are compared with that of MgB2 with titanium (Ti) additions synthesized under the same conditions. The synthesis temperature, the ability of Ti-containing compounds to act as a getter, and the different diffusion rates of Mg and B into grains of these additions influence the distribution of the elements (boron, magnesium, and impurity oxygen) in the structures of MgB2-based materials. This in turn affects the formation of pinning centers, the resulting flux pinning and eventually the superconducting properties ( j c, B C2, B irr).