HighlightsWhat are the main findings?After cleaning at a pressure of 6.37 J/cm2, the oxygen content on the surface decreased to 4.87%.The surface roughness was as low as 0.37 µm, and the microhardness was 268.9 HV.The mechanism of oxide layer laser removal mainly involves laser ablation induced by plasma impact.What are the implications of the main findings?Revealed the optimal process parameters.Reduces the roughness while having a minimal impact on hardness.The mechanism of oxide layer removal is explained.To remove the oxide layer of TC1 titanium alloys in an environmentally friendly and efficient manner, this study conducted experiments using a nanosecond pulsed laser to systematically investigate the influence of different laser energy densities on the cleaning effect. The results showed that the oxide layer could be completely removed at an energy density of 6.37 J/cm2, with the surface oxygen element content reduced to 4.87%. The macroscopic surface presented a silvery metallic luster. Moreover, the roughness decreased significantly with the increase in energy density. At 6.37 J/cm2, the surface roughness dropped to 0.37 µm. The mechanism of removing the oxide layer of TC1 titanium alloy mainly includes laser ablation and plasma impact. At energy densities ranging from 2.55 J/cm2 to 6.37 J/cm2, the cleaning mechanism was mainly laser ablation. When the energy density exceeded 6.37 J/cm2, the cleaning mechanism gradually shifted from laser ablation to plasma impact as the dominant factor. Meanwhile, the microhardness of the samples after laser cleaning was basically consistent with that of the samples subjected to mechanical grinding, which provides a basis for a nanosecond pulsed laser to replace traditional methods for oxide layer cleaning.

Insight into {10 <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si1.svg"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover accent="true"> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>‾</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> 2} twinning-driven high ductility behaviors in severely deformed titanium alloy composites

Combining titanium’s excellent corrosion resistance with steel’s low cost, titanium-steel composites have shown broad application prospects in marine equipment and petrochemical engineering. However, mismatches in thermophysical properties and intensive elemental interdiffusion in titanium-steel systems readily induce the formation of brittle intermetallic compounds at the interface during laser deposition, thereby limiting interfacial reliability. Clarifying the role of titanium alloy composition in regulating interfacial reaction pathways and interfacial performance is therefore critical. In this study, a Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al coating was designed and fabricated by laser deposition, with TA1(Pure-Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V coatings used as references. The effects of alloy composition on the thermal response, interfacial microstructural evolution, and interfacial strengthening behavior were systematically investigated. The Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al coating exhibited superior interfacial microstructural stability and mechanical performance, characterized by a continuous β-Ti matrix with uniformly dispersed nanoscale α-Ti, whereas the reference coatings were dominated by coarse α-Ti. A metallurgical transition zone of approximately 200 μm formed at all interfaces, within which FeTi and Fe2Ti were identified as the dominant intermetallic phases. First-principles calculations revealed that FeTi possesses lower formation enthalpy and more favorable lattice matching than Fe2Ti, while V stabilizes the BCC FeTi structure, suppressing brittle Fe2Ti formation. Consequently, the Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al coating achieved a shear strength of 101.5 MPa, representing a 107.5 % increase compared with the TA1 coating (48.9 MPa). These results demonstrate that β-stabilized titanium alloy design provides an effective strategy for regulating titanium–steel interfacial reactions and enhancing interfacial reliability.

Purpose The present work is a step forward in developing spark plasma sintered titanium alloy (Ti64) and multilayer graphene (MLG) nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical and tribological properties for industrial applications. This study aims to conduct a detailed experimental investigation of the spark plasma process during the fabrication of Ti64-MLG nanocomposites. It gives an insight into understanding the role of adding MLG in influencing the properties of Ti64. Design/methodology/approach Conducts a detailed parametric analysis of the spark plasma sintering (SPS) process during the fabrication of Ti64-MLG nanocomposites. Experimental runs were designed using the central composite rotatable design approach. Findings Analysis of variance predicted Wt.% of MLG as the significant parameter with a contribution of 54.75 % and 48.72 %, followed by the sintering temperature, contributing 43.44 % and 46.22 % in determining corrosion current density and wear rate, respectively. A minimum wear rate of 14.50 × 10–6 g/m, corresponding to a 54.40 % improvement compared to bare Ti64, is achieved for Ti64-0.8 Wt.% MLG fabricated at 1000 °C. Originality/value Ti64-MLG nanocomposites demonstrating improved wear and corrosion resistance have been developed in this study. Additionally, regression models illustrating the relationship between the output responses, that is, wear rate and corrosion current density of the nanocomposites as a function of input parameters, that is, sintering temperature and Wt.% of MLG, have been established.

Background/Objectives: The main objective of optimizing the composition of dental implants is to improve tissue compatibility for enhanced biological/biochemical performance. In this context, research on the development of new titanium alloys in dental implantology considers the careful selection of alloying elements, both in terms of biocompatibility (their lack of toxicity) and their potential to improve the metallurgical processing capacity (thermal and/or thermomechanical), which through controlled microstructural changes lead to the optimal combination of properties for functionality and durability of the implant. The purpose of the research is to study the influence of alloying elements on the phase composition and physical-mechanical properties of experimental titanium alloys. Methods: Four alloys with original chemical compositions were developed, coded in the experiments as follows: Ti1, Ti2, Ti3, Ti4. The characterization of the alloys was carried out by detailed analysis of the chemical composition, phase structure and by testing the physico-mechanical properties (HV hardness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, modulus of elasticity), by standardized modern methods. Characterization methods, such as optical microscopy, SEM, EDS and XRD were performed, followed by tensile tests based on ASTM EB/EBM-22 and EN ISO 6892-1-2009 standards. Results: The research results provide information regarding the relationship between the composition and the physico-mechanical properties (Rm, Rp, HV, A, G, E) of the experimental alloys (Ti1-Ti4). Depending on the value level of the properties, these have been highlighted: compositions in which the alloy can be indicated for conditions of intense stress (Ti3), compositions that describe highly ductile alloys, easy to process and adapt to clinical requirements (Ti4), but also alloys compositions characterized by a balanced combination of strength, plasticity/ductility (Ti1, Ti2). Conclusions: Research for the development of new titanium alloys through the optimization of chemical composition has taken into account the requirements regarding the biological/biomechanical compatibility of biomaterials. Analyzed in comparison with Cp-Ti grade 4 and Ti6A4V, the experimental alloys (Ti1-Ti4) can be characterized as follows: The mechanical strength properties (Rm and Rp) are higher than those of pure commercial titanium (Cp-Ti grade 4) for all compositions Ti1-Ti4, but slightly lower than those of alloy Ti6Al4V. The plasticity-ductility properties have values comparable to those of Cp-Ti grade 4 (Ti4 and Ti2 compositions) and Ti6Al4V (Ti1 composition), with one exception, the Ti3 alloy. All four experimental alloys have a lower modulus of elasticity than Cp-Ti grade 4 (102-104 GPa) and Ti6Al4V (113 GPa), commonly used in dental implants. An in-depth analysis, which will also consider information on corrosion behavior and cellular testing, may support the selection of some of the four experimental alloys studied. The research aims to continue the progress to a higher level of testing, through the realization of dental implants (e.g., fatigue, wear, osteointegration capacity, etc.).

This article examines the microstructure, phase composition, mechanical properties, and fracture mechanism of titanium alloys of the Ti-Zr-Nb system with added silver. The elemental composition of the system was selected from non-toxic elements capable of providing the level of mechanical properties similar to the level of those of Ti-6Al-4V, but with a lower Young»s modulus to eliminate the «stress shielding» effect. Samples of the TiZr38Nb11 alloy and its modifications with added silver (1-3% (at.)) were obtained by the method of melting in an argon furnace, followed by annealing and quenching to obtain a uniform structure. The study of the alloys showed that the lowest Young»s modulus (48 MPa), maximum strength values (748-778 MPa), and microhardness (292 HV) were achieved with a silver content of 3% (TiZr38Nb11Ag3).

Effect of combination of gas oxynitriding and selective laser treatment on structure, phase composition and wear resistance of high-strength titanium alloy

Titanium is the material of choice for high performances components, due to the combination of physical and mechanical properties it provides and is widely used in aerospace, automotive, biomedical and marine engineering due to their good hot and cold processing properties, fracture toughness, high specific strength and good deformability. Nevertheless, titanium is also characterized by very high production costs, which are approximately 6 times and 30 times higher, respectively, in comparison to those to obtain the same quantity of aluminum or steel relegating titanium to high demanding sectors. One possible way to reduce the cost of titanium is to use cheaper alloying elements instead of vanadium or niobium to stabilize the body-centered-cubic (B.C.C) β-phase. TIG-welding of high-strength low-cost pseudo-β titanium alloys is complicated, primarily due to the high content of alloying elements, such as iron, molybdenum, as well as the use of oxygen as an alloying elements. By the correct choice of welding modes in most cases, it is possible to obtain welded joints of high-strength pseudo-β titanium alloys with good microstructure and mechanical properties. In this article, we study the weldability and influence of TIG welding on the structure and mechanical properties of low-cost titanium alloy Ti–2.8Al–5.1Mo–4.9Fe.

Investigations on the microstructure and wear properties of Ti2AlN ceramic-reinforced titanium alloy composites fabricated by laser powder-directed energy deposition

Effect of Combination of Gas Oxynitriding and Selective Laser Treatment on Structure, Phase Composition and Wear Resistance of High-Strength Titanium Alloy

Materials removal mechanism in laser-assisted grinding of SiC fibre-reinforced titanium alloy composite

This study employed different spot pattern lasers to clean the oxide film on the surface of a TC4 titanium alloy. The variation in temperature field and ablation depth during the laser cleaning process was simulated by establishing a finite element model. The effects of various laser processing parameters on the micromorphology, elemental composition, and surface roughness of the TC4 titanium alloy were analyzed. The results show that as the laser energy density increases, both the temperature field and ablation depth increase as well. Under optimal laser processing parameters, the laser energy density is 5.27 J/cm2, with a repetition frequency of 300 kHz and a scanning speed of 6000 mm/s. A comparison of the cleaning effects of Gaussian pulse lasers and Flat-top pulse lasers reveals that the Gaussian pulse laser causes less damage to the TC4 titanium alloy, resulting in lower oxygen content and roughness values after cleaning compared to Flat-top pulse laser cleaning.

Influence of Quenching Temperature on the Structure, Phase Composition, Physical and Mechanical Properties of a High-Strength Titanium Alloy of the Martensitic Class

This study focused on effective methods of laser engraving treatment (LET), plasma spraying, and resin pre-coating (RPC) to manufacture the reinforced adhesive joints of titanium alloy and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (TA-CFRP) composites. The combined treatments contributed to the creation of a better adhesive bonding condition and offer a vertical gap between circular protrusions to form epoxy pins and carbon nanotube (CNT)-reinforced epoxy pins. The bonding strength of the TA-CFRP composite was reinforced by 130.6% via treatments with a twice-engraving unit of 0.8 mm, plasma spraying, and RPC. The original debonding failure on the TA surface was changed into the cohesive failure of the epoxy adhesive and delamination-dominated failure of the CFRP panel. Overall, laser engraving has been confirmed as an effective and controllable treatment method to reinforce the bonding strength of the TA-CFRP joint combined with plasma spraying and RPC. It may be considered as an alternative in industry for manufacturing high-performance metal-CFRP composites.

Enhancing the PEEK composites-titanium interface performances through electrochemical treatment in fibre-metal laminates for aerospace applications

Enhancing surface chemistry and wetting behavior of laser-modified Ti–6Al–4V surgical titanium alloy surfaces through wet deposition of biogenic hydroxyapatite

The kinetics of hydrogenation of a two-phase deformed alloy based on the Ti2AlNb intermetallic compound in a temperature range of 700–900°C and the effect of hydrogen content and heating temperature on the formation of phase composition and structure are studied. Active and uniform hydrogen absorption of the alloy is shown to occur at low hydrogenation annealing temperatures. As the temperature increases, the hydrogenation intensity is found to decrease, and the growth of O-phase plates by 2–4 times is observed, which results in a decrease in the microhardness of the alloy.

The pivotal role of metal implants within the host’s body following reconstructive surgery hinges primarily on the initial phase of the process: the adhesion of host cells to the implant’s surface and the subsequent colonization by these cells. Notably, titanium alloys represent a significant class of materials used for crafting metal implants. This study, however, marks the first investigation into how the phase composition of titanium alloys, encompassing the volume fractions of the α, β, and ω phases, influences cell adhesion to the implant’s surface. Moreover, the research delves into the examination of induced hemolysis and cytotoxicity. To manipulate the phase composition of titanium alloys, various parameters were altered, including the chemical composition of titanium alloys with iron and niobium, annealing temperature, and high-pressure torsion parameters. By systematically adjusting these experimental parameters, we were able to discern the distinct impact of phase composition. As a result, the study unveiled that the colonization of the surfaces of the examined Ti–Nb and Ti–Fe alloys by human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells exhibits an upward trend with the increasing proportion of the ω phase, concurrently accompanied by a decrease in the α and β phases. These findings signify a new avenue for advancing Ti-based alloys for both permanent implants and temporary fixtures, capitalizing on the ability to regulate the volume fractions of the α, β, and ω phases. Furthermore, the promising characteristics of the ω phase suggest the potential emergence of a third generation of biocompatible Ti alloys, the ω-based materials, following the first-generation α-Ti alloys and second-generation β alloys.

The effect of high-temperature hydrogenation to a hydrogen content of 0.15 to 0.40 wt % on the structure, phase composition, and strain resistance of Ti2AlNb-based VTI-4 and VIT-6 alloys differing in the content of β-stabilizing elements is studied. Hydrogen alloying is found to favor the formation of a heterogeneous multiphase structure in both alloys and to have a beneficial impact on the deformability of the VTI-4 alloy by decreasing the upset force by 36%.

Electrometallurgy Today, 2023, №03. SOVREMENNAYA ELEKTROMETALLURGIYA Quarterly scientific-technical and production journal. ISSN: 2415-8445, Since 1985. Text in Russian, contents and summaries in English. The journal presents the results of theoretical and experimental research carried out at the PWI in the field of electrometallurgy. Special attention is given to electroslag technology (electroslag melting, refining and casting). The journal is divided into the following main sections: electroslag technology; electron beam processes; plasma arc technology; vacuum arc remelting and vacuum induction melting; general problems of special electrometallurgy.