Time Of War Research Articles

Resilience in times of war: How Ukrainian exporting SMEs enhance relational factors with foreign partners

Resilience in times of war: How Ukrainian exporting <scp>SMEs</scp> enhance relational factors with foreign partners

Leveraging crises into opportunities: European food banks in the time of covid, inflation, and war

Large food bank warehouses and their network of beneficiary organizations redistribute surplus food to charities across Europe. Since 2020, these food bank systems have faced a series of crises resulting from the covid pandemic, inflation, and the war in Ukraine. During the initial shock years of covid in 2020 and 2021, most food banks struggled to operate effectively due to increased demand, higher costs, inadequate resources, and uneven political support. Since then, the experiences of food bank systems have varied. While some food banks continue to struggle to redistribute food to their agencies, other food banks have scaled up their operations in size and scale. To understand these divergent outcomes, this research analyzes how food banks in the Czech Republic, Greece, and Portugal navigated through multiple crises in the years between 2020 and 2024. Findings in this study reveal how European food banks have leveraged crises to increase funding, surplus food, public legitimacy, political connectedness, and private sector support. The shocks between 2020 and 2024 provided an opportunity for some food banks to expand their operations or change how they deliver food to communities. However, even though food banks have increased their size and governance role in some contexts, the state and food industry shape what food banks can be and how they develop. In this way, food banks are limited by their neoliberal embeddedness within the broader food system.

THE FORMATION OF “SILVER” AND CROSS-CULTURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: GENDER AND AGE ASPECTS OF THE SOCIAL CAPITAL INSTITUTE

The qualitative development of the institution of social capital is important in times of war and post-war economic recovery of the country. The formation and development of “silver” and cross-cultural entrepreneurship are components of the economic reconstruction of Ukraine, ensuring employment of the population and economic activity of the country. The purpose of the article is to determine the main aspects of the formation of “silver” business and cross-cultural entrepreneurship, to determine their characteristic features, to present the actualization of social values, gender, age, mental, and cultural aspects. To achieve the specified goal, the work used methods of analysis and synthesis, grouping, generalization, and comparison, which allowed for a comprehensive study of scientific achievements on the issues of inclusive development of “silver” and cross-cultural business. The article substantiates the place and role of the institution of social capital in the formation of “silver” and cross-cultural entrepreneurship. The determinants of the development of these types of business are indicated. The authors offered their own understanding of cross-cultural entrepreneurship, noting that in this type of entrepreneurship, employees must take into account the fact that behavior and compliance with business rules may vary, and in cross-cultural entrepreneurship it is necessary to apply a flexible approach to business management and take into account current situations, possible constant changes. The gender and inclusive components of opening a cross-cultural and “silver” business are considered. The chain of interaction of the key components of the process of developing a “silver” business and cross-cultural entrepreneurship is presented. The practical value of the study lies in emphasizing that the inclusive development of cross-cultural entrepreneurship is achieved through expanding cooperation, strengthening the institution of corporate and interpersonal trust, and eliminating ethnic conflicts. The need for social mobility for older people has become apparent.

Whither Theory in a Time of Surpassing Disaster?

Attending to our responsibility to the dead in our present historical moment of danger, this lecture stages three distinct reading experiments in “living together with the dead” with special attention to Palestine and Algeria. The first scene contemplates the times of war and death that constitute what Jalal Toufic refers to as “the withdrawal of tradition past a surpassing disaster.” The second scene explores artistic resurrection in literature by examining antiphonic burial during colonial war while juxtaposing philosophical conceptions of the relationship between death, burial, and history writing. I thus elaborate a concept of death as non-secular and theological, and of history writing as a form of anamnesis that inhabits the isthmus between the Terrestrial realm and the realm of the Unseen. The final scene is a meditation on poetry under conditions of colonial and postcolonial catastrophe. Throughout, theology and poetry serve as provocations to the discipline of history.

ALGORITHMS AND METHODS IN DYNAMIC PROBLEMS OF OPTIMAL TRACK PLACEMENT IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL PRINTING

The work is devoted to the study of algorithms and methods for calculating optimal trajectories in 3-D printing in the formulation of a dynamic problem of the theory of optimal set partitioning. The relevance of this task lies in the significant actualization of 3-D printing, both in the manufacture of medical, military and dual-use products. Nowadays, technological solutions for 3-D printing allow users to manufacture parts from children's toys made of plas-tic to rocket parts made of high-alloy steel. In times of war, 3-D printing became a tool for improving weapons for Ukraine, allowing you to create experimental products in small quan-tities without resource-intensive research, investigate their effectiveness and applicability in practice, improve and launch them into mass production. This paper considers the mathe-matical aspects of constructing 3-D printing trajectories, taking into account the limitations put forward by manufacturers in the analytical formulation. This approach allows you to obtain optimal solutions, minimize the time and cost of refining parts, and generally reduce the time and cost of their manufacture. It should be noted that this approach is very relevant in the bowls of time, which is due to the large number of new inventions that are being devel-oped in various areas of human existence.

Relationship between lipid, carbohydrate and uric acid metabolism disorders and visceral obesity in patients with diabetic nephropathy and hypertension in wartime conditions

Objective — to study a relationship between lipid, carbohydrate and uric acid metabolism disorders and anthropometric indices of visceral obesity (VO) as a risk factor for hyperuricemia in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and essential hypertension (EH) in the conditions of wartime time. Materials and methods. The clinical study involved 70 patients (43 (61.4%) females and 27 (38.6%) males with DN of II—IV stages and EH of II—III stages, aged 38 to 82 years old (average age — 62.47±1.91 years) who were examined twice: in peace time (2020—2021) and in war time (2022—2023). Standard parameters of lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‑C)) were measured in all included patients with the use of an immune enzyme method. Very low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL‑C), low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‑C) were calculated by known formulas. Serum glucose and insulin levels were measured by glucose oxidase and enzyme‑linked immunosorbent assay, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) — by liquid chromatography, and creatinine — by photometric method. Insulin resistance (IR) indices such as HOMA‑IR, triglyceride‑glucose index (TGGI), METS‑IR (metabolic score for insulin resistance) index were calculated by known formulas. Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) of the patients was estimated by METS‑IR index. Body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), total fat mass (TFM) and fat mass index (FMI) in all the patients were calculated by standard known formulas. Serum uric acid (UA) concentration was measured with phosphovolframic method. We calculated the values of UA/HDL‑C and UA/creatinine associated with the components of IR syndrome. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were measured by Korotkov’s method. Heart rate (HR) at rest was detected with auscultation. Data of patients’ examination were analyzed before treatment prescription. The results were statistically analysed with computer programs Microsoft Excel 2003 and Statistica 23.0. Results. The stress of military time was established to aggravate diabetic dyslipoproteinemia (DLP) phenotype: an increase of serum concentrations of TC (p=0.046) due to elevation of LDL‑C (p=0.048), VLDL‑C (p=0.036) and a moderate decrease of HDL‑C (by 10.2%; p=0.01). Activation of visceral fat lipolysis was found to be present in patients with DN and EH in the conditions of war and evidenced by an increase of correlation relationship between BFP, TFM and LDL‑C in military and peace time, correspondingly (r=0.477; p=0.02 and r=0.483; p=0.04 compared with r=0.459; p=0.01 and r=0.461; p=0.03). The stress associated with the war was shown to promote an elevation of SBP (p=0.039), DBP (p=0.047) and acceleration of HR (p=0.044). There was a correlation between SBP and HDL‑C (r=–0.488; p=0.018), between DBP and serum TG concentration (r=+0.468; p=0.013) and HDL‑C (r=–0.424; p=0.02) due to the close relationship of the lipid ratio TG/HDL‑C with IR. In time of war in patients with DN and EH there was an elevation of HbA1c level (p=0.006) associated with fasting glycemia (r=0.522; p=0.001) and serum HDL‑C (r=–0.464; p=0.034) as well as an elevation of IR indices such as TGGI (p=0.033) and METS‑IR (p=0.016) associated with CMR. The latter elevated due to fasting hyperglycemia, increase of BMI (p=0.043) as a result of FMI (p=0.013) and body weight (p=0.014) elevation due to increase of BFP (p=0.022) and TFM (p=0.018) as well as due to increase of serum TG (p=0.032) and a decrease of serum HDL‑C level (p=0.01). In patients with DN and EH in war time there was a moderate elevation of serum UA level (p=0.008) and elevation of UA/HDL‑C ratio (p=0.001) as well as reduction of UA/creatinine ratio (p=0.017). UA/HDL‑C ratio was associated with TFM (r=0.522; p=0.001 in peace time and r=0.549; p=0.003 in military time; χ2=9.901; p=0.002). There was an association of UA/creatinine ratio with lipid index of IR (TG/HDL‑C ratio) (r=0.575; p=0.001 and r=0.509; p=0.002 at military and peace time, correspondingly; χ2=10.551; p=0.001) as well as with non‑lipid IR index (HOMA‑IR) (r=0.516; p=0.003 and r=0.491; p=0.005 at war and peace time correspondingly; χ2=8.074; p=0.021). The realization of this association is probably a result of a relationship between UA/creatinine ratio and BFP (r=0.498; p=0.004 at military time and r=0.487; p=0.002 at peace time; χ2=7.993; p=0.036). Conclusions. The stress of military time in patients with DN and EH aggravates metabolic disorders such as IR and DLP as well as hemodynamic ones such as elevation of SBP and DBP and HR acceleration. In this case stress‑induced IR and DLP are associated with serum UA through such metabolic mediators as fasting glycemia and insulinemia, serum concentrations of TG and HDL‑C and also increased BMI due to body weight elevation as a result of increased BFP and TFM. Lipid index of IR (TG/HDL‑C) and its index such as HOMA‑IR are concluded to be significant links in the relationship between UA/creatinine ratio and VO mediated by BFP.

A Veteran-Poet Trauma: US – Iraq War in Brian Turner's Poems Ashbah and Illumination Rounds

The present study investigates the notion of trauma as a result of the US-Iraqi War in Brian Turner's poems "Ashbah" and "Illumination Rounds". As a soldier-poet, Turner's poems portray an exceptional standpoint on the mental and emotional outcome of war owing to the examination of such themes as memory, language, and identity in his poetic verses. This article aims to discover the intricacies of trauma representation and the procedure of bearing witness to traumatic experiences in time of war. The study employs Cathy Caruth's theories of trauma and witnessing, as theorized in her two books Trauma: Explorations in Memory (1995) and Unclaimed Experience: Trauma, Narrative, and History (1996), to be the methodological tools for examining Brian Turner's poetry. In light of Cathy Caruth's theories of trauma and witnessing, and by thoroughly inspecting in Turner's usage of language, imagery, and narrative structure in his two poems, the findings demonstrate Turner's mental sufferings as a survivor of political violence. The two poems show the traumatic experiences he has lived with his friends through the US-Iraqi war enduring the effects of war. To conclude, depending on Caruth's notion of trauma, Turner's poetry depicts the lingering, vague nature of war experiences and the weighty impression they have on the mind. In addition, this article contextualizes Turner's poetic expressions in the wider socio-political setting of the US-Iraqi War, underscoring the durable heritage of war on both individual and shared memory.

MODERN CHALLENGES OF ECONOMIC ETHICS IN UKRAINE

The article discusses the main challenges faced by the Ukrainian business environment in the current environment in the field of ethics and morality. The article highlights the role of ethical standards in solving socio-economic problems, which is of great importance in the context of globalisation and the need to adapt to European standards. The main areas of business ethics are presented, including social responsibility, environmental protection, development of corporate culture, transparency of financial reporting, fight against corruption, and support for human rights. The article highlights the mechanisms for assessing business ethics, which are conventionally divided into qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative mechanisms provide an objective comparison of data, while qualitative ones allow for a deeper analysis of the ethical aspects of a company's activities. It is determined that the best approach is to combine these two mechanisms to obtain a holistic view of the ethical state of business and identify areas for improvement. The study pays special attention to the importance of ethical governance in times of war and the economic challenges caused by the destruction of infrastructure, reduced production and mass migration. It is noted that the war has exacerbated environmental problems, increasing the need for a responsible attitude to the environment. The author emphasises the importance of complying with the law, applying European standards and fighting corruption. The modern business sector should effectively integrate international experience and adapt it to national realities, which will help create a sustainable, efficient and ethical business environment that will increase the trust of international partners, attract investment and successfully restore the country

Problems of returning cultural values during armed conflicts

Cultural values play a key role in the formation of national identity, the maintenance of cultural diversity and the preservation of historical memory. In the context of the armed conflict in Ukraine, caused by Russian aggression, these values are exposed to serious risks of destruction, damage and illegal export. Of particular importance in this context is the process of restitution – the return of lost or stolen cultural objects. This article analyzes the problems and prospects of the restitution of cultural values in Ukraine, in particular on the basis of international experience and legal mechanisms. Special attention is paid to the regulatory and legal framework governing the protection of cultural heritage, including the 1954 Hague Convention, ratified by Ukraine, and other international agreements. The paper also considers practical measures aimed at the protection of cultural heritage, in particular the systematization of information about cultural objects, evacuation plans and fire safety. In the context of Russian aggression, which began in 2014 and escalated during the full-scale invasion in 2022, a significant number of cultural heritage sites have been damaged or destroyed. The article presents statistics on losses prepared by UNESCO, the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine and other organizations. It is noted that cultural values in the occupied territories are subject to systematic crimes, including looting of museums, archaeological excavations without proper permission and the export of objects outside the country. International experience in the field of restitution is highlighted, including UNESCO initiatives, the return of cultural objects through court decisions and the introduction of digital technologies. The paper emphasizes the importance of multilateral cooperation, the use of modern tools such as blockchain and NFT, as well as active public participation in the process of preserving cultural heritage. The conclusions of the article emphasize the need to improve national legislation, strengthen international cooperation and introduce new mechanisms and technologies for the protection and return of cultural values. The protection of cultural heritage in times of war is not only a national but also a global challenge that requires a systemic approach, coordination of efforts and support from the international community. The restitution of cultural values not only contributes to the restoration of historical justice, but also plays an important role in preserving cultural heritage for future generations.

Alternative (non-military) service under the conditions of the state of martial

The right to alternative non-military service is an important institution that guarantees the realization of freedom of conscience and belief in democratic states. It provides for the possibility of fulfilling a duty to the state in an alternative form for citizens whose religious, ethical or moral beliefs are incompatible with military service. This right is recognized both by international legal standards, such as the European Convention on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and by the legislation of many countries, including Ukraine. At the same time, its implementation in wartime poses new challenges for legal systems that require deep reflection. The state’s obligations to ensure defense capability and national security in a state of emergency extend to the protection of sovereignty and territorial integrity. In such conditions, the mobilization of all available resources, including human potential, is vital. At the same time, a democratic state cannot ignore fundamental human rights, even during periods of armed conflict. This creates a complex legal and moral balance between protecting individual rights and ensuring the interests of society. The article examines the Ukrainian state, which, being in a state of armed aggression, faced a number of issues regarding the legal regulation of alternative non-military service. National legislation formally recognizes the right to such service, in particular in the Constitution of Ukraine and the Law “On Alternative (Non-Military) Service”. However, during martial law, its implementation faces certain restrictions and practical problems that relate to both legal regulation and application mechanisms. For example, the question of the possibility of performing alternative service during mobilization still causes significant debate in society and among lawyers. Of particular importance is the issue of compliance of Ukrainian legislation with international standards in this area. Organizations such as the Council of Europe and the UN emphasize that the right to alternative service must be guaranteed even during armed conflict, since it is an integral part of freedom of thought, conscience and religion. At the same time, national governments often justify restrictions on this right in times of war by the urgent need for military personnel.

Life and Creative Path of the Patriarch of Ukrainian Jurisprudence – Vasyl Yakovlevych Tatsiy (1940–2022): on the occasion of the 85th anniversary of the scientist

In the process of writing a scientometric article about Academician V. Tatsiy, we have carefully analyzed more than 150 scientific professional articles on the figure of the leader of modern jurisprudence. The lion’s share of scientific works came directly from the pen of the Honored and Honorary Rector of the Yaroslav the Wise NSU. The material in this work can be a good basis for citations and writing new scientific works about V. Tatsiy. Within the framework of the scientometric paradigm, it should be noted that the scientific works about V. Tatsiy written by V.I. Borisov are quite powerful, and they are characterized by a special atmosphere of adopting the work of the leader as a strategist and founder of the science of criminal law. It should be noted that a large cohort of criminal law scholars of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs (KNIA) is directly related to the staff of Yaroslav the Wise National University, and in some respects, as it is supposed to be, in order for a student to be better than his teacher, especially with regard to criminological developments, KNIA, as a police university, occupies a leading position thanks to such scholars as O.M. Litvinov, Y.V. Orlov and many other well-known personalities. V. Tatsiy was rightly proud of Kharkiv jurisprudence, Kharkiv law school, which is unthinkable without Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs. It is a shame that today the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine has suffered serious damage from the shelling of Russian aggression, of which V. Tatsiy was president for many years. Any word of Vasyl Tatsiy was marked by special simplicity, wisdom, and inspiration. He has always inspired faith and hope in thousands of lawyers and continues to live today in the souls and hearts of grateful students and all those who are interested in this great figure of modern jurisprudence. It is said that a person lives as long as the memory of him or her lives. That is why, on the occasion of the glorious 85th anniversary of Vasyl Tatsiy, the staff of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs expresses its sincere feelings of respect and gratitude for his great/high contribution to the benefit of legal science and the people of Ukraine. We express our sincere respect to V.Y. Tatsiy for the standard/ example/example of life and scientific activity, humanity and education, highly intellectual service to the Ukrainian people. We wish all of us, in this difficult time of the Russian-Ukrainian war, creative inspiration and new great achievements for the benefit of Ukraine’s bright future and the long-awaited peace that is so lacking now.

Prevention of Violence against Women

Violence against women has long been a problem in times of peace and war. It causes pain and suffering for the victims and their families and puts a heavy burden on the international community. Violence against women is a social problem based on the agreement between the rights of men and women. Two types of violence against women are physical and sexual abuse by intimate partners. Often, it happens in close relationships. The aim of this article is to conduct a critical analysis of violence against women. This article shall keep its prime focus on gender, discrimination, and punishment. Violence has many connotations, including physical, economic, and psychological, including stalking and pestering. This being a universal issue, it inflicts a great impact on victims’ families and communities.

Konrad Wagner and the conflict at the Department of Anatomy during the occupation.

During World War II, the Norwegian Nazi Party (Nasjonal Samling) tried to use the academic community to promote its ideology. In 1941, a conflict broke out between prosector Konrad Wagner and Professor Kristian Schreiner at the Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo, which escalated into an issue with political overtones. The primary sources for the article are the National Treason Archives, which contain Wagner's file in the form of 421 digitised pages, as well as the National Archives of Norway's digital archives and the National Library of Norway's online collection. Wagner resigned from his position at the department in January 1941 due to what he perceived as harassment from Schreiner. Despite the accusations being rather trivial, the matter became politicised, particularly due to Wagner's contact with the Norwegian Nazi Party and his attempts to have Schreiner removed. The conflict led to a deep division at the department and resulted in Wagner's resignation. He then became the Secretary-General of the Nazi-controlled Norwegian Medical Association for two years. In the final part of the war, he participated in the German medical service. In the post-war treason trials, Wagner was sentenced to five years of forced labour. The conflict illustrates the fragile balance between scientific autonomy and political pressure, and shows how personal and political disagreements escalated in a time of war and occupation.

The legal status of the users of high impact of information sharing platforms: prospects for recognition as online media entities in Ukraine

This research article describes the changes that have taken shape in media consumption due to digitalisation. It emphasises the special role of content created by users of information sharing platforms. The article analyses the European Parliament Directives aimed at establishing common principles for the European Union for the regulation of user-generated content, in particular, in terms of protection of minors, prohibition of dissemination of harmful or dangerous information and restrictions on advertising of certain types of goods and services. The article also focuses on the existing risks of using content on information sharing platforms and possible manipulation of algorithms to influence socio-political and electoral processes by foreign states or owners of digital platforms. The author studied the experience of regulating users of information sharing platforms with a large influence in the Kingdom of Spain. The criteria for classifying such users as well as the specifics of their legal status are analysed. The article also highlights the special features of regulation of user-generated content in France. In particular, the author positively describes the obligation of content authors to use special labels in case the content was created using artificial intelligence tools or if the image or video was retouched. The article points out the crucial importance of regulating the activities of users of information sharing platforms with a large audience in Ukraine, taking into account their key role in the media consumption of Ukrainians, as well as safety risks in times of war. Based on the analysis of the existing national regulation, taking into account international experience, the author concludes that the best way to regulate the legal status of users of platforms for sharing information with a large audience is to extend the status of online media entities to them. It is emphasised that such changes would eliminate the problem that most sources of information used by millions of Ukrainians on a daily basis are not actually considered media and are not regulated by the relevant legislation. These changes would become the basis for further regulation, in particular, in terms of developing an effective procedure for restricting access to resources that violate the law and creating a system of deterrence that would prevent the use of such content in the future for unfair campaigning or political manipulation by hostile foreign states.

The ineos Case and the Transnational Dimension of the Habitats Directive: in Search of a Level Playing Field in Times of Transboundary Nitrogen Wars?

The ineos Case and the Transnational Dimension of the Habitats Directive: in Search of a Level Playing Field in Times of Transboundary Nitrogen Wars?

Otherness in operation from the systemic-functional perspective: The case of the Russia-Ukraine war

This paper addresses the issue of otherness central to the study of media discourse of the Russia-Ukraine war. Based on the Halliday’s systemic-functional linguistics (SFL) framework as the conceptual foundation for describing the context of situation, I characterise the relevant features and macrostructure patterns that pertain to a functional structure in society. I develop a research framework for media discourse that is based on the components of a speaking grid model, elements of proximisation theory, speech acts theory, and the principle of seven standards of textuality to research media communication during the disturbing times of war. This study identifies the mechanisms of otherness and its social impact. After revisiting the threefold distinction between the field, tenor, and mode, a proposal is made to single out the category of credible otherness to capture practice performed by media. It rests on validating news content by means of strategies of proximising and objectivising which are intended to decrease a spatio-temporal dimension and convey truthful propositions. Finally, the analysis shows how otherness has been projected by media and how media’s framework of negative depictions of Russia provides discursive contexts for potential aggravation of conflict.

The Role of HRM in Building Resilience: The Relationality Imperative in Times of War

ABSTRACTThe increase in natural and manmade disasters around the world in which organizations need to operate has brought the concept of organizational resilience to the forefront. To understand the role that HRM can play in fostering resilience in extreme contexts, we adopt a resource‐based lens through the conservation of resources theory, to explore how organizations protected, gained, and retained employees as their most valuable resources in the face of the extreme context of war. Specifically, we investigated the underlying mechanisms that allowed organizations operating in the extreme context of the Syrian civil war, to increase their and their employees' resilience through their HR departments. Using a qualitative interpretive approach based on the narratives of HR managers and employees working in Syria during the civil war, we explore the role of HRM in building individual and organizational resilience. Our findings point to two mechanisms that HR departments relied on to protect resources and acquire new ones. First, HR departments adopted relationality practices, enacted by their managers, focused on investing in employees' psychological capital and wellbeing. Second, HR departments leveraged technology for recruitment and training purposes to attract and develop employees. Additionally, the extreme context characterized by scarce resources may have triggered the “strategification” of HR departments and transformed them, into strategic partners playing a critical role in their respective organizations' survival. We contribute to the literature on organizational resilience by highlighting the important relational role HRM can play to foster individual and subsequently organizational resilience.

Alternative (non-military) service under the conditions of the state of martial

The right to alternative non-military service is an important institution that guarantees the realization of freedom of conscience and belief in democratic states. It provides for the possibility of fulfilling a duty to the state in an alternative form for citizens whose religious, ethical or moral beliefs are incompatible with military service. This right is recognized both by international legal standards, such as the European Convention on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and by the legislation of many countries, including Ukraine. At the same time, its implementation in wartime poses new challenges for legal systems that require deep reflection. The state’s obligations to ensure defense capability and national security in a state of emergency extend to the protection of sovereignty and territorial integrity. In such conditions, the mobilization of all available resources, including human potential, is vital. At the same time, a democratic state cannot ignore fundamental human rights, even during periods of armed conflict. This creates a complex legal and moral balance between protecting individual rights and ensuring the interests of society. The article examines the Ukrainian state, which, being in a state of armed aggression, faced a number of issues regarding the legal regulation of alternative non-military service. National legislation formally recognizes the right to such service, in particular in the Constitution of Ukraine and the Law “On Alternative (Non-Military) Service”. However, during martial law, its implementation faces certain restrictions and practical problems that relate to both legal regulation and application mechanisms. For example, the question of the possibility of performing alternative service during mobilization still causes significant debate in society and among lawyers. Of particular importance is the issue of compliance of Ukrainian legislation with international standards in this area. Organizations such as the Council of Europe and the UN emphasize that the right to alternative service must be guaranteed even during armed conflict, since it is an integral part of freedom of thought, conscience and religion. At the same time, national governments often justify restrictions on this right in times of war by the urgent need for military personnel.

STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP OF UKRAINE: CONCEPTUAL BASIS AND MODERN REALITIES

The article examines theoretical approaches to the definition of “strategic partnership” as a key instrument of the State's foreign policy. Classification approaches to strategic partnership were generalized by the number of participants, level of subjects, degree of achievement of goals, and spheres of public life. The analysis was carried out on the legal framework of Ukraine, which defines its key foreign policy priorities and mechanisms of cooperation with international partners. Strategic partnership was considered as a mechanism for combining states’ efforts to achieve common goals and counter global challenges. The peculiarities of Ukraine's strategic partnership were studied in the context of its foreign policy activities. It was determined that strategic partnership in the modern sense is a multifaceted phenomenon that covers various aspects of interaction between states. In the scientific literature, there is no single approach to defining this concept; scholars consider strategic partnership as a form of cooperation based on common long-term interests and involving policy coordination in certain areas, and also focus on mutual trust and common values that form the basis of partnerships. In a broad sense, a strategic partnership can include political, economic, military, technological, and cultural cooperation. The article highlights the impact of globalization on the transformation of interstate relations, which requires coordination of actions in the political, economic, social, and cultural spheres. For Ukraine, globalization opens up opportunities to strengthen its position in the international arena through participation in international organizations and initiatives. It was established that Ukraine's key partners are the United States, the United Kingdom, and the EU countries, which play a leading role in supporting the state in times of war. Special emphasis was placed on Ukraine's cooperation with NATO aimed at integration into the Alliance's collective security system. The evolution of legal documents, such as the Law of Ukraine “On the Principles of Domestic and Foreign Policy” and the National Security Strategy of Ukraine, reflects the state's aspirations for European and Euro-Atlantic integration. The signing of the Association Agreement with the EU was a key stage in this process. The analysis concluded that strategic partnership is a fundamental mechanism for strengthening Ukraine's international position, ensuring national security, economic growth, and integration into the collective security system.

Representation in an Age of Genocide

Representation has become increasingly important to people of color, espcially when media outlets create monolithic images of oppressed groups. In Gaza, Palestinians remain either invisible or portrayed as terroists while Isrealis are treated to countless articles and shows on antisemtism. In the same way, other people of color, see media represent them as victims of a water crisis, never capturing the dignity and power of a people who are resilient and defy the limited images they are given. My composition class at Mott Community College critiqued the topic of representation, determined to capture their identities and contest simplistic and erroneous depictions of their status. In doing so, they became political agents of change, learning much about hegemony in a time of war and why words--like genocide--are integral to justice and equality.