Irrigation Time Research Articles

A MODEL FOR PREDICTING AND IMPROVING IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT IN EGYPT – CORN as A CASE STUDY

Current And Predicted Irrigation Management (CAPIM) model was designed to predict and improve irrigation water management. Its inputs include daily weather data and the outputs are daily evapotranspiration that could be estimated under current conditions using Penman-Monteith equation (P-M), and under climate change using Hargreaves-Samani equation (H-S); and determine the irrigation timing and the amount of water needed for each irrigation event. The CAPIM model was used to develop irrigation schedule for corn crop at different geographic regions in Egypt as (El-Dakahlia; El-Fayoum and Assuit) under RCP8.5 scenario and MIROC- ESM climate model during 2018s, 2040s, 2080s. The model was also used to determine the best adaptive strategy for conforming to the predicted climate changes. CAPIM results were verified by comparing them with results from two known programs (CropWat-8 and ETo-Estimation). The results show that CAPIM predicted the ETo values under current and predicted climate conditions accurately as the agreement value was 0.99. Gross irrigation results during the projected periods 2040s and 2080s are higher than 2018s in the three selected sites. El- Fayoum Governorate is the highest in terms of the number of irrigations and the percentage of increasing GIR. As GIR increased by 28% in 2080s and 29 % in 2040s with 18 hills totaling (2008 and 2077 mm/season), respectively. Moreover, increasing system efficiency by 5 % or 10 % is the best adaptive strategy as it increases the potential yield by about 9 % and 18 % and the WP by 9.4 % and 18.7 %.

Relationship of Agro-Meteorological Indices with Cotton Yield Under Varied Pre-Sowing Irrigation Levels, Sowing Dates and Time of First Irrigation in North-Western India

ABSTRACT Irrigation water scarcity during the very high rate of evapotranspiration period (during May and June) is a major concern for cotton production in north-western India. So, an experiment was planned to study the response of cotton to levels of pre-sowing irrigation, different times of sowing, delay in first irrigation and different agrometeorological indices (AMI). Cotton growth and yield attributes and AMI for different phenophases were poor under shallow pre-sowing irrigation and resulted in a reduction in seed cotton yield (SCY) significantly by 14.4–15.7% as compared to heavy pre-sowing irrigation. Timely sown cotton achieved maximum crop growth and yield attributes and AMI as well as SCY over the late sown crop. Late sown crop resulted in more than 40% yield reduction. Cotton crop that received first irrigation at 4 weeks after sowing (WAS) recorded significantly higher SCY along with higher growth and yield attributes and AMI. A delay in first irrigation from 4 WAS to 6 WAS resulted in the reduction of 15% SCY. SCY was significantly correlated with accumulated growing degree days (GDD), phenothermal index (PTI) and helio-thermal units (HTU) with higher correlation coefficients. Hence, higher AMI, SCY and heat use efficiency (HUE) were achieved from early sown crop with heavy pre-sowing irrigation and first irrigation at 4 WAS.

Effectiveness of Irrigation Methods and Time of Providing Water in Maintaining Soil Classification for Increasing Soybean Production

This study aimed to get the best irrigation method and determine the best time-effective provision of water to maintain optimum soil moisture for increase soybean crop production. This research was conducted in the field in Maros District, South Sulawesi. The experiment used a split-plot design and was repeated three times. The main plot was an irrigation method, namely the Scatter irrigation, Furrow, and Flood irrigations method, and its plot was the time of irrigation, namely every 15 days of age, at the period of 15 days, and full flowering and irrigation every 10 days. The results showed that the watering technique using the waterlogging method at the time at the age of 15 days and full flowering had the potential to increase the yield production of soybean, that was the number of pods 164.95 pieces, the weight of seeds 37.11 g, and production 4.64 t/ha. The inundation method was more effective in maintaining soil moisture and twice the application time. But in an optimal amount (229 l/time) was very effective in maintaining soil moisture.

Warming changed seasonal water uptake patterns of summer maize

Warming affects tremendously agricultural water cycle though crop evapotranspiration, soil evaporation, crop water uptake pattern etc. Crop water uptake pattern plays an important role on water cycle of the groundwater-soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (GSPAC). A comprehensive assessment of climatic factors, water sources supply dynamics and crop seasonal water uptake pattern under warming is lacking. Here, climatic factors, water sources supply dynamics during the whole growing stages for summer maize under warming 2 ℃ were monitored by a Water Transformation Dynamical Processes Experimental Device (WTDPED). Isotopic labeling experiments by deuterium oxide (2H2O) were conducted to determine seasonal variations in crop water uptake patterns. The contributions of soil water at different depths to water uptake were quantified by the MixSIAR Bayesian mixing model and dual stable isotopes (δD and δ18O). Results showed that warming enriched the δD values in topsoil (10–20 cm) and depleted the δD values in deep soil (80–270 cm). Warming increased the proportional contributions of soil water at 0–40 cm layer to maize crop uptake by 3.5%, 19.9%, 5.3%, 14.4% and 29.8% during transplanting to maturation stage compared with ambient temperature. It means that deficit irrigation is better applied to reduce root biomass accumulation in the superficial soil layer (0–40 cm) especially at sixth leaf to 12th leaf stage and milk to physiological maturity stage for maize. To some extent, the reduced water infiltration in soil profile offset the increased soil evaporation at 0–80 cm layer under warming. Simultaneously, the maize water uptake for shallow soil layers was greatly induced due to the decrease acclimation of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) especially during tasseling-silking to maturation stage. Smaller water supply and more irrigation times were required for adapting warming condition for summer maize, particularly in water-limited regions. The study gives new perspectives of the effect mechanisms for crop water utilization and agricultural water cycles under future climate change.

Short-term surgical outcomes after Monopolar- versus Bipolar Transurethral Resection of the Prostate

Abstract Background Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) is currently the gold standard for surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), as this procedure results in the best improvement in symptoms and urine flow rate (1). Aim of the Work to compare between the two techniques used for transurethral resection of the prostate; Monopolar versus Bipolar resection as regards short term surgical outcomes, perioperative complications and early changes in quality of life.. Patients and Methods Randomized controlled study with simple randomization (1:1) of 80 patients with BPH candidate for transurethral resection of the prostate, 40 patients underwent M-TURP, and other 40 patients underwent B-TURP, their age mean age of paients included in our study 57-61 years old, mean prostate size 68-71 gm. Results Comparing intra-operative data in monopolar and bipolar TURP groups, our study reported that there was statistically significant decrease in volume of irrigation and operative time in B-TURP group in comparison to M-TURP group. although intra-operative complications; bleeding, electrolytes disturbance, fever and LUTS were lower in BTURP group; however, did not reach statistically significant. In M-TURP group ,there was statistically significance increase in change Hb, and time of post-oprative irrigation, IPSS in compared to B-TURP group. While in respect to PVR, time of catheterization and hospital stay, there was no statistically significant difference data among the two studied groups. Conclusion Bipolar TURP represents a promising endoscopic treatment for patients with BPH with decrease in volume of irrigation and reduced operative time, and less incidence of TUR syndrome, intraoperative bleeding, and postoperative complications .However, further investigations are needed with larger, preferably randomized multicentric controlled trials to confirm the results of this study in the future.

The Advantages of DiLEP Operation in the Treatment of BPH Patients and the Observation of Postoperative Urinary Control Effect

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Semiconductor laser trefoil enucleation of the prostate (DiLEP) in the treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Methods: 120 BPH patients scheduled for prostate surgery in our hospital were randomly divided into two groups: study group (DiLEP treatment) and control group (transurethral plasma bipolar resection of the prostate treatment), with 60 cases in each one. Surgical process indicators, postoperative rehabilitation indicators, Qmax before and after surgery, post-void residual volume (PVR), international prostate symptom score (IPSS), hemoglobin (Hb), urinary control and surgical complications for two groups were compared. Results: The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, bladder irrigation time, urinary catheter indwelling time and hospital stay in the study group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). The weight of resected tissue in the study group was higher than that in the control group (P <0.05). The difference in Qmax, PVR, IPSS scores and Hb between the study group and the control group before operation and one month after operation had no statistical significance (P>0.05). The Qmax and Hb scores in the study group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), while the PVR and IPSS scores were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05); five days and two weeks after operation, the urinary control rates in the study group were all higher than that in the control group (P<0.05); one month after operation, the difference in the urinary control rates between the two groups had no statistical significance (P>0.05); the difference in the surgical complication rate between the study group and the control group had no stastiscal significance (P>0.05). Conclusion: DiLEP is beneficial for early recovery of urodynamics in patients with BPH, with less trauma and faster recovery of urinary control after surgery.

Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Soil Salinity/Status Under Various Irrigation Systems in Arid Region of Jamshoro District


 The agricultural lands are being affected due to groundwater (GW) quality issues. To address this worldwide problematic situation, various irrigation studies have been practiced to identify the effects on the soil conditions. The current study has been designed to assess the GW quality and soil salinity/sodicity by different irrigation techniques in the remote mountainous area of Jamshoro district at Gul Muhammad Khaskheli farm Thana Boula Khan. The experimental plot was designed under furrow, pitcher and poly ethylene bag irrigation system. These soil characteristics indicated that the drain-ability of the soil was high, with an infiltration rate of 1.60 cm/h and water holding capacity was low. Water samples were collected at each irrigation time from sowing to harvest. The soil understudy was non-saline (ECe < 4.0 dS/m) and non-sodic (pH < 8.0, SAR < 7.5 and ESP < 15.0) before crop sowing in all the three methods of irrigation at all the three sampling depths, i.e., 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-60 cm. Thus, the quality of water used for cultivation of ladyfinger/Okra crop under all irrigation methods was Class-I quality water.The investigated results shown that ECw (electrical conductivity of water) was < 1.5 dS/m, pH < 8.0, SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) < 10.0 and RSC (residual sodium carbonate) were non detective. After crop harvest changed a little bit, change was observed in the soil, i.e., under furrow and pitcher irrigation method, the ECe, SAR. and ESP (exchangeable sodium percentage) decreased in the wetted zone and increased at the wetted periphery. Under the polyethylene bag irrigation method, ECe, SAR and ESP decreased at depths 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm but these increased at lower depth, i.e., 30-60 cm after crop harvest. However, the soil remained non-saline and non-sodic.

Precise soil water control using a negative pressure irrigation system to improve the water productivity of greenhouse watermelon

A negative pressure irrigation system (NPIS) was tested in 2016 and 2018 to determine the optimum soil water control conditions to improve water productivity (WP) and fruit quality for greenhouse-grown watermelon. Four levels of negative water pressure (-5, -10, -15 and -20 kPa) were imposed continuously to a clay-made emitter buried 5 cm under the soil surface during three major stages of greenhouse-grown watermelon (I-VE: vine extension, 32 days; II-FF: flowering and fruit setting, 16 days; III-FM: fruit expansion to maturity, 28 days), which created soil water conditions around the emitter being 96%, 80%, 72% and 63% of field capacity, respectively. Except for the testing stages with the four levels of water treatments, the water supply during other stages was all set with a constant -10 kPa water pressure. A traditional furrow irrigation treatment was included to assess the water-saving effects of the NPIS. The irrigation timing used for the furrow irrigation treatment was decided based on the soil water contents corresponding to the -15 kPa treatment under NPIS. The results indicated that with an increase in the negative pressure imposed on the emitters, the average daily evapotranspiration linearly decreased for all three stages, with the largest decrease occurring during III-FM, but the watermelon yield decreased more with the decline in the water supply during vine extension due to the after-effects of the reduced vine growth. Water stress improved watermelon quality by increasing sugar contents during II-FF and reduced acid contents during III-FM. Moderate water stress resulted in the highest water productivity (WP) as well as protein and total soluble solid contents in the melon during all three stages. Comparing the NPIS with furrow irrigation, the water use of the former was 18.3–31.2% less, the yield was 6.2–12.0% higher, and the WP was improved by 36.6–53.8%. The results indicated that NPIS is a water-saving irrigation system, and the water pressure of NPIS can be set at -5 to -10 kPa for vine extension and fruit expansion to maturity stages; and -10 to -15 kPa for flowering and fruit setting stage to achieve good quality, high WP and relatively stable yield for greenhouse-grown melon.

PD09-06 EN-BLOC VERSUS CONVENTIONAL TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF BLADDER TUMORS: INTERIM ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-CENTER PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL

You have accessJournal of UrologyBladder Cancer: Non-invasive I (PD09)1 Sep 2021PD09-06 EN-BLOC VERSUS CONVENTIONAL TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF BLADDER TUMORS: INTERIM ANALYSIS OF A SINGLE-CENTER PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED TRIAL Pietro Diana, Matteo Fontana, Angelo Territo, Andrea Gallioli, Alberto Piana, Asier Marcadé, Sofia Fontanet, Ferran Algaba, Óscar Rodriguez-Faba, Josep Maria Gaya, Joan Palou, and Alberto Breda Pietro DianaPietro Diana More articles by this author , Matteo FontanaMatteo Fontana More articles by this author , Angelo TerritoAngelo Territo More articles by this author , Andrea GallioliAndrea Gallioli More articles by this author , Alberto PianaAlberto Piana More articles by this author , Asier MarcadéAsier Marcadé More articles by this author , Sofia FontanetSofia Fontanet More articles by this author , Ferran AlgabaFerran Algaba More articles by this author , Óscar Rodriguez-FabaÓscar Rodriguez-Faba More articles by this author , Josep Maria GayaJosep Maria Gaya More articles by this author , Joan PalouJoan Palou More articles by this author , and Alberto BredaAlberto Breda More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000001977.06AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is considered the gold standard in the diagnosis and risk stratification bladder cancer (BC). En-bloc resection of bladder tumor (ERBT) has been proposed to improve resection quality. Recently, the International Collaborative Consensus Statement on ERBT underlined the lack of high-quality prospective studies precluding the achievement of solid conclusion on ERBT. The aim of this study is to compare TURBT and ERBT in terms of pathological diagnosis, surgical, and oncological outcomes. METHODS: This study is an ongoing, prospective, randomized trial enrolling patients diagnosed with BC and undergoing endoscopic intervention. Inclusion criteria were with tumor size of <3 cm, and ≤3 lesions, and no sign of muscle invasion and/or ureteral involvement. The primary outcome is the staging of BC. Secondary outcomes included T1 substaging (microstaging systems T1a/b/c), intraoperative complications, rate of adjuvant treatment, postoperative complications, oncologic outcomes. A total of 300 subjects will be included in the study with 1:1.5 treatment allocation for ERBT. The trial (NCT04712201) was approved by the Institutional Review Board (2017/09c). RESULTS: From 03/2018 to 01/2020, 180 patients met inclusion criteria and 158 (87.8%) of these were underwent the assigned intervention. 64 (40.5%) and 94 (59.5%) patients were submitted to TURBT and ERBT. Pre-operatively, the populations were comparable. Table 1 shows the pathological results per lesion. The rate of Tx was comparable (3.4% TURBT vs 3.7% ERBT). T1 substaging was feasible in 80% TURBT vs 100% ERBT (p=0.07). The rate of obturator nerve reflex and perforation were comparable (both p=0.3). Adjuvant treatment was planned in 84% and 94% in TURBT and ERBT (p=0.1). Clavien-Dindo >2 complications were 5.3% vs 3.1% for TURBT and ERBT. Surgical, irrigation, and catheterization time were all comparable (all p >0.2). Recurrence at 3 months was 3.1% vs 2.1% in TURBT and ERBT (p=0.7). CONCLUSIONS: According to our interim analysis ERBT and TURBT have comparable results in terms pathological, surgical, and oncological outcomes, while ERBT shows a tendency to significance in T1 substaging feasibility. This is the first randomized study in this setting and it is warranted to define the role of ERBT. Source of Funding: None © 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 206Issue Supplement 3September 2021Page: e121-e121 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2021 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Pietro Diana More articles by this author Matteo Fontana More articles by this author Angelo Territo More articles by this author Andrea Gallioli More articles by this author Alberto Piana More articles by this author Asier Marcadé More articles by this author Sofia Fontanet More articles by this author Ferran Algaba More articles by this author Óscar Rodriguez-Faba More articles by this author Josep Maria Gaya More articles by this author Joan Palou More articles by this author Alberto Breda More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...

Simulating the effects of irrigation and tillage on soil water, evapotranspiration, and yield of winter wheat with RZWQM2

Agricultural water shortages threaten food security worldwide, particularly in the North China Plain (NCP) which is an important grain production base in China. To solve this problem, we studied the effects of two tillage methods (no tillage: NT and plow tillage to 15 cm: PT) combined with two different irrigation timing (I1, 60 mm at the jointing stage and I2, 60 mm at 10 days after the jointing stage) on the grain yield of winter wheat and crop water productivity (CWP). The experimental results were used to calibrate the RZWQM2 model to improve its application in the NCP. The simulation results of the model could be used to compensate for the shortcomings of field experiments. The RZWQM2 model was calibrated and validated using the winter wheat growth data from 2015 to 2019. The normalized root mean square error (calibration and validation) between simulated and measured soil water storage (SWS), evapotranspiration (ET), leaf area index (LAI), biomass, and grain yield was 8.43 %–11.99 %, 4.39 %–8.67 %, 13.71 %–19.87 %, 16.37 %–19.36 %, and 13.83 %–17.71 %, respectively. NT improved the measured soil moisture status but decreased measured yield. However, I2 compensated for the negative effect of NT and resulted in a higher measured CWP than that after I1. The modified RZWQM2 model was used to calculate the actual transpiration and actual evaporation (AE) to expand the experimental results and reveal the effect of different treatments on actual evapotranspiration (AET). NT reduced the simulated AE during the entire growth period, reducing AET and increasing CWP. However, compared with the simulation effect of SWS and ET, the simulation effect of LAI, biomass, and grain yield was worse, and it was evident that improvements to the plant growth model are required. This study demonstrated that NT combined with delayed irrigation (10 days after the jointing stage) can improve soil moisture status and increase CWP in the NCP.

Effects of post-veraison irrigation on the phenolic composition of &lt;i&gt;Vitis vinifera&lt;/i&gt; L. cv. ‘Xinomavro’ grapes

‘Xinomavro’ (the second planted red Greek variety behind ‘Agiorgitiko’) generally produces wines that are light in colour but with increased astringency, possibly related to grape flavonoid amount and composition; although irrigation is accepted as an effective means to enhance grape phenolic maturity, its role has not yet been sufficiently studied in the case of Xinomavro. This study aimed to determine the effect of post-veraison irrigation on berry anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin amount and composition, of field-grown Xinomavro vines (Vitis vinifera L.), under the typical summer conditions of Northern Greece. In a 10-year-old Xinomavro vineyard, two post-veraison watering regimes were applied—irrigation starting 20 days after veraison (mid-ripening irrigation, MRI) and irrigation starting immediately after veraison was completed (after veraison irrigation, AVI)—alongside non irrigated vines (NI), and vines irrigated continuously from berry set through harvest (continuous irrigation, CI). Proanthocyanidin composition was determined in both skins and seeds by employing phloroglucinolysis followed by HPLC-UV and MS detection (high-performance liquid chromatographic with tandem mass spectrometric and ultraviolet absorbance detection), and the anthocyanin profile was identified only in the skin extracts by HPLC-UV (high-performance liquid chromatographic with ultraviolet absorbance detection). Post-veraison irrigation increased yield parameters and reduced anthocyanin levels and the proportion of their stable forms (acylated vs. non-acylated, tri-oxygenated and methoxylated on the B-ring vs. di-oxygenated and hydroxylated), compared to NI vines; however, these effects were more pronounced in the case of early post-veraison irrigation (AVI) than late-season irrigation (MRI). Irrigation also increased the mean Degree of Polymerization (mDP) and prodelphinidin percentage of skin tannins and decreased mDP of seed tannins. In the light of the necessity to control the accelerated ripening under the increasingly hotter and drier climatic conditions, late irrigation (MRI) might provide a solution to avoid excessive sugar levels and allow a slightly higher yield without significant reductions in berry phenolic content. The results suggest that the optimisation of the timing of irrigation could provide an effective adaptation strategy to climate change in Mediterranean viticultural areas.

Use of Thermal Imaging to Assess Water Status in Citrus Plants in Greenhouses

The direct examination of plant canopy temperature can assist in optimizing citrus irrigation management in greenhouses. This study aimed to develop a method to measure canopy temperature using thermal imaging in one-year-old citrus plants in a greenhouse to identify plants with water stress and verify its potential to be used as a tool to assess citrus water status. The experiment was conducted for 48 days (27 November 2019 to 13 January 2020). We evaluated the influence of five levels of irrigation on two citrus species (‘Red Ruby’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)). Images were taken using a portable thermal camera and analyzed using open-source software. We determined canopy temperature, leaf photosynthesis and transpiration, and plant biomass. The results indicated a positive relationship between the amount of water applied and the temperature response of plants exposed to different water levels. Grapefruit and sweet orange plants that received less water and were submitted to water restrictions showed higher canopy temperatures than the air (up to 6 °C). The thermal images easily identified water-stressed plants. Our proof-of-concept study allowed quickly obtaining the canopy temperature using readily available equipment and can be used as a tool to assess citrus water status in one-year-old citrus plants in greenhouses and perhaps in commercial operations with mature trees in the field after specific experimentation. This technique, coupled with an automated system, can be used for irrigation scheduling. Thus, setting up a limit temperature is necessary to start the irrigation system and set the irrigation time based on the soil water content. To use this process on a large scale, it is necessary to apply an automation routine to process the thermal images in real time and remove the weeds from the background to determine the canopy temperature.

The response of dry bean to water stress at various growth cycles in a semi-arid region

Poor irrigation management is resulted from some reasons such as lack of information relevant to the crop water use. That kind of information is necessarily prerequisites for both planners and producers to obtain irrigation program to minimize the yield losses under water stress conditions. A two-year, 2013-2014 growing season, field experiment was performed to determine the response of dry bean to the water deficiency in different growth stages at Konya plain of Turkey. The study was organized as randomized complete block design with three replications. Vegetative (V), reproductive (R), and pod filling-maturation (P) three plant growth cycles as were examined with including rain-fed total eight irrigation treatments were researched. A 100% crop water requirement (VRP) was considered full-irrigation treatment. Irrigation was not performed during vegetative, reproductive, and pod filling-maturation cycles or during a combination of those stages in other treatments. In results, depending on the irrigation treatments, actual evapotranspiration (ETa) for 2013 and 2014 varied from 104 to 544 mm and from 110 to 558 mm, respectively. The average crop coefficients ( K c ) among the years were 0.75 for vegetative, 1.01 for reproductive, and 0.82 for pod filling-maturation stages. Depending on irrigation time, as decreasing the irrigation water resulted reducing seed yield. It was obvious that higher seed yield as well as yield components obtained full irrigation at entire growing season, which was preferable. An alternative to full irrigation in whole growth stages particularly in areas with insufficient water resources, performing full irrigation till initial of the filling-maturation cycle and then ending irrigation can be highly recommended as ideal, as it resulted water saving of 38%, and rise 27% in irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) as well as 20% seed yield loss by comparison to full irrigation.

The impact of tree phenology on the response of irrigated avocado: The hysteretic nature of the maximum trunk daily shrinkage

The goal of this study was to check the feasibility of the use of dendrometers to monitor water stress levels in avocado trees (Persea americana Mill, cv. Hass) during the period of 2015–2017. This water stress was generated naturally during events of high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) that normally take place during the Israeli spring (May) and late autumn (September). It was also generated artificially by considering two irrigation regimes, one providing the crop water needs estimated using lysimeter data, and one applying 75% of that amount. The different water regimes and climatic conditions allowed us to investigate the impact of seasonal atmospheric changes on transpiration (T) and on the maximum trunk daily shrinkage (MDS) of the trees. The MDS captured well the differences between the irrigation treatments, showing over 100 µm increase at peak summer in response to the treatment providing 75% of the irrigation dose applied to the well-watered treatment. We found that T increased linearly with the daily average value of VPD up to around 1.3 kPa, above which the slope of the linear relationship decreased with the increase in VPD. This reduction of T induced moderate changes in MDS under high VPD. The relationships between MDS and VPD and between MDS and T depended on the season, exhibiting substantially lower MDS during the spring and early summer. The hysteretic nature of these relationships indicates that MDS values are related to tree phenology: a VPD of 1.3 kPa corresponds to an MDS of 50 µm in the first half of the year (flowering and fruit set) and to an MDS of 150 µm during the second half of the year (fruit growth and maturation). Finally, we found that MDS was highly correlated with the stem water potential, regardless of the irrigation treatment or time of year, and is, therefore, a reliable stress indicator in avocado trees as long as VPD and phenological stage of the tree are considered.

Electronic control of water resources using smart field irrigation systems

&lt;span&gt;Most &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;of the research &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;showed that the reason behind the agricultural lesions is the over usage of water in irrigation the matter which cause the appearance of fungicide on plants and salinity of the soil. From this point emerged the need for adapt some systems to work in farms in order to reduces the expenses of the product, improve its quality and lessen the consumption of water. Internet webs have been a preceding means in such a scope; and they also showed flexibility in designing such systems. In this paper; a smart irrigation system that depend on the values of moisture content and the agricultural constants (Feld Capacity, Wilt Point of the plant, Bulk Density&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;, Depth of the root of the plant, the consumption of each water dripper and the passing area) in making the decision of irrigation and running the water pump, depending on the quantity of water to be added and the duration of irrigation time,&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; and it is better. Field humidity levels at 0.32&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;. This system was built by using the microcontroller ESP-32S&amp;amp;ESP8266 and moister sensor. The data was uploaded to Adafruit server for the sake of remote monitoring by MQTT protocol.&lt;/span&gt;

AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF WATER RESOURCES IN NORTH SINAI GOVERNORATE

The research aims in general to study the efficiency of using surface wells in North Sinai farms, and the most important water factors affecting the production of the most important plant crops under the drip irrigation system. The research was mainly based on primary data through a field questionnaire for a stratified random sample of surface wells consisting of 112 wells based on the relative importance of surface wells. A stratified random sample was selected from 95 farms producing vegetable and fruit crops with a drip irrigation system during 2020 production season. He indicated that the number of wells in the North Sinai governorate reached about 2,198 wells, of which private wells contribute about 93.2% during 2019. As for the geographical distribution of the surface wells in the private sector, the results indicated that: Al-Arish center occupies the first place among the governorate, with relative importance It is about 45.3%, while Al-Hasana Center occupies the last place by about 4.6% during 2019. With regard to the results of the statistical measurement of the effect of water factors of the quantity of production of plant farms under the drip irrigation system, the results showed that the most influential water factors are the amount of irrigation water per thousand cubic meters in the season, the number of irrigation hours per day, the number of irrigation times per year and finally the salinity of the irrigation water per thousand parts per million.

Stochastic day-ahead scheduling of irrigation system integrated agricultural microgrid with pumped storage and uncertain wind power

Agricultural microgrid provides a promising solution for energy supply of rural areas in a cost-effective way. In this paper, the principle of wind-pumped storage integrated agricultural microgrid to fulfill both the electric and water load demand is explored. From the perspective of risk aversion, the indexes of expected power not served (EPNS) and expected power curtailment (EPC) are derived to evaluate the uncertain wind power. Then, a stochastic day-ahead scheduling model of wind-pumped storage power system and irrigation system is proposed to minimize the total operation cost whilst achieve the peak load shaving by taking the advantage of wind-pumped storage compensation. The proposed model is a complex optimization problem that takes into account distributed generations, electrical and water demand, turbine flow rate, and irrigation time and volume. We propose a intraspecific competition (IC) based evolutionary predator and prey strategy (EPPS) to solve the model. Finally, simulation results conducted on an agricultural microgrid have verified that, compared to previous works in the literature, the proposed model can effectively improve the utilization of wind power, reduce the operation cost of microgrid as well as smooth load curve. Additionally, the proposed algorithm can get a more competitive solution than other recently developed algorithms.

Influence of Human-oriented Nursing Mode on Self-Care Ability, Unhealthy Emotion and Quality of Life of Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

To explore the influence of human-oriented nursing mode on the self-care ability, unhealthy emotion and quality of life of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 147 patients with BPH admitted to our hospital from February 2018 to August 2019 were selected and all patients were separated into two groups on the basis of the nursing intervention mode. 77 cases in the research group (RG) were given the human-oriented nursing mode and 70 cases in the control group (CG) were given the conventional nursing mode. The bladder irrigation time (BIT), indwelling catheter time (ICT), postoperative hospitalization time (PHT) and the incidence rate of postoperative complications were observed in the two groups after nursing intervention. Before and after nursing intervention, the self-care ability of patients was evaluated in the two groups by Exercise of Self-Care Agency Scale (ESCA). In the two groups, the anxiety and depression status were evaluated by the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). The Quality of Life Scale for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patient (BPHQLS) was applied to evaluate the quality of life in both groups before and after nursing intervention. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) was used to assess the lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) of patients in the two groups before and after nursing intervention. The self-made nursing satisfaction questionnaire was used to evaluate the nursing satisfaction in the two groups. The BIT, ICT and PHT in RG after nursing intervention were obviously lower than those in CG, and the incidence of postoperative complications in RG was also obviously lower than that in CG (p &lt; 0.05). The ESCA score of patients in RG after nursing intervention was significantly higher than that in CG (P &lt; 0.05). The SAS and SDS scores of patients in RG after nursing intervention were significantly lower than those in CG (P &lt; 0.05). The BPHQLS score in RG after nursing intervention was obviously higher than that in CG (P &lt; 0.05). The IPSS score of patients in RG after nursing intervention was obviously lower than that in CG (p &lt; 0.05). The nursing satisfaction score in RG after nursing intervention was obviously higher than that in CG (p &lt; 0.05).Condusion: The application effect of the human-oriented nursing mode on patients with BPH is definite, which can improve self-care ability, unhealthy emotion and effectively ameliorate the quality of life.

Drought tolerance monitoring of apple rootstock M.9-T337 based on infrared and fluorescence imaging

Apple rootstock seedling M.9-T337 was selected to explore the effect of drought stress. The findings indicated that the relative water content of both the leaf and soil gradually decreased with an increase in drought stress. The water-use efficiency of the leaves increased gradually but decreased sharply after 20 d of drought. Changes in the gas-exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters reflected the gradual decrease in the photosynthetic capacity of the plants with drought stress duration. Infrared thermal imaging showed significant temperature differences between the drought-stressed and control plants after 15 d of drought treatment. When irreversible damage occurred under drought stress, the crop water-stress index and relative water content of the leaf and soil were 0.7, 60.5, and 17.8%, respectively. Based on the results, we formulated a drought stress-grade standard. Further, we established that the best time for irrigation is when drought stress reaches grade 3.

NH3 emission responses to irrigation time and the initial moisture from urea applied to three soils in the North China Plain*

AbstractWater management affects NH3 emission in complex ways due to its influence on nitrogen transformation and movement. This study aimed to determine the effect of irrigation timing on NH3 emission from urea at different initial moistures. A pot experiment was conducted based on three typical soils (Fluvisols, Cambisols, and Luvisols) in the North China Plain. Each soil was treated to three levels of initial moisture (5%, 10%, and 15% w/w) and irrigated with 40 mm water 0, 6, and 12 hr after applying urea. The results showed that NH3 loss ranged from 0.2 to 14.2 kg N ha−1, with the greatest loss in Fluvisols, followed by Cambisols, and the lowest in Luvisols. The loss of NH3 increased with initial moisture for all three soils. But there was no significant effect of irrigation time on NH3 emission, although the contents of NH4+ in surface soil were higher for delayed irrigation than for immediate irrigation. Additionally, the NO3− content was increased in Luvisols with delayed irrigation at a high initial water content, which may have promoted leaching. Therefore, delaying irrigation by up to 12 hr did not cause a significant increase in NH3 emission. However, fertilization and irrigation should be carried out with lower moisture, especially for Luvisols to prevent ammonia emission or nitrate leaching.