Development Time Research Articles

Biology of the parasitoid Melittobia sosui Dahms, 1984 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with details on its ecology, development, and reproduction in Vietnam

Summary In this study, we determined the total developmental time of Melittobia sosui Dahms from the egg to the emergence of imagoes being 12.7–30 days for males and 14.7–34.6 days for macropterous females. Its developmental time depended on the laboratory temperature and humidity. Based on tests of the developmental time through 23 months from 2019 to 2021 and field-collected data, it is concluded that Melittobia sosui is active throughout year except for its pupal diapause lasting 2–3 weeks during the winter. The average life cycle was 23 ± 7.5 days. Males did not feed after emerging and lived from 6.5 to 8.2 days. Females feeding on host hemolymph had a life span from 29.2 to 42.2 days depending on the room temperature and humidity. The number of offspring produced depended on the host quality and varied from 65.6 to 145.4 individuals per foundress. Related to host weights, Melittobia sosui held an offspring clutch size of about 2.6 individuals per mg of Chalybion malignum (Kohl) and about 1.6 individuals per mg of Chalybion bengalense (Dahlbom) and of Sceliphron madraspatanum kohli Sickmann (three, Sphecidae). Regardless of the laboratory temperature and relative humidity, but depending on the host quality (different hosts), the sex ratio varied from 0.96 to 0.98, the average female-dimorphism ratio was 0.99 ± 0.01 and the mean developmental mortality rate of pupa was 0.92 ± 1.78%. Our findings provide a better understanding of the biology and ecology of Melittobia sosui and contribute to devising suitable control measures for the species.

Immune-Mediated and Psychiatric Comorbidities Among Patients Newly Diagnosed With Alopecia Areata

Alopecia areata (AA) has been associated with multiple comorbidities, yet information regarding the timing of comorbidity development after AA diagnosis is limited. To evaluate the prevalence and new-onset incidence of psychiatric and autoimmune comorbidities in patients with AA in the US. This retrospective cohort analysis used data collected from January 1, 2007, to April 30, 2023, from the Merative MarketScan Research Databases, which contains medical and drug claims data from more than 46 million patients in the US. Data from adolescent and adult patients (aged 12-64 years) diagnosed with AA and patients without AA (ie, controls) were evaluated. For some analyses, patients with AA were matched (1:4) to controls based on sex, age, and geographic region. Prevalence (at the time of AA diagnosis) and incidence (new onset after AA diagnosis) of psychiatric and autoimmune diseases were reported as percentage of patients. Risk of developing a new-onset psychiatric or autoimmune disease after AA diagnosis was calculated as adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) with 95% CIs. At baseline, 63 384 patients with AA and 3 309 107 without AA were identified. After matching, there were 16 512 and 66 048 patients in the AA and control groups, respectively, with a mean (SD) age of 36.9 (13.4) years and 50.6% of whom were female. Compared with the unmatched controls, patients with AA had higher prevalence of psychiatric (30.9% vs 26.8%; P < .001) and autoimmune (16.1% vs 8.9%; P < .0001) comorbidities at AA diagnosis; incidence was also higher in patients with AA (without history of these comorbidities) vs the matched control group. Patients with AA vs controls had a significantly higher risk of developing a psychiatric (AHR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.3-1.4) or autoimmune (AHR, 2.7; 95% CI, 2.5-2.8) comorbidity. In this cohort study, patients with AA had a higher prevalence of autoimmune and psychiatric comorbidities at AA diagnosis and demonstrated an elevated risk of new-onset autoimmune and psychiatric comorbidities after their diagnosis. These data highlight the most common comorbidities among patients with AA and may help physicians counsel and monitor patients newly diagnosed with AA.

The Role of Time in Strategic Human Resource Management Research: A Review and Research Agenda

Although time is an essential component of the relationships between human resource (HR) systems and their antecedents and consequences, strategic human resource management (SHRM) research has been long criticized for not paying enough attention to the role of time in theory development and research design. To evaluate how the time issue has been addressed in this research field, we reviewed 237 empirical studies on HR systems that incorporated time, using temporal features. We found that while the number of studies incorporating time has increased substantially over time, there is a lack of progress regarding testing and theorizing temporal effects, thus we lack understanding of change or relationships over time. Based on our findings, we offer specific guidance on hypothesizing and theorizing the role of time in SHRM, and we offer suggestions for research design and statistical analyses in temporal research of SHRM. By integrating temporal models, temporal features, and methodologies for testing temporal relationships with SHRM research, this review aims to advance SHRM research to adopt more truly dynamic views to examine HR systems and their antecedents and effects.

Design and Development of AI based Wiring Harness Simulator for Pigtail Wiring Harness Development in Electrical Checkout System (ECOS)

Electrical Checkout System (ECOS) tool validates electrical loads by quantifying their resistance in a typical production line of a commercial vehicle manufacturing organization. Model specific pigtails needs development for connecting the ECOS equipment with commercial vehicles in production. Conventional manual approach is used for Pigtail ECOS harness design and development which is both time-consuming and prone for errors. This project is related to the accelerated design and development of pigtail ECOS harness utilizing the power of Artificial Intelligence in analyzing the input wiring diagrams spanning multiple sheets in PDF format and accurately identify the wire loads. The AI provides the result in the form of tabulated spreadsheets consisting the data of wiring loads and pin details. Through this project the lead time for harness design and development is reduced significantly

The Effect of Oral Care Protocols on Mucositis in Pediatric Cancer Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background/Aims: Standard oral care protocols can reduce the incidence of mucositis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the "Oral Care Protocol" containing sodium bicarbonate or saline on mucositis development, degree, and duration in pediatric cancer patients. Methods: This study is a blind, parallel trial design, randomized controlled study. Patients (n = 43) who received inpatient chemotherapy treatment for more than three days at the Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Unit were included. The oral care protocol with saline was given to the patients in the control group (n = 22), and the oral care protocol with sodium bicarbonate was given to the patients in the study group (n = 21). The primary outcome was the development of mucositis. The secondary outcomes were mucositis degree, patient data at the time of mucositis development, and the duration of mucositis. The characteristics of the patients in the study and control groups and the data of patients with and without mucositis were compared with Fisher's exact test, t-test, and chi-square analysis. Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the study and control groups in terms of mean age, gender, diagnosis, relapse status, treatment stage, risk group, and treatment protocols. Mucositis developed in 18.2% of the patients in the control group and 9.5% of the patients in the study group. No statistically significant difference was found in terms of mucositis development, degree, and duration. Conclusions: The oral care protocol with sodium bicarbonate can be used to prevent mucositis in pediatric cancer patients. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCTXXX.

EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE IN NINE YEARS BASIC EDUCATION SCHOOLS OF RWANDAA CASE OF NYARUGURU DISTRICT

Background: This study investigated the effect of continuous professional development on students Academic performance in nine-year basic education schools in Nyaruguru district, Rwanda. The specific objectives were to identify continuous professional development Programmes practiced in nine years basic education in Rwandan schools, to analyze the students academic performance due to continuous professional development in Rwandan schools and to assess the influence of continuous professional development on students performance in nine-year basic education schools in Rwanda. This study is useful to all stakeholders in education sector such as public institutions, decision makers, district authorities, head teachers, teachers, learners and scholars. The researcher applied a descriptive correlational study, targeting 5 head teachers, 150 teachers and 88 School based mentors. This study selected respondents and key informants purposively and randomly. A study sample of 243 respondents was obtained by use of Yamanes formula. Materials and Methods: Information was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences version 26.0 to generate descriptive statistics in terms of frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistics were produced in terms of correlation and regression coefficient for determining size effect between variables. Results:English proficiency factors indicated that 79.2% strongly agree that Educational document preparation, and 82.6% strongly agreed that Teaching techniques, 79.9% strongly agreed that Course content, 77.2% strongly agreed that Classroom management show continuous professional development Programmes in Nyaruguru District, Rwanda, Results on the students academic performance 79.4% strongly agreed that improved academic performance, 82.6% Strongly agreed that high national examination. Additionally, 77.9% Strongly agreed that improved personality development 68.5%. Strongly agreed that improved personal development, 78.5% strongly agreed that improved academic performance indicates student academic performance. Results from objective three reveal a strong positive correlation between academic performance improvement, educational document preparation, teaching techniques, course content, and slow learners treatment, suggesting effective policies and professional development time, and that they were positively and statistically correlated since most of their levels of significance were greater than 0.05 in association. Conclusion: It is advised that the Ministry of Education and the REB (Rwanda Education Board) develop effective policies and devote adequate time for CPD in schools. They should also organize school principals to enhance CPD practice. To offer effective, ongoing professional support for teachers, it is strongly suggested that certified CPD facilitators be recruited and principals skilled in educational leadership and management be hired throughout all secondary schools across different districts. Relevant professional training programs should be developed in response to the unique training requirements of professors. To do this, competent authorities at all levels must pay close attention to this issue. To improve their abilities, school principals should emphasize CPD and actively involve themselves in peer learning. There is a need to carry out a research on The study recommends more research into the effects of continuous profession development on teachers performance in teaching career.

Effect of Population Density on Development Time of Tenebrio molitor

Effect of Population Density on Development Time of Tenebrio molitor

Risk-sensitive innovation: leveraging interactions between technologies to navigate technology risks

Abstract The advancement of low-emission technologies to curb climate change demonstrates how strategically managing the timing of technological developments can mitigate negative societal outcomes. We propose that a similar approach, which we term ‘risk-sensitive innovation’, can also address risks from emerging technologies like synthetic biology and artificial intelligence. Risk-sensitive innovation (RSI) leverages interactions between technologies to reduce specific risks across a technology portfolio. For instance, it may be beneficial to delay or halt risk-increasing technologies and preferentially advance risk-reducing defensive, safety, or substitute technologies. To be of practical use, RSI requires the ability to anticipate or identify impacts and intervene in the relative timing of technological advancements. Our analysis suggests that both are sometimes viable. Consideration of RSI may inform government research funding and technology regulation, as well as philanthropic research and development funders and corporate social responsibility measures.

Novel drug design and repurposing: An opportunity to improve translational research in cardiovascular diseases?

Drug repurposing is defined as the use of approved therapeutic drugs for indications different from those for which they were originally designed. Repositioning diminishes both the time and cost for drug development by omitting the discovery stage, the analysis of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion routes, as well as the studies of the biochemical and physiological effects of a new compound. Besides, drug repurposing takes advantage of the increased bioinformatics knowledge and availability of big data biology. There are many examples of drugs with repurposed indications evaluated in in vitro studies, and in pharmacological, preclinical, or retrospective clinical analyses. Here, we briefly review some of the experimental strategies and technical advances that may improve translational research in cardiovascular diseases. We also describe exhaustive research from basic science to clinical studies that culminated in the final approval of new drugs and provide examples of successful drug repurposing in the field of cardiology.

Rewiring gene circuitry for plant improvement.

Aspirations for high crop growth and yield, nutritional quality and bioproduction of materials are challenged by climate change and limited adoption of new technologies. Here, we review recent advances in approaches to profile and model gene regulatory activity over developmental and response time in specific cells, which have revealed the basis of variation in plant phenotypes: both redeployment of key regulators to new contexts and their repurposing to control different slates of genes. New synthetic biology tools allow tunable, spatiotemporal regulation of transgenes, while recent gene-editing technologies enable manipulation of the regulation of native genes. Ultimately, understanding how gene circuitry is wired to control form and function across varied plant species, combined with advanced technology to rewire that circuitry, will unlock solutions to our greatest challenges in agriculture, energy and the environment.

Integration of Value Engineering for Design for Assembly in Product Design: A Comprehensive of Literature Review

This study explains the benefits obtained from the integration of Design for Assembly (DFA) and Value Engineering (VE) methods in the product design process. DFA is proven to provide benefits such as product simplification, reduced assembly costs, and improved quality by creating product structures that are simpler and easier to install. While VE adds value by taking into account the replacement of expensive or difficult-to-assemble components, speeding up overall assembly time. Although specific research on the integration of these two methods may be limited, studies show that the combination of DFA and VE produces design alternatives that consider various aspects of the product life cycle. The result is reduced costs, faster development times, and a reduced need for rework. The concepts and benefits of integrative DFA and VE approach can be an effective strategy for enhancing assembly efficiency and reducing production costs in product design.

Safety of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana for Wild and Laboratory-Reared Chrysoperla lucasina Strains.

The need to reduce the impact of plant protection products on agroecosystems fosters the use of augmentative biological control involving the release of beneficial species into the field, the employment of entomopathogenic microbials, and the protection of naturally occurring biocontrol agents. This study aimed to investigate the compatibility of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana with the generalist insect predator Chrysoperla lucasina, in comparative experiments involving a laboratory-reared and a wild chrysopid strain. The larvae of the predators were exposed to different concentrations of fungal conidia up to a concentration of 107 conidia/mL by contact and ingestion. The treated insects showed only slight differences in terms of survival and immature development time compared to the untreated control insects. A significant decrease in the proportion of the male adults of C. lucasina that emerged from the laboratory-reared larvae that were exposed to higher concentrations of the fungus suggested a potentially different susceptibility between the sexes. A slightly lower adult emergence rate was observed in the wild strain, while no significant differences were recorded in the adult reproductive performance. These findings indicate that the B. bassiana strain ATCC 74040, at concentrations commonly used in the field, did not pose a significant risk to C. lucasina and can be safely used in combination with this predator for sustainable pest management.

Mixing efficiency optimization of Tesla-type flow channel for total temperature simulation device

The space vehicle total temperature simulation device introduces the actual gas total temperature signal into the vehicle development process. It enables the simulation of flight environments, reduces development time, and decreases overall costs. The uniform and stable temperature signal is paramount in accurately simulate the vehicle's real flight speed and altitude. However, the existing ground test facilities for space vehicles, characterized by their large scale, face significant challenges including insufficient uniformity in gas mixing and inadequate simulation accuracy. The Tesla-type flow channel (TFC) is widely applied for its excellent mixing capabilities in gas and liquid mixing across various domains. In this paper, from the working principle of the total temperature simulation device of space vehicle, according to the characteristics of TFC, a high mixing efficiency optimization design method of TFC is proposed by using RBF neural network response surface and NSGA-II algorithm. The optimized TFC is implemented in the mixing chamber of the total temperature simulation device to enhance the mixing efficiency. This improvement ultimately leads to enhanced accuracy in simulating the flight environment of space vehicles during semi-physical simulations. By utilizing the Pareto optimal solution, the optimal pressure drop is 985.50 Pa, while the standard deviation of temperature is 39.37 K. The results demonstrate a significant improvement in mixing efficiency within the total temperature simulation device due to the introduction of the TFC. This study serves as a valuable reference for enhancing the mixing performance of the total temperature simulation device for space vehicles, while also addressing the need for total temperature simulation in smaller laboratory environments.

Survival and development of Cadra cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on cocoa bean and cocoa powder

The almond moth Cadra cautella (Walker) is a notable stored product pest which can cause detrimental loss on stored cocoa. Cocoa can be stored in bean and powder forms. The information about survival and development of C. cautella on stored cocoa is limited. This research aimed to determine the effect of cocoa powder and cocoa bean in the storage against the survival and development of C. cautella. This research was conducted in Plant Pests Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Brawijaya. This research consisted of two treatments namely cocoa bean and cocoa powder with no choice method and repeated six times. The observed variables were number of larvae, pupae, male and female almond moth of F1 progeny, and developmental time of this insect. The t-test analysis was applied to determine the treatment effect. Results showed that the number of larvae, pupae, adult males and females of F1 progeny cultured on cocoa powder were significantly higher than on cocoa bean. The total developmental time and life cycle of almond moth were shorter on cocoa powder than on cocoa bean. Therefore, to store cocoa in powder form is riskier to the almond moth infestation rather than in bean form. Hence, it is suggested to take more concern on the cocoa powder storage better in order to minimize the almond moth infestation.

Larval Competition between Aedes and Culex Mosquitoes Carries over to Higher Arboviral Infection during Their Adult Stage.

The common house mosquito (Culex pipiens) is a native vector for West Nile virus (WNV). Invasive species like the tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus) and Asian bush mosquito (Aedes japonicus) are rapidly spreading through Europe, posing a major threat as vectors for dengue, chikungunya (CHIKV), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). These mosquitoes share a similar ecological niche as larvae, but the carry-over effects of aquatic larval interactions to the terrestrial adult stage remain largely unknown and their medical relevance requires further investigation. This study examines the context dependency of larval interactions among Aedes albopictus, Aedes japonicus, and Culex pipiens. The survival, development time, growth, and energetic storage were measured in different European populations within density-response (intraspecific) experiments and replacement (interspecific) experiments at 20 °C and 26 °C. Overall, Ae. japonicus was the weakest competitor, while competition between Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens varied with temperature. Adults emerging from this larval competition were infected as follows: Culex pipiens with WNV, Ae. albopictus with CHIKV, and Ae. japonicus with JEV. While no JEV infection was observed, mosquitoes experiencing interspecific interactions during their larval stages exhibited higher infection rates and viral RNA titers for CHIKV and WNV. This increased susceptibility to viral infection after larval competition suggests a higher risk of arbovirus transmission in co-occurring populations.

Influence of Parental Age on Reproductive Potential and Embryogenesis in the Pepper Weevil, Anthonomus eugenii (Cano) (Col.: Curculionidae).

The pepper weevil (Anthonomus eugenii Cano) is a devastating pest that inflicts severe damage to pepper crops, leading to substantial economic losses. This study investigated the impact of aging on the reproductive success of the pepper weevil. Pepper weevil-infested fruit were harvested from pepper fields and subsequently transferred into an insect cage to facilitate the emergence of adults. The emerged adults were housed in separate cages and allowed to mature until they reached specified ages: 10 days old (young), 20 days old (middle-aged), and 30 days old (old) individuals. Eggs laid by each age group were carefully collected and incubated under controlled laboratory conditions (28 ± 1.5 °C). Several reproductive variables including the number of eggs laid, the percentage of hatched eggs, and the egg incubation period were recorded for each age group. Embryonic development was also monitored daily using a VHX digital microscope at a magnification of 200×. Differences in developmental stages such as the blastoderm, germ band, gastrulation, segmentation, and appendage formation were observed, and the time span of every stage was recorded. The results show that the 10-day-old weevils laid the most eggs and had the highest hatching rate and the shortest developmental time. The 30-day-old weevils laid the fewest eggs and had the lowest hatching rate and longest developmental time. Thus, the pepper weevil age significantly influenced the fecundity, length of time for each embryonic development stage, hatching rate, and incubation period, and should be considered when studying the reproductive biology of this pest insect. This first report of the effect of aging on the reproductive potential of the pepper weevil should enable pepper growers to adopt cultural practices aimed at reducing the pepper weevil populations, thereby helping to protect their crop from this important pest.

Dynamics Playing a Key Role in the Covalent Binding of Inhibitors to Focal Adhesion Kinase.

Covalent kinase inhibitors (CKIs) have recently garnered considerable attention, yet the rational design of CKIs continues to pose a great challenge. In the discovery of CKIs targeting focal adhesion kinase (FAK), it has been observed that the chemical structure of the linkers plays a key role in achieving covalent targeting of FAK. However, the mechanism behind the observation remains elusive. In this work, we employ a comprehensive suite of advanced computational methods to investigate the mechanism of CKIs covalently targeting FAK. We reveal that the linker of an inhibitor influences the contacts between the warhead and residue(s) and the residence time in active conformation, thereby dictating the inhibitor's capability to bind covalently to FAK. This study reflects the complexity of CKI design and underscores the importance of considering the dynamic interactions and residence times for the successful development of covalent drugs.

Optimization of NOX emissions of a CRDI DIESEL engine using CMA-ES method

Engine calibration is the tuning of embedded parameters in the engine control unit (ECU) software to improve vehicle characteristics and meet legal requirements. Due to the stricter emission limits and rising customer expectations, current ECU software may include variables up to 30,000, which require very much time for engine calibration development. For this reason, automotive manufacturers continuously develop mathematical-based optimization methods to find optimum operating conditions for the engines. This study aimed to develop an online optimization algorithm to conduct automated dynamometer tests in the calibration development process. A modified covariance matrix adaptation (CMA) algorithm, which is an evolutionary strategy (ES) method belonging to meta-heuristic optimization, was integrated with an automation system for online calibration optimization. Some CMA method parameters such as step size and damping factor were initially revised to achieve the method to function efficiently in online engine calibration. Optimization was conducted at three different operating points of a 2-liter common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine, where NOx emission mainly impacts the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) results. The main injection timing, rail pressure, pilot injection quantity and timing, manifold pressure, and mass air flow were controlled in the optimization process. Optimization targets were determined according to the NOx-PM Pareto curve for each operating point. Covariance matrix adaptation was used to generate Pareto curves. Sixty-five measurements were taken for each operating point in the optimization process. Once optimization targets were determined, optimization occurred at each operating point. A total NOx emission reduction of 3.8% was obtained in the NEDC test, while fuel consumption and PM remained almost the same at steady-state operating points. The modified CMA-ES algorithm is expected to be an efficient method for online calibration optimization.

Test-based patch clustering for automatically-generated patches assessment

Previous studies have shown that Automated Program Repair (apr) techniques suffer from the overfitting problem. Overfitting happens when a patch is run and the test suite does not reveal any error, but the patch actually does not fix the underlying bug or it introduces a new defect that is not covered by the test suite. Therefore, the patches generated by apr tools need to be validated by human programmers, which can be very costly, and prevents apr tool adoption in practice. Our work aims to minimize the number of plausible patches that programmers have to review, thereby reducing the time required to find a correct patch. We introduce a novel light-weight test-based patch clustering approach called xTestCluster, which clusters patches based on their dynamic behavior. xTestCluster is applied after the patch generation phase in order to analyze the generated patches from one or more repair tools and to provide more information about those patches for facilitating patch assessment. The novelty of xTestCluster lies in using information from execution of newly generated test cases to cluster patches generated by multiple APR approaches. A cluster is formed of patches that fail on the same generated test cases. The output from xTestCluster gives developers a) a way of reducing the number of patches to analyze, as they can focus on analyzing a sample of patches from each cluster, b) additional information (new test cases and their results) attached to each patch. After analyzing 902 plausible patches from 21 Java apr tools, our results show that xTestCluster is able to reduce the number of patches to review and analyze with a median of 50%. xTestCluster can save a significant amount of time for developers that have to review the multitude of patches generated by apr tools, and provides them with new test cases that expose the differences in behavior between generated patches. Moreover, xTestCluster can complement other patch assessment techniques that help detect patch misclassifications.

Causes of intraventricular hemorrhages in extremely premature newborns and features of their early outcomes

The aim. To study the predisposing factors for the development and timing of development of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in extremely premature newborns.Materials and methods. We carried out retrospective analysis of 32 case histories of children born at a gestational age of less than 32 weeks. The children were divided into three groups: group 1 (n = 13) – children death was caused by non-traumatic IVH; group 2 (n = 12) – surviving infants with IVH; group 3 (comparison group; n = 7) – premature infants without IVH. We assessed risk factors for the development of IVH, their severity, and main indicators predisposing to death in newborns of these groups.Results. Children of the group 1 had statistically significantly low values of body weight – 670 [640–860] g (р1–2 = 0.007; р1–3 = 0.012), head circumference – 23 [22–24] cm (р1–2 = 0.008; р1–3 = 0.049), gestational age – 24.5 [23.5–25.5] weeks (р1–2 = 0.002; р1–3 = 0.007). Gender differences were revealed: in the group 1, there were 92.3 % of boys, in the group 2 – 33.3 % (p1–2 = 0.008). Maternal smoking increased the risk of fatal IVH by 3.5 ± 0.15 times, polyhydramnios – by 3.3 ± 0.37 times, chorioamnionitis – by 12.8 ± 0.47 times, placenta previa – by 3.2 ± 0.15 times. In newborns of the group 1, seizures developed on the day 1 of life in 84.6 % (more often than in group 2; p = 0.00001), and shock in the first 3 hours of life was recorded in 46.1 % of cases (р1–2 = 0.034), which increased the risk of death by 4.3 ± 0.47 times. In newborns of group 1, compared with newborns of groups 2 and 3, pulmonary hypertension was more often detected (60.8 [50.1–69.2] mm Hg; p1–2 = 0.028; p1–3 = 0.047).Conclusion. Confirmed infectious diseases in the mother, clinical manifestation of convulsions, pulmonary hypertension, development of multiple organ failure and shock in extremely premature newborns increase the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage and the frequency of deaths.