Evaluating longitudinal, reciprocal, and cross-sectional effects of (de)motivating teaching styles on students’ psychological and educational outcomes in physical education

Are university students with childhood neglect experiences more likely to engage in online trolling? The mediating role of depressive symptoms and the moderating role of self-concept clarity.

ABSTRACT Research Findings: Relational aggression (RA) warrants further investigation due to its significant detrimental effects on child adjustment. This two-wave longitudinal study examined the contribution of maternal emotional distress to children’s RA with maternal psychological control (PC) as a mediator and mothers’ perceived normativeness of psychological control (PNPC) as a moderator. Participants were 175 Hong Kong Chinese families of preschool children (50.9% girls; M age = 60.93 months, SD = 5.59). Mothers reported their emotional distress and use of PC at Time 1 (T1) and their PNPC at Time 2 (T2; 6 months later). Mothers and fathers also reported children’s RA at T2. Results revealed that T1 maternal distress was positively related to T1 maternal PC, which in turn positively predicted T2 children’s RA. Further, T2 mothers’ PNPC attenuated the relation between T1 maternal PC and T2 children’s RA, thus the mediation effect was significant only when T2 mothers’ PNPC was low and medium, rather than high. Practice or Policy: Findings underscore the importance of culturally sensitive parenting interventions that reduce maternal distress and discourage the use of PC, particularly among mothers who perceive such practices as socially non-normative.

The present study examined whether self-stigma mediated the associations from inattention/impulsivity symptoms and suicide risk to psychological distress and quality of life (QoL) among individuals with schizophrenia. A longitudinal study was conducted comprising 241 individuals with schizophrenia who were recruited from daycare and outpatient units in Southern Taiwan. Eligible participants were adults (≥ 20years) diagnosed with schizophrenia and enrolled in a daycare program or receiving regular outpatient follow-up. After providing informed consent, participants were interviewed to assess self-stigma, inattention and impulsivity symptoms, suicide risk, psychological distress, and QoL. Individuals with a history of moderate to severe substance use disorder (except tobacco use disorder) or head injury were excluded. Self-stigma mediated the relationships between inattention and impulsivity symptoms and both psychological distress and QoL among Taiwanese individuals with schizophrenia. More specifically, the indirect effect of inattention and impulsivity symptoms at Time 1 (T1) on each QoL domain (physical, psychological, social, and environment QoL at T3 through self-stigma at T2 was significant (β = - 0.05 to - 0.03, p < 0.05). The indirect effect on psychological distress at T3 was also significant (β = 0.06, 95% CI [0.01, 0.12], p = 0.019). In addition, self-stigma at T1 significantly predicted each QoL domain (β = - 0.19 to - 0.13, p < 0.001) and psychological distress at T3 (β = 0.24, 95% CI [1.94, 4.10], p < 0.001) through self-stigma at T2. The present study demonstrated the robust influence of self-stigma in increasing psychological distress and poor QoL in each specific domain, suggesting clinical approaches are needed for managing self-stigma, inattention and impulsivity symptoms, and suicide risk among individuals with schizophrenia.

To evaluate if mandibular growth was influenced by the mechanobehavior (magnitude and frequency) of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) loading, the hypotheses tested were: Time 1 (T1) mechanobehavior and age correlated with changes (Δ) in lengths of (1) ramus (CoAS-Go) and (2) mandible (CoP-Gn) at Time 2 (T2) after Herbst appliance therapy (HAT). Subjects had Class II skeletal malocclusions for which HAT was planned and gave informed consent to participate. Anatomy, including CoAS-Go and CoP-Gn, were derived from cone-beam computed tomography at both timepoints. T1 loading magnitudes were measured as TMJ energy densities (ED, mJ/mm3) using dynamic stereometry, loading frequencies were measured as jaw muscle duty factors (DFs, %) from at-home electromyography (EMG) recordings made by subjects, and mechanobehavior scores (MBS; MBS = ED2xDF, (mJmm3)2 %) were calculated for each TMJ. Generalized additive models tested for effects of T1 MBS and age on ΔCoAS-Go and ΔCoP-Gn. Fifteen subjects (eight females, seven males) with T1 age of 12.7 ± 1.3 years completed protocols and HAT of 12.0 ± 1.1 months. Subjects produced 37 daytime and 42 night-time electromyographic recordings of 6.3 ± 1.1 and 8.9 ± 1.3 hours, respectively. Normalized changes in ramal and mandibular lengths vs T1 overall MBS and age showed significant nonlinear relationships (P = .003 and < .0001 with adjusted R2= 0.54 and 0.74, respectively), where relatively larger MBS and younger age showed larger changes in ramal and mandibular lengths after HAT. Initial mechanobehavior and age were significantly correlated with changes in lengths of the ramus and the mandible after Herbst appliance therapy.

Background Over the past two decades, the proportion of girls entangled in the criminal legal system has grown markedly. While prior research has examined the adverse effects of criminal labeling, much of this work emphasizes the outcome of reoffending. In contrast, the health-related consequences of criminal records, particularly for female youth, remain critically underexplored. Methods This study examined the impact of accumulated crime and delinquency records (ACDR), in conjunction with resilience factors, on substance use among girls involved in the juvenile justice system (n = 1,648). Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression models assessed the direct effects of ACDR at Time 1 (T1) and resilience, represented by prosocial ties at Time 2 (T2), on substance use at Time 3 (T3). Covariates included prior substance use, trauma, neglect, abuse, exposure to violence, foster care, mental health, and demographics. A second OLS model tested whether resilience moderated the relationship between T1 criminal records and T3 substance use. Results While ACDR was significantly associated with substance use, prosocial ties significantly inhibited substance use. Moreover, prosocial ties moderated the impact of ACDR. Conclusions Recognizing the connection between ACDR and subsequent substance use—and the resilience factors that can interrupt this trajectory—is essential for developing effective, gender-responsive prevention and intervention programs.

ABSTRACT The present study examined the longitudinal relationship between harsh parenting and adolescent internet addiction, as well as the mediating role of depression and the moderating role of gratitude in the above association. A total of 506 adolescents (241 females, M age = 12.92 years, SD = 0.62) participated in two waves of data collection in early 2022 and mid- 2023, respectively. Harsh parenting, adolescents’ internet addiction, depression, and gratitude were assessed through adolescent self-reports. Results indicated that after controlling for T1 (Time 1) gender, age, subjective socioeconomic status, and internet addiction, T1 depression mediated the positive relationship between T1 harsh parenting and T2 (Time 2) internet addiction. Further, T1 gratitude moderated the association between T1 depression and T2 internet addiction, with higher levels of gratitude strengthening this positive relationship. These findings contribute novel insights into the roles of harsh parenting, depression, and gratitude in adolescent internet addiction and provide deeper guidance for targeted interventions.

ABSTRACT We investigate grammatical learning in Italian through a multipoint assessment over a short period (3 months), aiming to evaluate the potential of a longitudinal measure to differentiate between typical bilingual development and Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). Seventy-five children aged 4–6 years were tested and assigned to three groups: monolingual typically developing (TD), bilingual TD, and monolingual DLD. Participants completed standardised measures of language development at screening (nonword repetition, NWR; and sentence comprehension, BVL_Comp) and a forced-choice grammatical task measuring accuracy on agreement structures at Time 1 (T1) and 3 months apart at Time 2 (T2). No overall significant between-group differences were found in longitudinal change. However, within-group analyses revealed important diagnostic patterns. For bilingual TD – but not for children with DLD – longitudinal improvement in grammatical accuracy correlated positively with NWR scores obtained at screening, confirming NWR’s predictive value for short-term grammatical growth. Within the DLD group, a significant divergence emerged between subtypes: children with Expressive DLD showed greater improvement than those with Receptive/Expressive DLD, who continued to exhibit persistent morphological difficulties. Theoretically, our findings confirm group- differences in the acquisition of agreement structures (Subject – Verb > Clitic – Past Participle) and demonstrate that children’s sensitivity to agreement morphology serves as a reliable proxy for overall grammatical development given the positive correlation with standardised BVL_Comp scores. Although longitudinal changes in grammatical accuracy over 3 months were modest, subgroup patterns highlight the diagnostic potential of fine-grained, short-term longitudinal measures in distinguishing between profiles of language impairment and bilingual development.

Understanding the factors that influence young children's social skills development is critical for fostering their long-term success. Recent studies have identified a positive association between parental labor education and children's social skills. However, few longitudinal studies have examined the underlying mechanisms of this relationship. To address this gap, we conducted a 6-month longitudinal study involving 247 preschool-aged children ( M = 60.59 months, SD = 5.97). After controlling for children's age, only-child status, and family socioeconomic status, the results demonstrated that parental labor education attitudes at Time 1 (T1) not only directly predicted children's social skills at Time 2 (T2) but also indirectly influenced them through the chain mediation of parental labor education behaviors (T1) and children's housework participation (T1). However, neither parental labor education behaviors (T1) nor children's housework participation (T1) alone significantly mediated the relationship between parental labor education attitudes (T1) and children's social skills (T2). These findings highlight the importance of cultivating positive parental attitudes and behaviors toward labor education. Additionally, actively engaging children in housework may further enhance their social skills development.

Korean American parents express warmth indirectly (e.g., through devoted attention), which can be contrasted with explicit expressions of warmth (e.g., stating love, hugging). This study investigated three distinct forms of indirect warmth. Thoughtfulness involves parents anticipating and meeting children's needs before they are expressed. Devotion to education concerns prioritizing a supportive learning environment over parental interests. Guan behavior involves communicating clear standards to children, in a manner sensitive to their abilities. The present longitudinal study examined, in a path analysis, whether Time 1 (T1) Korean American adolescents' perceptions of the three separate forms of indirect warmth were positively predicted by T1 maternal reports of supportiveness and demandingness or guan ideology. Guan ideology predicted devotion, β = 0.08, p = 0.048, as well as guan behavior, β = 0.11, p = 0.008. Supportiveness predicted thoughtfulness, β = 0.11, p = 0.005. The study also examined whether the T1 variables predicted T2 adolescent outcomes. T1 thoughtfulness predicted T2 prosocial behavior, β = 0.15, p = 0.007, and relationship quality, β = 0.05, p = 0.001. T2 GPA was predicted by T1 supportiveness, β = 0.12, p = 0.048, and devotion, β = 0.18, p = 0.014. There was evidence for full mediation from supportiveness via thoughtfulness for relationship quality, β = 0.02, p = 0.029, and prosocial behavior β = 0.02, p = 0.052. Because supportiveness had its influence on the latter two variables via thoughtfulness, those who work with Korean American families may want to consider addressing thoughtfulness directly.

Understanding the rates and determinants of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) relapse is crucial for stakeholders in Somalia, where evidence is limited. This study aimed to assess SAM relapse rates and associated risk factors among children discharged from outpatient therapeutic programmes (OTP) in the Bay and Hiran regions of Somalia. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 160 children aged 7-53 months discharged as recovered from OTP SAM treatment between August-September 2023. Children were followed monthly for six time points post-discharge. Anthropometric measurements, morbidity data, and household information were collected. Survival analysis was used to calculate cumulative incidence of SAM relapse, defined by weight-for-height z-score (WHZ)<-3 standard deviation (SD) or mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)<11.5 cm or oedema. Cox proportional hazard models identified factors associated with relapse. Cumulative incidence of SAM relapse at Time 1 (T1) = 5.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.5, 10.6%), T2 = 14.3% (95% CI = 9.4, 21.5%) and T6 = 26.0% (95% CI = 19.3, 34.5%) by WHZ and 13.2% (95% CI = 8.8, 19.5%) by MUAC. The relapse rate for combined SAM and moderate acute malnutrition by WHZ at T1 = 26.9% (95% CI = 19.5, 36.3%), T2 = 36.2% (95% CI = 28.0, 46.1%) and T6 = 50.1% (95% CI = 41.0, 60.0%). Weight-for-height z-score (WHZ)-based relapse was higher in rural areas (31.4% vs. 22.7% urban, P = 0.285) and among children with WHZ<-3 SD at admission (37.4% vs. 21.2%, P = 0.029). Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)-based relapse was higher in urban areas (20.8% vs. 4.1% rural, P = 0.002), among younger children (19.7% vs. 5.5% > 2 years, P = 0.009), and internally displaced persons (21.8% vs. 5.8% non-internally displaced persons, P = 0.003). Factors significantly associated with increased relapse risk included WHZ<-3 SD at admission (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.04, 4.72) and longer OTP stay (adjusted HR = 1.02 per day; 95% CI = 1.00, 1.04). Participation in a cash assistance programme was protective (adjusted HR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.22, 0.90). Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) relapse rates in Somalia are considerable, with varying patterns by anthropometric indicator, region, and demographic factors. Cash assistance programme offers a promising complementary intervention. These findings can inform targeted interventions and policy changes to reduce relapse and improve long-term outcomes for children recovering from SAM in Somalia and similar contexts. The cluster-RCT associated with this cohort study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT06642012.

Depression has been consistently associated with social media addiction, yet the psychological processes underlying this relationship remain insufficiently understood. The present study aimed to examine the longitudinal association between depression and social media addiction among teenagers, with particular attention to the potential moderating roles of difficulty describing feelings and experiential avoidance. A three-wave longitudinal study was conducted with 3,184 teenagers from China. Participants completed self-report measures assessing depression, social media addiction, difficulty describing feelings, and experiential avoidance. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses, and moderated regression models were used to examine the proposed longitudinal associations. Depression at Time 1 (T1) was positively associated with social media addiction at Time 3 (T3). In addition, difficulty describing feelings and experiential avoidance at Time 2 (T2) significantly moderated the association between T1 depression and T3 social media addiction. Teenagers who experienced greater difficulty describing their feelings or who tended to avoid unpleasant internal experiences appeared more vulnerable to the longitudinal association between depression and social media addiction. These findings highlight the importance of emotional understanding and regulation capacities in shaping patterns of social media use among adolescents and offer implications for theory development as well as targeted prevention and intervention efforts.

Public transit vehicles represent small, dynamic, indoor spaces, with conditions that can be favourable for the development of poor air quality. The use of CO2 monitors is recommended as a potential strategy for improving ventilation; however, information around how non-experts can use them for personal monitoring is limited. The purpose of this field study was to assess the real-world usability of a low-cost monitor, and to provide general recommendations around personal risk assessment using a monitor in combination with the evaluation of environmental factors. Measurements of CO2 and surveying of commute conditions were carried out with two CO2 monitors, the Vitalight and the Aranet, during 250 public transit trips between October 17th, 2022 and July 18th, 2023. Results show that CO2 measurements taken by the Vitalight and the Aranet were highly correlated (Time 1 (T1): r = .948; Time 2 (T2): r = .966). Additionally, the Vitalight paralleled the Aranet with respect to its responses to: temperature; relative humidity; occupancy level; seating position; how often the bus doors opened; and whether the windows were open or closed. However, measurements of CO2 taken by the Vitalight were significantly lower than those taken by the Aranet (T1: t(249) = −22.52, p < .001; T2: t(249) = −32.44, p < .001). Based on these results, we make three recommendations to provide guidance to non-experts around personal monitoring for ventilation on transit buses, including use and interpretation of the Vitalight monitor, and environmental conditions to assess, to inform actions to take to improve ventilation.

Building on the Conservation of Resources theory, in this study we investigated the longitudinal relationship between videoconference fatigue (VF)-also known as Zoom fatigue-and psychophysical strain, defined as psychophysical symptoms associated with work-related stress. We also investigated the role of age and flexible work arrangement (i.e., remote vs in-person working) as individual and occupational factors that may affect the association between VF and psychophysical strain. A total of 155 workers from different organizations completed two self-report questionnaires, administered at Time 1 (T1) and two months later at Time 2 (T2). Results from moderated multiple regression analysis indicate that VF at T1 positively predicted physical strain at T2. However, it was not associated with psychological strain at T2. Additionally, a positive association was observed between VF at T1 and psychological strain at T2 in remote workers aged 55 or older. Our results suggest that VF may be associated with poorer physical health over time, and that it appears to be linked to poorer mental health among remote workers aged 55 or older. By identifying a particularly vulnerable group of workers, the study provides managerial insights into the use of virtual communication platforms at work. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Collective health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, pose significant psychosocial challenges that may increase vulnerability to posttraumatic stress (PTS). The present longitudinal study examined the associations between COVID-19-related PTS and two psychosocial vulnerability factors: loneliness and COVID-19-related worries. Data were collected from a sample of 747 adults in the United States (U.S.), recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), with follow-ups conducted at approximately 6-month intervals beginning in March 2020. Retention rates across the four waves were as follows: Time 2 (T2)=458, Time 3 (T3)=445, and Time 4 (T4)=432. Cross-lagged panel analyses indicated that loneliness consistently predicted subsequent increases in PTS symptoms across waves, whereas the reverse pathways from PTS to loneliness were not significant. Both loneliness and PTS measured at Time 1 (T1) significantly predicted COVID-19-related worries at T2; however, these effects did not persist in subsequent waves. Additionally, a delayed effect was observed in which COVID-19-related worries at T2 significantly predicted increased loneliness at T3, although this association was not observed at later time points. These findings highlight the enduring role of loneliness in the development of pandemic-related PTS and suggest that both loneliness and PTS contribute to elevated worry during the early stages of widespread infectious disease outbreaks. Early interventions targeting loneliness may be critical for reducing long-term psychological distress and enhancing resilience in the context of pandemics and similar public health emergencies.

ContextBariatric surgery causes greater sustained weight loss (WL) and metabolic improvements compared to lifestyle modification. It remains unclear which metabolic changes are solely attributable to WL and which also involve WL-independent changes.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to quantify changes in the adiponectin/leptin ratio and IGF binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2), both markers of metabolic disease.MethodsAdults with body mass index ≥35 kg/m2 underwent a 12-week 800 kcal/day low-calorie diet (LCD; n = 20), sleeve gastrectomy (n = 18), or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (n = 10) and were studied at baseline [time 1(T1)], early weight loss [time 2 (T2)], and 1 year [time 3 (T3)]. As outcomes were similar between surgeries, the groups were combined for analysis.ResultsThe LCD and surgery groups had similar median WL of 15% at T2 (P = .72), achieved in 90 vs 48 days, respectively. The LCD group maintained WL at T3 whereas WL was 30% after surgery. At T2, the adiponectin/leptin ratio increased similarly; however, IGFBP-2 increased to a greater extent after surgery, 203 ng/mL (169-259) vs LCD, 153 (110-181; P = .028). Further WL after surgery at T3 resulted in a more marked increase in the adiponectin/leptin ratio, yet IGFBP-2 levels remained the same.ConclusionIGFBP-2 levels and the adiponectin/leptin ratio improve after WL. The greater increase in IGFBP-2 levels after surgery compared with LCD may have long-term beneficial effects that appear to be partly independent of the degree of weight reduction.

ABSTRACT This longitudinal study examined relationships between parent executive function (EF), parenting, and child EF problems in a sample of 71 fathers and mothers of 4-year-old children (36 male). At Time 1 (T1), parent reports were collected of parent–child conflict and closeness, and parent EF, and children’s verbal ability was assessed. Parents rated their child’s EF at T1 and 9 months later (T2). After controlling for child age and verbal ability, hierarchical regression analysis revealed that mother–child and father–child conflict predicted more child EF problems at T2. Results of mediational analysis showed that parent–child conflict mediated the link between parent and child EF at T2. Findings add support for the intergenerational transmission of EF framework and suggest that the quality of father–child relationships contributes to preschool children’s EF in a similar way to mother–child relationships.

ABSTRACT This study investigated the relationship between social avoidance and problematic media use among Chinese preschool migrant children. Using a cross-lagged design across two time points (nine months apart), mothers of 225 children (Mage = 55.23 months, 52.90% girls) reported on these behaviors. Results indicated that Time 1 (T1) problematic media use positively predicted Time 2 (T2) social avoidance. Conversely, T1 social avoidance did not significantly predict subsequent problematic media use. Additionally, no significant gender differences were observed in these relationships. These findings suggest that problematic media use is a risk factor for social avoidance, highlighting the importance of early intervention for migrant children facing unique developmental challenges.

Many researchers have expressed concerns that weight stigma may cause adverse health effects and worsen weight issues in a vicious cycle. However, empirical evidence evaluating this cycle is scarce, especially among Eastern Asians. The present study investigated the temporal associations among perceived weight stigma, weight-related self-stigma, psychological distress, perceived behavioral control, physical activity, eating behaviors, and body mass index (BMI) changes. A one-year longitudinal survey was carried out to explore if the weight cycle exists among young adults in Hong Kong. The study comprised 345 participants at Time 1 (T1), 253 participants at T2, 233 participants at T3, and 235 participants at T4. Participants completed self-reported psychometric instruments in an online survey. The analysis employed parallel process latent growth curve modeling and a random intercept cross-lagged panel model. Temporal relationships existed in the connections between perceived stigma and self-stigma, and self-stigma and perceived behavioral control. A negative relationship between self-stigma and future BMI was found, whereas future self-stigma showed no significant association with previous BMI. The growth trajectories of the studied variables did not correlate with changes in BMI. However, self-stigma showed a negative association with subsequent BMI in a different model. Further research is needed to clarify whether weight stigma is impacted by changes in BMI.

Previous research has established a correlation between cyberbullying victimization and sleep problems. However, the longitudinal effect of cyberbullying victimization on sleep quality among college freshmen and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory, this study examined whether cyberbullying victimization predicts sleep quality in college freshmen after 6 months, and explored the longitudinal mediating role of basic psychological need frustration and the moderating role of parental autonomy support. A total of 740 freshmen were assessed at two time points over a six-month interval through self-reported questionnaires measuring cyberbullying victimization, basic psychological need frustration, parental autonomy support, and sleep quality. The results showed that cyberbullying victimization at Time 1 (T1) did not significantly predict sleep quality at Time 2 (T2). However, basic psychological need frustration at T2 mediated the relationship between cyberbullying victimization at T1 and sleep quality at T2. Furthermore, parental autonomy support at T1 moderated the first stage of the longitudinal mediating pathway. Specifically, when parental autonomy support at T1 was high, the effect of cyberbullying victimization at T1 on basic psychological need frustration at T2 was stronger. These findings reveal the mechanism through which cyberbullying victimization affects sleep quality over time and provide intervention guidance for improving freshmen’s sleep quality.