Tiled Stove Research Articles

Archeologický výzkum hradního paláce v Brandýse nad Orlicí v letech 2017–2020

In 2017–2020, rescue archaeological research continued on the deposits above the preserved basement rooms of the western palace of the castle in Brandýs nad Orlicí. The exca vation yielded evidence of the presence of tiled stoves, crown window glass, non-combustible roofing in the form of fragments of barrel tiles and ceramic square tiles that once covered the floors of the upper stories. The interiors of the rooms yielded a diverse variety of kitchen ceramics, metal objects and numerous fragments of hollow glassware.

Tillverkning av medeltida ugnskakel i Stockholm och Uppsala – Ett meddelande om fynd från undersökningarna vid Slussen

As early as the late Middle Ages, the tiled stove was used as a source of heating, albeit only in the most prestigioussettings. Late medieval stove tiles have been found in very few places in Stockholm and mainly in high-status environments. The recent excavations at Slussen have uncoveredseveral new finds of medieval stove tiles.During the 15th century, exclusive tiles of the same type was produced in Central Europe. However, 19th century finds of matrices, indicate that there may have been a domestic production of exclusive tiles as early as the end of the 15th century. The earliest written record of a potter in Stockholm dates to 1479, and thus a local production of stove tiles is probable as well.However, whether the late medieval tiles were imported or made locally from imported matrices has not yet been established. A recent ICP-analysis of the clay in medieval stove tiles found at Slussen has now ascertained their provenance to both Stockholm andUppsala. The results can further contribute to the discussion on trade and crafts exchange in Hanseatic Europe.

Not for the Poor. The Biblia Pauperum on Medieval and Renaissance Tiled Stoves in Poland

As Biblia pauperum, we define not only books with an abbreviated text of Sacred Scripture, which were dominated by illustrations, but also cycles of artistic representations, e.g. painted on the walls of churches or decorating window stained-glass windows. However, other iconographic sources, such as stove tiles, are much less known. As archaeological monuments, most often preserved in fragments, they have not yet been thoroughly analysed. The article discusses medieval and Renaissance tiles with figural scenes with biblical motifs. As the archaeological sites most often feature several tiles decorated with similar thematic motifs, they should be treated as evidence of a conscious decision to show the cycle of events described in the Bible on the stove.

The Ornamented Tile-Stove From the V. Kochubei’s House in Baturyn

In 2015 during the archaeological excavations on the territory of “Kochubei” park in Baturyn a blockage of tiles was discovered in cultural layer. The blockage, besides tiles, contained broken bricks, yellow clay, and little fractures of lime. Discovered materials were remains from the tile-stove, located in the smallest room of the General Judge V. Kochubei’s house, which probably was a girls’ room. Found tiles fragments belonged to at least of 38 specimens. The tiles collection is represented by two varieties of panel and cornice tiles. All products are unglazed, have a relief floral motif and the traces of shoot inside. The surfaces of some items were covered by a layer of chalk. Based on constructional (a type of rim figuration) and decorative features there was noticed similarities between pairs panel—cornice tiles. Petrographic and elemental analyses have showed that all tiles were made of clay from one deposit and burnt at the same temperature within two similar or one cycle. Written sources about the organization of workshop craft, analysis, design, and decorative features of the products allowed assuming that two masters of the same craft association worked on the stove construction and the production of tiles for it. The tiles set attest to the two-tiers stove. The well-known Baturyn, Ukrainian and foreign analogies let us graphically recreate the appearance of the tile stove and its estimated size. The tile-stove was built between 1700 and 1708 when the house belonged to V. Kochubei, and later it was destroyed in the second half of the XVIII c., not earlier than in 1778. Accordingly, the tile stove from the girl’s room had existed in the house for 70—78 years, during which it had been whitewashed, possibly repeatedly, to hide traces of soot and dust on the surface.

The First and the Second Regency excavations in Tobolsk

This publication continues a series of articles which introduce into scientific discourse the results of archaeo-logical research into the cultural layer of Tobolsk — the main city of Siberia during the Russian colonization pe-riod. The First and Second Regency excavations were laid on the spit of the Troitsky Cape, on the territory of the Tobolsk Kremlin, in the utility building construction zone of the Tobolsk-Tyumen diocese. Based on the historical and archival data, the identified stratigraphic columns should demonstrate the peculiarities of the formation of cultural strata in different periods of development of the city since its foundation, but unfortunately, as shown by the excavations, the early layers were severely damaged across a large area as a result of constant active recon-structions of the Kremlin. The earliest of the studied objects are the remains of a defensive line that ran along the edge of the cape in the 17th c., protecting the city from attacks. As a result, the structure of the wooden fortifica-tions of the city have been identified, which represented a high log fence, with an adjacent platform — fighting gallery — on the inner side. The presence of such structure suggests that the defensive wall carried loopholes for cannons and culverins, significantly expanding the firing potential. The nature, location and construction of this defensive line is similar to the one we found in the Chukman excavation site, on the nearby cape of Chukman. The ancient objects of the First and the Second Regency excavations include eight structures that have not been fully explored. One of them contained a rare archaeological find — the remains of a tiled stove, faced with terra-cotta, glazed, polychrome relief and painted tiles. Another building preserved in a form of a brick foundation, during the clearing of which, for the first time in Tobolsk, fragments of porcelain ware from Gardner factory were found, which was considered to be the best in Russia in the 19th century. In general, the obtained materials open new opportunities for studying the early stages of the history and culture of the first Russian capital of Siberia.

Kályhacsempék és kályhaszemek a kereki várból

Up to these days, there has only been minor inves-tigation on the grounds of the late castle next to Kereki. Dur-ing the excavations, a small amount of stove tile fragments was found, but the pieces are, however, rather significant. Most of the stove tiles can be traced back to the time of Si-gismund of Luxembourg, but stoves were built here in the second half of the 15th century, and even in the 16th century. Based on the findings, a theoretical reconstruction of the tiled stove from the time of Sigismund is also possible.

Badania archeologiczne dworu Zarembów w Kalinowej – siedziby jednego z najzamożniejszych rodów w średniowiecznej Polsce

There is no possibility to talk about medieval Poland without Zaremba z Kalinowy family. Nowadays Kalinowa is a small village with gothic church and the XIX century looking palace surrounded by moat and lake from a north side. In XIV or beginning of XV century first manor house was build on the island. During our excavations in 2011 we discovered that in XV century new mansion was constructed on a mainland area. Inside there were beautiful late medieval tiled stoves, and rare artefacts (i.e. axe shaped badge) mostly known from large cities like Gdansk or Krakow. In the XVII century Kalinowa was sold to Łubienscy family. After that they build new palazzo in fortezza residence which was totally rebuilt in XVIII and XIX century.

Тёплый дом новгородского архиепископа: система отопления во Владычной палате 1433 года

In 1433 Archbishop Evfimii II commissioned the construction of a new stone building in the Archbishop’s Yard in Novgorod. This year German masters erected so-called Vladychny (Faceted) Palace, a complex which consists of three parts. The main part of this building has survived, in 2012 the research and restoration works on the monument were completed. There are rooms for different purposes (residential,economic etc.) in the structure of the building. Most halls and passageways of the palace were not heated, but some rooms had a heating system. In total, there were three furnaces in the Vladychny (Faceted) Palace, which respectively heated three or four rooms. The furnaces had the same design, only the furnace in the north-western part of the chamber was somewhat different, since it was not placed on a vaulted base, like the rest of the furnaces, but directly on the boulder foundation. Heating worked on the principle of a hypocaust system: before the start of the heating the openings that went into the room were covered with lids. At the first stage the boulders situated on the vault were heated. Then after burning wood and removing smoke, the chimney was blocked, and the holes above the boulders, on the contrary, opened. The hot air from the boulders heated the hall. The hypocaust system of the Faceted Palace existed till the 16th century, when its elements gradually began to be replaced by conventional furnaces; in the 17th century tiled stoves appeared there.The hypocaust heating system in the 13th–15th centuries was widespread in residential and public buildings, castles of the Baltic region. Before the construction of the Faceted Palace, this type of heating was not apparently used in Old Russia. The presence of furnaces under some halls allows us to approach the understanding of the purpose of certain premises of the building, and, accordingly, to understand more clearly the diversity of its functions, as well as to reveal some features of the building facade solution that appeared due to the construction of furnaces.

HERALDIC IMAGES ON THE TILES OF KOROLEVO CASTLE NYALAB

The castle of Nyaláb is located near the village of Korolevo, Vynohradiv district of Zakarpatska oblast of Ukraine. It is distinguished by a very rich cultural layer, a complicated stratigraphy, and a significant number of finds. During the field seasons of 2007, 2011 – 2017 the expedition of Uzhhorod National University studied there three living-rooms, the construction of four tile stoves and found thousands of samples of ceramic, stove-tiles, leather, bones, glass and metal products. The general dating of the finds is the end of XIII – middle of XVII centuries.A collection of the stove-tiles which are not directly related to particular tile-stove consists of different types of tiles: pot-shaped, onion-shaped, panel, and hybrid tiles with floral and zoomorphic décor, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic images, religious themes, heraldic symbols, as well as crest tiles from the upper framing of tile-stove etc. The finds are formed with well elutriated clay dough with larger or smaller admixture of sand. They are well fired (mainly resonant). The stove-tiles are from ocher to light grey and dark brown in color.Separate and numerous groups of stove-tiles from the castle of Korolevo consist of finds with heraldic symbols (the coats of arms of the king Matthias I Corvinus, Perényi family, and the Hapsburgs). According to precise definition by Š. Holčík a look at coat of arms warmed the owners up even if the stove was not hot. Definitely it was about owner of the castle or his high-ranking guests only.Sometimes the stove-tiles depicting a coat of arms of deceased ruler have been used too. Obviously they had been used as décor and did not bear any special content. The stove-tiles fragments of XVI century depicting heraldic symbols of the king Matthias I Corvinus represents this category at the castle of Nyaláb.Nyaláb is the only place where the stove-tiles with Perényi family, one of the most influential in Hungary, coat of arms have been discovered by now. The finds are represented by three molds. Despite the fact that this image has been found on stove-tiles for the first time it is well known for epitaphs from Abaújvár, Košice, Rudabánya, and Trebišov. Also Perényi coat of arms has been represented by decorations of the halls in the castles of Sárospatak, Siklós, and Korolevo. It was present on the seals of family members and in the books of Janus Pannonius and Komjáti Benedek.Habsburg coat of arms with double-headed eagle spreading the wings and tail is depicted on four stove-tiles. His paws are extended far apart. He keeps a sword in the right one and scepter in the left. Heraldic shield with Hungarian emblem is placed on the bird’s chest and a crown is overhead. There are letters A close to the sword and DM, meaning Anno Domini, near the scepter.Numerous polished relief stone slabs have been found among the fragments of wall near tile stove 4. Perényi family coat of arms (A profile of turned to the left flying bearded man’s head which keeps a crown in short leg) is depicted on one of them.

Algade 9 i Aalborg – Husenes udvikling fra vikingetid til nutid

Algade 9 i Aalborg – Husenes udvikling fra vikingetid til nutid

Investigation of user behavior and assessment of typical operation mode for different types of firewood room heating appliances in Austria

Firewood heaters like firewood roomheaters, tiled stoves and residential biomass cookers are commonly used for supplying the residences with renewable heat. However, these kinds of appliances were identified as responsible for relevant amounts of gaseous CO and OGC as well as particulate emissions causing negative health effects. Beside technological reasons, the operating conditions and the user behavior are essential reasons for increased emissions, especially in real life operation.Therefore, this study aimed at an investigation and assessment of typical real life user behavior by a survey. Based on the findings effective and customer friendly technological and non-technological optimization approaches for a better and more environmental friendly real life performance were defined.The results of the study showed principally similar user behavior of all considered types of appliances regarding most relevant operation characteristics, i.e. kind, properties and amount of used fuels, ignition procedure and air valve settings. Most effective non-technological optimization approaches were found for an enhancement of external training arrangements and the development of user friendly manuals that aimed mainly at an improvement of the ignition procedure from bottom–up to top–down ignition method. The use of devices with an automatically controlled combustion air supply was identified as promising technological measure.

Investigation of real life operation of biomass room heating appliances – Results of a European survey

Wood combustion is the main renewable heating source for European households and responsible for a large portion of the particle matter in the atmosphere. Firewood operated small-scale residential wood combustion units such as firewood stoves and tiled stoves are the most widespread wood combustion appliances in households. Next to purely technological reasons (i.e. type and age of appliance) and installation conditions (i.e. natural draft of chimney system), user behavior which includes all influences caused by the user during operation has a considerable effect on the combustion performance of room heating appliances. User behavior includes fuel related factors, different ways to ignite the fire, combustion air settings, as well as frequency and intensity of use. The objective of this work is to investigate user behavior by means of a survey. The survey aims to provide an overview as to how room heating appliances in European countries are used in real life. We performed a 28 question, multi-lingual online survey over a 14-week period. 1980 responses from 16 European countries were received. Most respondents are from Italy (35%), Germany (34%), Austria (12%) and Sweden (11%). Results were separated by heating appliance type (firewood stove, tiled stove, cooker and other firewood stove), and by country. The results show a unique and detailed glimpse as to how room heating appliances are used in real life. They include the ignition procedure including used fire starters, point of fuel recharging, combustion air regulation and frequency of use. Results related to the fuel used (i.e. type of fuel, fuel conditions) are given in this paper, too. The results are crucial for further research and complement existing knowledge about the effects of the individual user and fuel related parameters on emissions and efficiency of room heating appliances.

Jézus életét bemutató kályha az Esztergomi várból, A XVI. Század végéről

The study presents the high-quality tiled stove of Esztergom Castle dating from 1595–1605, produced in a workshop in southern Germany. The stove tiles are decorated with various scenes from the life of Jesus enclosed in an architectural frame made in the Renaissance style. A comparison is drawn between the stove tile fragments from Esztergom and the stove tile fragments from Visegrád Castle dating from the same period, which also depict Biblical scenes.

In vitro toxicological characterization of particulate emissions from residential biomass heating systems based on old and new technologies

Residential wood combustion causes major effects on the air quality on a global scale. The ambient particulate levels are known to be responsible for severe adverse health effects that include e.g. cardio-respiratory illnesses and cancer related effects, even mortality. It is known that biomass combustion derived emissions are affected by combustion technology, fuel being used and user-related practices. There are also indications that the health related toxicological effects are influenced by these parameters. This study we evaluated toxicological effects of particulate emissions (PM1) from seven different residential wood combusting furnaces. Two appliances i.e. log wood boiler and stove represented old batch combustion technology, whereas stove and tiled stove were designated as new batch combustion as three modern automated boilers were a log wood boiler, a woodchip boiler and a pellet boiler. The PM1 samples from the furnaces were collected in an experimental setup with a Dekati® gravimetric impactor on PTFE filters with the samples being weighed and extracted from the substrates and prior to toxicological analyses. The toxicological analyses were conducted after a 24-hour exposure of the mouse RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line to four doses of emission particle samples and analysis of levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα, chemokine MIP-2, cytotoxicity with three different methods (MTT, PI, cell cycle analysis) and genotoxicity with the comet assay. In the correlation analysis all the toxicological results were compared with the chemical composition of the samples. All the samples induced dose-dependent increases in the studied parameters. Combustion technology greatly affected the emissions and the concomitant toxicological responses. The modern automated boilers were usually the least potent inducers of most of the parameters while emissions from the old technology log wood boiler were the most potent. In correlation analysis, the PAH and other organic composition and inorganic ash composition affected the toxicological responses differently. In conclusion, combustion technology largely affects the particulate emissions and their toxic potential this being reflected in substantially larger responses in devices with incomplete combustion. These differences become emphasized when the large emission factors from old technology appliances are taken into account.

Radvilų rūmai Dubingiuose

Dubingių piliavietė yra Molėtų rajone, Asvejos ežero pusiasalyje (anksčiau buvusioje saloje) greta Dubingių miestelio. 2003 m. buvo pradėti sistemingi Dubingių piliavietės archeologiniai tyrimai. 2004 m. ten buvusios bažnyčios vietoje buvo atrasti ir bendromis archeologų, antropologų, istorikų ir menotyrininkų pastangomis identifikuoti Radvilų palaikai. 2006–2008 m. visa buvusių bažnyčių vieta išsamiai ištirta, restauruoti, užkonservuoti ir pritaikyti turistams lankyti ištirtos evangelikų reformatų bažnyčios pamatai, įrengta nauja Radvilų palaidojimo kripta, jų palaikams pagamintas naujas, puošnus sarkofagas, taip pat granito antkapis su epitafiniu tekstu. 2009 m., po iškilmingo atsisveikinimo su surastais ir atpažintais Radvilų giminės atstovų palaikais Vilniuje, buv. Radvilų rūmuose, dabartiniame Lietuvos nacionaliniame dailės muziejuje, 2009 m. rugsėjo 5 d. jie buvo iškilmingai perlaidoti Dubingiuose. Perlaidojimo iškilmėse dalyvavo Lietuvos Respublikos vadovai, politikai, evangelikų reformatų bažnyčios atstovai, iš Lenkijos atvykę Radvilų giminės palikuonys – Mikalojus (Mikolaj) ir Motiejus (Maciej) Radvilos (Radziwill) ir gausiai susirinkusi Lietuvos visuomenė. Visi šie įvykiai buvo plačiai pristatyti visuomenei. Už Dubingių piliavietės ir Radvilų kapavietės mokslinius kompleksinius tyrimus (2003–2009 m.), jų sklaidą ir kolektyvinę monografiją „Radvilų tėvonija Dubingiuose“ prof. dr. A. Kuncevičiui, prof. dr. R. Jankauskui ir doc. dr. R. Laužikui 2009 m. paskirta Nacionalinė mokslo pažangos premija.

Pećnjaci iz drvenog objekta podignutoga na ruševinama srednjovjekovnoga burga Vrbovca kod Huma na Sutli

Niz godina provode se na krajnjem sjeverozapadnome dijelu Hrvatskoga zagorja, kod Huma na Sutli, arheološko-konzervatorska istraživanja burga srednjovjekovnog naziva Vrbovec. Burg se, u rijetkim povijesnim vrelima, spominje u razdoblju od druge polovine 13. pa do u drugu polovinu 15. stoljeća. Arheološka su istraživanja dala podatke i o njegovu ranijem početku kao i o dužem trajanju, odnosno naknadnom korištenju srednjovjekovnog položaja u razdoblju ranoga novog vijeka, tj. u 16. stoljeću. Članak je posvećen upravo posljednjoj fazi korištenja ovog položaja u stambene i obrambene svrhe. Godine 2008. istraženi su ostatci drvenog objekta, stradaloga u požaru, a podignutoga na samim ruševinama srednjovjekovnoga burga. Stratigrafija slojeva te rezultati apsolutnih radiokarbonskih analiza datiraju drveno zdanje u razdoblje novog vijeka. Nalazi pećnjaka s prednjom bogato ukrašenom pločom upućuju na grijanje kaljevom peći te na viši standard korisnika objekta.

Extensive reduction of toxic gas emissions of firewood-fueled low power fireplaces by improved in situ gas sensorics and catalytic treatment of exhaust gas

Two different firewood-fueled high quality fireplaces for private homes were complemented with novel in situ gas sensors for residual oxygen and CO/HC flue gas analysis and with a catalytic converter for exhaust gas treatment. The sensitivity performance of the used CO/HC mixed-potential-type sensor is characterized. Based on these two gas sensor signals and on the combustion temperature a new general strategy for automatic control of the primary and secondary air streams for firewood combustion was developed. This enabled reduction of the (toxic) CO/HC-emissions to about 50% (central heater) and 15% (tiled stove), respectively, in comparison to the emissions measured when the firing process is controlled by the algorithm of the fireplace-producer. After implementation of a catalytic converter into the flue gas channel (central heater) and post-combustion chamber (tiled stove) and adaptation of the control algorithm parameters the CO/HC-emissions were further reduced to about 25% and less than 1%, respectively. Studies of the long-term stability of the catalyst material by temperature dependent gas conversion experiments indicated that the conversion kinetics is stabilized at an onset-temperature of about 155 °C.

Kakkelproduktion i Danmarks middelalder og renæssance

Kakkelproduktion i Danmarks middelalder og renæssance

The Tile Stove

My emotions peaked when I approached the tile stove, next to which my divan once stood. It was a kind of upright floor-to-ceiling ceramic tile stove, the same one where Papa used to warm the eiderdown to cover me on cold winter nights. I opened the creaky door. To my astonishment inside was a gas burner instead of the coal or wooden logs we used in my time. Still caressing the cold tile stove, as if merely by touching it I could reproduce the feelings of a pampered and sheltered infancy, I collapsed into a nearby chair. The river of tears would not stop flowing for several minutes, overwhelmed as I was by this physical contact with my past. I stared lovingly at the French crystal-paned doors and the parquet floors we used to walk on. I could almost see Mama meticulously polishing it with the two brushes mounted on her shoes. I got goose bumps as I touched. . . the horizontal iron bar on which everyone used to beat the dust out of the rugs and on which we children exercised our athletic prowess. -Ruth Glasberg Gold, Ruth's Journey: A Survivor's Memoir Chernivtsi, Ukraine, 1998: When we accompanied our parents/parents-in-law, Lotte and Carl Hirsch, on their walk through the city of their youth in 1998, we realized how predominant critical and traumatic memories had become for them in the long period of their exile and emigration. Our visits to the public squares and central streets of the former Austrian Czernowitz enabled broad historical narratives to emerge. Walking, we heard accounts of the Romanian takeover of the city and province from the Austrians after World War I; of the process of Romanianization in the 1920s; of the Soviet annexation of the province in 1940, followed by the war and return of fascist Romanians with their Nazi allies; of the establishment of a Jewish ghetto in the city and deportations of Jews in 1941 and 1942. At relevant spots, we also listened to the stories of Carl and Lotte's marriage in the Jewish ghetto, their avoidance of deportation, their survival during wartime, and the many dangers they succeeded in evading. Even though they had come on this return trip with powerful attachments and nostalgic reminiscences of the city in which they had spent their childhood and youth, in the place itself, they were time and again drawn to the sites where the Jewish community suffered humiliation and persecution. And we encouraged the visits to these sites as well, eager to deepen our own historical knowledge of the war period in Czernowitz/ Cernnauti with on-site reminiscences and evocations. But when we walked along the city's streets toward the houses in which they had spent their childhood and youth-when we entered the building where Lotte had lived the first twenty-seven years of her life and where, except for a brief period in the ghetto, she and Carl had survived the war-the two of us also expected to hear their more unambiguously positive recollections of home, friendship, and community that had provoked their return trip in the first place. Lotte had described this apartment in detail over many years and had made it clear that many loving memories of home and family life were associated with its spaces and the objects it had contained. We envisioned the visit there as one of the highlights of our journey. We were as eager to see the apartment itself as to observe Lotte and Carl's reactions to their ability to view, touch, and smell the sites from their youth once again. For us, such participatory witnessing-offering some potential insight into a private lifeworld preceding (or resisting) the persecutions and deportations that came to eviscerate the city's Jewish community-was what a visit to our parents' former home had promised to convey. The present occupant of the second-floor apartment on the former Dreifaltigkeitsgasse 41 (now Bogdana Khmelnitskogo ulitza, 63), a tall, arresting Ukrainian woman in her mid-forties, introduced herself to us as Nadja; she was slightly taken aback when we rang the doorbell, but was welcoming when, in halting Russian, Lotte explained her desire to revisit her childhood home. …

ASPECTS REGARDING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HOUSEHOLDS FROM THE CLUJ COUNTY - THE POTENTIAL SUPPLY OF RURAL TOURISM SERVICES

The offer tourism services is particularly defined by the fact that it reunites an ensemble of material and immaterial elements offered to the consumers in order to satisfy their needs: the natural and social frame; the general factors of the human existence and activity; the general infrastructure; the tourist equipment; the tourist services [2]. The rural accommodations remain the symbol and the first type of welcoming form for the tourists in the country side, because the image of the villager or the farmer, opening the door of his home, confers the power of evocating the ancestral hospitality which the friend or the tourist enjoys. [1] In the rural environment there are a number of structures of tourist reception, but our attention was directed towards the rural households, in order to find out their endowments, the existence of the unused chambers and the availability of the tourist housing in the free rooms. In order to realize the research a study was initiated using the inquest based on a survey, using the questionnaire as an instrument. The questionnaire was subjected in seven communes in the Cluj County, on a sample of 160 people, using as a sampling method the undifferentiated simple unrepeated method. The data were processed using the SPSS program, version no. 15, as well as the Excel application. After processing the data it was observed that from the total of 160 respondents 37.5% have in their households a new house and a summer kitchen and 3.75% have an old house without a summer kitchen. The main heat source of the house is the tiled stove using wood (81.87%); central heating using wood (12.5%), and central heating using gas being only 0.625%. The material which is most used for building the house is brick (64.37%) and stone (49.37%). By analyzing the questionnaires it can be observed that there is an excess of free rooms, which means that 1 (33.75%) or 2 rooms (28.75%) remain unused in the households, the owners declaring themselves willing to place them in the touristic circuit. Besides these accommodations spots, the interviewees have available space for installing tents (85.62%). Regarding the coupling to the utilities, we remark the large percent of houses having water in the yard (85.62%) and the small percent of houses which are coupled to the methane gas utility (6.25%). The buildings, the access ways and the surrounding areas are clean and very well maintained, the personal yard has green spaces and outside relaxation arrangements.