Tidal Swamp Research Articles

Growth and Yield of Rice Planted in a Tidal Soil Under NPK in situ and Cow Manure Application

Abstract. Spesific location of fertilization or in situ rate of fertilization is a dynamic application and management method that is dynamically adapted to the need of plant according to location and season shown by soil chemistry properties and aims to increase farmer profit. This greenhouse experiment aims to evaluate the dose of NPK fertilizer base of NPK in situ of soil chemistry of tidal swamp combined with cow manure. This pot experiments were done in greenhouse of Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Sriwijaya University, Indralaya, Ogan Ilir of south Sumatra. , This pot experiment was conducted from June up to October 2019. This experiment used factorial completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. The first factor is NPK fertilizer rate consisting of two levels which were Urea 200 kg ha -1 , SP-36 100 kg ha -1 , KCl 100 kg ha -1 from recommended fertilizer, and Urea 102 kg ha -1 , 0 kg/ha SP-36 and KCl 66 kg ha -1 fertilization coming from the in situ soil analysis. The second factors is dosage of cow manure consisting of four levels which were 2 1 , 6 , 8 , and 10 tons ha -1 respectively . The result showed that NPK recommended combined with cow manure at 10 ton ha -1 is the best treatment for rice production in tidal lowland and produced rice with value of 2.5 ton ha -1 , however this result was not significant compared to NPK spesific location combined with the rate of cow manure at the same dosage.

Effectiveness of sweep net, yellow pan trap and malaise trap for sampling parasitic hymenoptera on tidal swamp rice

The presence of the parasitic Hymenoptera plays a vital role in pest management for sustainable agriculture. So, it is crucial to know the parasitoid species that exist in an agroecosystem. Sweep Net, Yellow Pan Trap, and Malaise Trap are often used to study the diversity of Hymenoptera parasitic in agroecosystems. This study aims to see the effectiveness of Sweep Net, Yellow Pan Trap, and Malaise Trap in trapping Parasitic Hymenoptera. The study was carried out at four sub-districts, namely are Batang Tuaka, Keritang, Reteh, and Tembilahan Hulu sub-district. The research was carried out by sampling with the transect line method. Sweep net, Yellow pan trap, and Malaise trap have trapped 5,732 individuals of Parasitic Hymenoptera on tidal swamp rice in Indragiri Hilir Regency. The Parasitic Hymenoptera consists of 10 superfamilies, 30 families, and 320 morphospecies. Malaise traps are the best for trapping parasitic Hymenoptera on tidal swamp rice. Malaise traps have been able to trap up to 62% of morphospecies and 81% of the abundance of individual Parasitic Hymenoptera on tidal swamp rice. Yellow pan traps trap 28% of morphospecies and 15% of the abundance of individual Parasitic Hymenoptera. The sweep net can trap 10% of morphospecies and 4% of the abundance of individual Parasitic Hymenoptera.Keywords: Parasitic Hymenoptera; trap; tidal swamp rice.

Land Suitability and Agricultural Technology for Rice Cultivation on Tidal Lowland Reclamation in South Sumatra

Tidal lowland is one of the potential lands for agriculture that is found very widely in coastal areas of South Sumatra. There are about 400,000 hectares (ha) was reclaimed for agriculture purpose. However, in many parts, the rice production is still low (<3 ton/ha), mainly in the high part of hydrotopography class (Type C) that the tidewater could not possibly irrigate the land. This study aimed to evaluate the level of actual and potential suitability of tidal swamps for rice plants. This research has been carried out in Bandar Jaya Village, Air Sugihan Subdistrict, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency. This research used a survey level method with very detailed (intensive) with a scale of 1:6,000 covering a research area of 16 ha. The results showed that actual suitability for rice plants in the study site is N-n with an area of 5 ha and N-f, n with an area of 11 ha with limiting factors of soil pH and P nutrient. The potential land suitability class for rice plants in the study location is S3-n with an area of 5 ha and S3-f, n with an area of 11 ha. Land quality improvement was done by using the lime application and control water table at a depth of at least 10 cm from the soil surface during rice growth. Rainwater should be retained in the tertiary block as much as possible to fulfill crop water requirements. Setting the planting time (November-January) and balanced fertilization will be able to increase the land suitability class to S1 (highly suitable).

Distribution characteristics and depositional environment of the Late Paleozoic coal-measure source rocks in the Bohai Bay Basin region

Based on outcrop, well logging, and mud logging data, this study investigates the sedimentary environment, the distribution patterns and the depositional environment of the Late Paleozoic coal-measure source rocks in the Bohai Bay Basin region. Coal-measure source rocks are mainly developed in the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations, consisting of coal and dark mudstone. Affected by frequent fluctuations of sea level, individual coal-measure source rock beds in the eastern region are relatively thin while the layers are numerous. Coal seams in the western region are relatively thick, but the cumulative thickness of dark mudstone is thinner than that in the eastern region. According to the characteristics of coal-measure source rocks, the depositional environments include tidal flat, lagoon, peat swamp, and subaqueous distributary bay. The Late Paleozoic coal-measure source rocks in the Bohai Bay Basin region has a large residual thickness and distributes widely. Under the influence of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic movement, some areas suffered from severe denudation. The residual coal-measure source rocks are mainly distributed in the Huanghua, Jizhong, and Linqing depressions.

DNA barcoding of the tidal swamp rice (Oryza sativa) landraces from South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Mursyidin DH, Nazari YA, Badruzsaufari, Masmitra MRD. 2021. DNA barcoding of the tidal swamp rice (Oryza sativa) landraces from South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 1593-1599. The tidal swamp rice (Oryza sativa L.) landraces of the South Kalimantan, Indonesia, has been known for hundred years ago with a better adaptation to the local conditions, such as acidity, salinity, and metals contamination. However, the genetic insight of these landraces has not fully understood. Here, the rbcL region of tidal swamp rice from this region was successfully sequenced, aligned, analyzed, and deposited into the GenBank with accession numbers of MT818188–MT818201. The multiple alignments of these sequences showing a barcoding motif with eight mutation or polymorphic sites with both substitutions (transition-transversion) and indels (insertion-deletion). Based on this marker, the tidal swamp rice has a low genetic diversity, only 0.086. However, the UPGMA and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses revealed that this germplasm was grouped into five and twoclusters or clades, respectively. In this case, Bayar Putih is closely related to Siam Panangah and farthest from Lemo. This information might help to develop conservation and breeding programs of the tidal swamp rice landraces in the future.

Financial Feasibility Assessment of Sweet Potato Cultivation Technology Packages Application in Tidal Swamp Land

Sweet potato is consumed as a source of carbohydrate as a substitute for essential food (rice). Due to limited area in Java island, Indonesia, the expansion of sweet potato could be cultivated in tidal swamp land. Therefore, this research was aimed to determine the financial feasibility of sweet potato technology packages in tidal swamp field. This research was carried out in tidal swamp fields: Roham Village, Wanaraya District, Barito Koala Regency, and South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia from March to July 2019. This study compared two innovative and existing technologies. The innovative technology introduced to the farmers emphasized on intensive processing in order to reduce the occurrence of the main pests of sweet potato in tidal fields. Innovative technologyy includes tillage done with plows and rakes. The results of this research showed that application of sweet potato cultivation technology packages with improved tillage, land cover with mulch, pest control using chemical fungicides and shallot extracts has proven to be financially feasible. Existing farmers (local variety) who switch to innovative technology using Sari variety, the profit earned increased by 232.47%. Technically, the application of the tuber yield innovative technology for Sari variety was higher, both controlled using chemical insecticides and innovative technology of 18.25 and 24.15 tons/ha, respectively. The implementation of the introduced cultivation technology package was able to increase local sweet potato production to the superior Sari variety by 96.82% compared to the farmer technology package at the same location. R/C and B/C ratio > 1 for innovative technology shows that innovation technology is feasible to be developed at the researched location.

Analysis of monthly rainfall to study planting time of paddy in swamp area

Rainfall is one of the climate factors that strongly affect swampland paddy cultivation regarding its water conditions in the rainy season. The research aimed to identify the paddy planting time in freshwater and tidal swampland based on monthly rainfall. Rainfall data were obtained from Climate Hazards Center Infrared Precipitation with Stations data (CHIRPS) for 20 years (2000 to 2019). Planting area and planting time data were collected from field surveys through interviews with local farmers and agricultural extension agents. This study has conducted a descriptive analysis of harvest area data and annual rainfall rate. The Result showed paddy cultivation in freshwater affected by land typology and monthly rainfall. Planting time of paddy in shallow swamp begin in March or April. In the medium swamp area, planting time starts in June. While planting time in the deep swamp starts in August. In the tidal swamp, paddy cultivation for type C was more affected by rainfall. Local farmers in freshwater swamp plant paddy once a year, while in the tidal swamp, farmer can cultivate crop twice a year, namely paddy and corn.

Mitigation of pyrite oxidation impact in tidal swamp management for agriculture

Reclamation of tidal swamps will increase the opportunities of pyrite oxidation which causes severe acidification. Pyrite oxidation occurs due to over drained and pyrite exposed to oxygen. The acidification process is unavoidable; therefore, mitigation efforts needed to minimize adverse impacts. In general, mitigation efforts can be done with 2 approaches, namely preventive approach, an effort to prevent continued acidification, and curative approaches, an effort to rehabilitate degraded land. Land use planning with detailed engineering design is the first step to mitigate the effects of pyrite oxidation. Mitigation efforts for acidified soil can be using water management techniques to leach toxic elements out from the root zone. Many research results revealed that one-way flow system water management was effective to reduce toxic element. High soil acidity and toxic element can also reduce by applying soil ameliorant such as 0.5 to 2.0 t ha−1 of lime. It’s can increase soil pH, plant growth and fertilizer use efficiency. Strong acid soils also cause low nutrient status due to intensive leaching and fixation. Therefore, nutrient supply trough fertilization is needed. Finally, mitigation efforts can also be done by planting acid tolerant rice varieties that resulted from long time rice research in tidal swamps. This paper described some efforts should be done to mitigate pyrite oxidation impacts for agriculture.

Technology innovation implementation for increasing rice cropping index on swampland of Riau Province

Swampland will be the foundation of future food security, because irrigated paddy fields are very vulnerable to the land transfer functions, as happened on the Island of Java. Swampland has considerable potential to develop into food-based agriculture land in support of national food security. Swampland is divided into two types, namely: 1) tidal swamp and 2) waterlogged swamp. Land reclamation from tidal swamps for rice field in Riau province, covering an area of 80,868 ha, with low productivity at around 3.5 to 4.5 t ha−1 and average cropping index (CI) 100. This study aims to examine the application of technological innovation to improvement of rice cropping index. Referring to rice potential planting calendar of Riau Province, the planting season on rainy season 2019/2020 (October 2019 - March 2020) and the average rice cropping index of dry season 2020 were 171.49 percent. The application of Jarwo Super Planting Calendar of Rice crop productivity reached 5.73 t ha−1.

The role of peat decomposition stage on iron solubility and distribution in tidal swamps

Most peat layers laying above sulfidic materials have important role in the geochemical cycle in tidal swampland. Depletion of the peat layer increase metal solubility and acidity from sulfidic materials which then potentially polluting and decreasing the quality of the surrounding environment. The purpose of this review was to describe the influence of peat layer thickness and its decomposition stage on iron solubility and distribution in the profile of peat soils and acid sulphate soils located around peatlands. This paper used observational data from a number of articles on peatlands with varies thickness and acid sulphate soils. Peat decomposition stage has important role on the distribution of Fe, the movement and ability of complex formation with Fe. Most of the Fe ions in peatlands were in organic complex form, and organic–Fe concentration in sapric peat layer was higher than hemic peat layer.

Factors affecting rice yield productivity in tidal swamp of South Sumatra

Agricultural land expansion in tidal swamp rice (Oryza sativa L.) has not been optimally utilized. The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between soil, climate, and other factors that affect rice productivity. The study was conducted in Muara Telang Sub-district and used the purposive sampling method from 30 respondent farmers. The results showed that rice production was lower in the dry season (DS) than wet season (WS) (r2=0.96) which was closely related to water availability. A low percentage of total pore space (TPS) and availability of P2O5 have an impact on rice yield in WS while rice yields at DS 2019 are directly related to N applications. Low temperatures have a positive impact on the presence of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and Gryllotalpa brachyptera but high humidity has a major impact on the presence of Rattus argentiventer and Bacterial leaf blight. On the other hand, the income received by farmers is doubled in WS compared to DS (R/C ratio 2.4 Vs. 1.2). Nutrient management, soil pore space, and climate information can affect rice productivity in tidal swamp rice fields that are economically beneficial in WS, however further research is needed for DS condition.

Direct application of reactive phosphate rock on improving maize yield in tidal swampland

Tidal swampland soil is characterized by low soil acidity and P availability, and high Al, Fe, S, and Na concentrations. Due to its productivity, tidal swampland needs an improved specific location technology. Reactive phosphate rock (RPR) which is characterized by its high reactivity and residual effect, and slow release is an option to overcome the P problem. The objective of this research was to study the effect of direct application of reactive phosphate rock in increasing maize yield in tidal swampland. The experiment was conducted at farmer’s field in Banyu Urip Village, Banyuasin District, South Sumatera. The research was arranged using randomized block design with four treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of farmers’ practice (P1), recommended single fertilizer (P2), recommended compound fertilizer (P3), and recommended RPR package (P4). The results showed that P4 treatment was able to improve plant growth and maize yield up to 25% compared to farmers’ practice. RPR package consists of RPR, dolomite, manure, Urea, and KCl of 1, 1, 2, 0.4, and 0.4 t ha−1, respectively, in tidal swamp land achieved maize production up to 8.25 t ha−1. This RPR package could be an applicable option in improving maize yield in tidal swamp land.

Social behavior and institutional support on the swamp rice sustainability

Social behavior of the community and the institutions that support farming facilities and infrastructure affect the success of farming. The purpose of this study was to describe the behavior and institutional support for the success of rice farming in the tidal swamps of Riau Province. The study was conducted at the rice production center in Siak Regency using a survey method with a structured questionnaire. A total of 203 farmers were purposively selected as random samples in four districts, namely Bunga Raya, Sungai Apit, Sabak Auh and Sungai Mandau. The observation parameters were education, training, age, motivation farming, land tenure and experience in agriculture. The collected data tabulated and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that agriculture in Bunga Raya was more sustainable compared to other sub-districts with index value of social and cultural dimensions (> 50%) and the value of the legal and institutional dimension sustainability index to be 53.9%. The factors that influence the sustainability of the swamp rice farming in Siak Regency were good farmer behavior (age, education, motivation, experienced and landowner status), the existence of supporting institutions peculiarly farming group and BPP that synergize well and government regulations in favor of agricultural development and their sustainability.

Effectiveness of biofertilizer formula on soil chemical properties and shallot productivity in tidal swamp land

Low productivity is one of the main problems to increase shallot productivity in tidal swamp lands. Biofertilizer is an alternative to increase soil fertility, plant productivity, inorganic fertilizer efficiency, and decrease environmental pollution. The aim of this research was to test the biofertilizer formula containing decomposer (Trichoderma sp), P-solubilizer (Bacillus sp), and N-fixer (Azospirillium sp and Azotobacter sp) to increase soil chemical properties and shallot productivity in tidal swamp lands. This research was conducted from July – September 2018 in Wanaraya District, Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan. The treatments involved (A) No fertilizer, (B) NPK (recommendation dose), (C) Biofertilizer, (D) Biofertilizer + NPK (50% of recommended dose), (E) Biofertilizer + NPK (75% of recommended dose). The treatment was arranged by randomized completely block design with four replications. Recommended dose of NPK fertilizer was NPK compound 500 kg ha−1, SP-36 150 kg ha−1, dan KCl 200 kg ha−1. Research results showed that biofertilizer formula combined by inorganic NPK fertilizer as much as 50 to 75 % of recommended dose could increase soil chemical properties and yielded as much as 2.39 to 6.19% compared to NPK fertilizer with recommended dose. For further development, this biofertilizer need to be tested at several locations with broader plot size.

The use of green super rice varieties and harvest waste in sustainable rice farming in tidal lands

The practice of increasing rice productivity in tidal swamp lands is guided by synergistic cultivation through integrated crop management (ICM). The objective of the study was to improve technology through the use of crop residue and increase rice productivity in tidal land. The superior varieties from Green Super Rice (GSR) group used was Inpari 42 and 43, combined with straw left in the land, site-specific fertilization, and dolomite application. The study was conducted from April 2017 to September 2018 in the tidal land of Belanti Siam Village. The method of participatory on farm and farmers activities involves 10 farmers on an area of 10 ha. The results proved that the application of 5 t ha−1 of straw waste remains in the land after harvesting, and the addition of 0.5 to 1 t ha−1, dolomite, were able to increase soil pH from 4.0 to 4.2. Application of the straw waste, rice productivity increased by 32% (4.8 t ha−1) after the first application and further 21% (5.1 t ha−1) after the second application for the Inpari 42 variety. The productivity levels of Inpari 43 variety increased 112% (4.8 t ha−1) and 16% (5.6 t ha−1) after the first and the second applications, respectively.

Various inputs applied for growing sweet potato in the tidal swamp area of south Borneo of Indonesia

In South Borneo, sweet potato baking is very good market and has to be shipped from Java for fulfilling the demand of the people. Preparation of sweet potato as additional food is only simple by put in oven, so it is sold fresh from the oven. In 2015, description of area mainly physical and chemical aspects were undertaken to provide adequately data. Analysis of soil sample was done for the parameters of pH, C organic as well as N, P and K. Based on this analysis, the treatment was designed based on practical work. Apex vine cutting of several sweet potato varieties were taken from ILETRI to Borneo during 2016 and 2017. In 2017, two varieties were used as the main plot, and five inputs were determined as subplot. Therefore, ten combination treatments were laid down in three replications, in the plot size of 6.0 m x 5.0 m. Planting distance of sweet potato was 100 cm x 25 cm. During 2017, planting was done at February and harvesting was undertaken on July. Growth and yield components were analyzed by statistical procedure by using MSTATC. Statistical analysis indicated that there was not significantly affected by interaction between variety and agronomic inputs as well. However, both main and subplot were separately affected growth and yield. ILETRI variety Beta3 gave better yield with agronomic input1 able to obtain 15.39 t ha-1. However, the increase of agronomic input did not follow the increase of tuber yield.
 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 10(2): 29-34, December 2020

Spatial model of land subsidence mitigation at lowland areas

South Sumatera is one of the provinces with a large number of lowlands in Indonesia consisting of tidal land and lowland swamps, one of which is located in Tanjung Api-Api. The conversion of lowlands into built-up areas will cause physical, socio-economic, environmental, and public health impacts. One of the impacts arising from the development of settlements and infrastructure in lowland areas is land subsidence and flooding. The purpose of this research is to create a model for mitigating land subsidence in lowland areas spatially. The spatial model is carried out by weighting with Analytical Hierarchy Processes (AHP) and then mapping mitigation efforts that will be carried out based on the potential for land subsidence. The results show that if the lowland area is developed into an industrial and residential area, it will have an impact on land subsidence with a moderate to high potential level. Based on the zoning of the potential for land subsidence, the best pre-disaster mitigation efforts to do are choosing the type of construction according to the type of soil, conserving groundwater, maintaining infiltration areas and green open spaces, and regional spatial planning.

Efforts to Improve Rice Milling Capacity in Tidal Swamp Agroecosystem in Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra

Compared to when the rice planted once in a year, now the increase of rice cropping index (CI) does not have much impact on the increase of rice milling work capacity in tidal swamp agroecosystem. This study aims to identify the causes of rice milling work capacity decrease and provide suggestions to increase the working capacity of rice milling. The survey was conducted in 2019 in Muliasari Village, Tanjung Lago Sub District as an easily accessible location and Sumber Hidup Village in Muara Telang Sub District as a relatively difficult location to reach, both located in Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatera Province. Descriptive data analysis quantitatively and qualitatively was done as comparisons. The results of this study indicate that: There are insufficient time and labor to carry out grain drying due to the immediate replanting of paddy fields to increase CI. Reactivating rice milling gives an impact on the use of leftovers such as husks and bran so that the added value can be used in the village. Policy suggestions through this activity are 1) guaranteed more favorable selling prices for rice, 2) rice processing diversification, and 3) reactivating post-sale activities through the use of food barns.

SPECIES DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OFANTS (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)ON TIDAL SWAMP RICE IN INDRAGIRI HILIR, INDONESIA

Indonesia has a high diversity of ant species, but much remains unreported. In agricultural habitats, ants can act as predators, decomposers, and bioindicators for agricultural ecosystems health. This research aimed to study the species diversity of Formicidae on tidal swamp rice fields in Indragiri Hilir District. Sampling was carried out in two periods of rice planting. Samples were conducted in 4 sub-districts of rice production centers, namely BatangTuaka, Keritang, Reteh, and Tembilahan Hulu, using four sampling techniques (i.e., insect net, malaise trap, yellow pan trap, and pitfall trap). Diversity index (H ), Species richness index (d), Species Evenness index (J), and Similarity Index (Is) were calculated. We found 5,754 individuals consisting of 5 subfamilies and 43 species of Formicidae at the four studied areas. Subfamily Myrmicinaehas the highest individual abundance, 2.578 individuals, followed by subfamily Formicinae1.823 individuals, subfamily Ponerinae 776 individuals, subfamily Dolichoderinae 575 individuals, and subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae 2 individuals. Diversity of plant species and environmental factors can affect the diversity index, species abundance, and abundance of individual Ants.

Tolerance of 20 heirloom rice varieties at seedling stage salinity stressed and their growth in lowland coastal area

Coastal area of Bengkulu Province is home of many heirloom rice varieties and play an important role in contributing rice production in the province. However, as the climate change proceeds, a progressive sea water inundation has increased soil salinity mainly in low-lying areas and jeopardizing the sustainability of rice production in coastal regions. The use of salt-tolerant varieties, therefore, would be a sensible solution to alleviate the adverse effect of soil salinity in respect of maintaining the crop production in the coastal areas. The objective of this study was to examine the salinity tolerance of 20 heirloom rice varieties collected from a coastal area of Bengkulu Province. Prior to the screening process, lethal concentration 90 (LC90) was determined by assaying the seedlings of ‘Kuning Tinggi’ in a series of nutrient solution containing a different concentration of NaCl (0, 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 and 10000 ppm). Using a regression analysis, LC90 was detected at a concentration of 3910 ppm. The screening was performed by exposing the varieties in the nutrient solution culture containing 4000 ppm NaCl and growing them on the tidal swamp. Under nutrient culture evaluation, the symptom of NaCl toxicity was scored and converted to salinity tolerance index. ‘Humbur’, ‘Kuning Tinggi’ and ‘Padang Bakung’ exhibited medium tolerant, while ‘Beram’, ‘Imperata’ and ‘Kuning’ exhibited very sensitive. Further evaluation of the tidal swamp for vegetative and generative performances signified that ‘Humbur’ and ‘Kuning Tinggi’ had medium tolerant to salinity stress