Ti3C2Tx Layers Research Articles

The multiple synthesis of 2D layered MXene Ti3C2Tx/Ag/Cu composites with enhanced electrochemical properties

The reactive groups present on the surface of two-dimensional layered Ti3C2Tx materials confer natural superiority to self-assembly compared to other two-dimensional materials. The Ti3C2Tx/Ag/Cu composites are prepared using the unique direct reduction and high adsorption capacity possessed by Ti3C2Tx. The Ag NPs and Cu NPs growing between the Ti3C2Tx layers act as supports to prevent the occurrence of defects such as aggregation and collapse of the structure. Meanwhile, the layer spacing of Ti3C2Tx increases, thus exposing more active sites and accelerating the diffusion ability of ions in the electrolyte. The Ag NPs and Cu NPs on the surface of Ti3C2Tx and at the edges of the layers combine with each other to form the multi-channel, short distance conductive path, which effectively improves the electron transfer efficiency. The capacitance contribution of Ti3C2Tx/Ag/Cu composites reaches 74% at high sweep rates. The Ti3C2Tx/Ag/Cu composites can be considered as electrode materials for batteries and capacitors with low internal resistance(0.662 Ω), high electrical conductivity and stable chemical properties.

In situ ice template approach to fabricate Ag modified 3D Ti3C2Tx film electrode for supercapacitors

Benefitting from the large interlayer spacing, ultrahigh conductivity and excellent electrochemical properties, Ti3C2Tx has been a promising electrode material for supercapacitors (SCs). However, it suffers from the problem of restacking, which hinders ion accessibility and leads to slow reaction kinetics. Herein, a simple two-step in situ strategy is proposed to fabricate free-standing Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) decorated 3D Ti3C2Tx film. Ti3C2Tx as reducing agent allows firmly anchoring of the nanostructures. The obtained AgNPs are directly reduced from AgNO3 by the -OH termination, which can enhance the ion transfer rate of 3D-Ti3C2Tx/Ag. Afterwards, 3D Ti3C2Tx film is fabricated by freeze-drying. Within the process of freeze-drying, small ice grains are transformed in situ from water molecules remaining between Ti3C2Tx layers and then serve as self-sacrificing templates to construct a 3D network. As a result, the 3D-Ti3C2Tx/Ag electrode exhibits a remarkable specific capacitance of 356 F g−1 at 2 mV s−1 and ultrahigh capacitance retention of 94.7% after 40,000 cycles at 10 A g−1. The efforts and attempts made in this work provide a prototype for achieving high-performance flexible 3D MXene film electrode for SCs.

Wettability of MXene films

HypothesisOne of the highlighted properties of Ti3C2Tx MXene compared to other 2D nanomaterials is its hydrophilicity. However, the broad range of static contact angles of Ti3C2Tx reported in the literature is misleading. To elucidate the experimental values of the static contact angles and get reproducible contact angle data, it is wiser to perform the advancing and receding contact angle measurements on smooth and compact Ti3C2Tx layers and focus on deep understanding of the physical basis behind the wettability, which is provided by contact angle hysteresis. ExperimentsMeasurements of the advancing and receding contact angle on mono-, bi, and trilayer Ti3C2Tx on two different substrates were performed. As substrates, UV-ozone treated silicon wafer and silicon wafer functionalized by (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, were used. FindingsThe values of the advancing contact angle on Ti3C2Tx on both substrates were proved to be independent of the number of Ti3C2Tx layers, demonstrating a negligible effect of the background substrate wettability. In addition, a giant contact angle hysteresis (44–52 °) was observed on very smooth surface, most likely as a result of chemical heterogeneity arising from the diversity of surface terminal groups (F, O, and OH). The findings reported in this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the wettability of MXene.

Vertically pillared V2CTx/Ti3C2Tx flexible films for high-performance supercapacitors

2D MXenes have attracted extensive attention for energy storage applications owing to their high electronic conductivity, excellent redox activity, and remarkable mechanical property. Nevertheless, they still suffer from sluggish ion kinetics caused by layer restacking. Herein, flexible V2CTx/Ti3C2Tx composite films have been successfully assembled. The delaminated Ti3C2Tx matrix guarantees the predominant electronic conductivity and mechanical stability of the flexible electrode. Meanwhile, V2CTx spacers embedded in Ti3C2Tx layers efficiently restrain their self-restacking and consequently result in enriched ion channels for electrolyte ion accessibility. Benefiting from this elaborately designed vertical-liked pillar structure, the V2CTx/Ti3C2Tx electrode exhibits a maximum gravimetric capacitance of 365 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, and outstanding cycling stability without capacitance loss after 10,000 cycles. Moreover, the assembled symmetric supercapacitor shows a high energy density of 5.4 mWh g−1 at a power density of 357.8 mW g−1. This work may demonstrate an efficient approach for combining the respective advantages of binary or ternary MXenes with different metal elements and morphologies for efficient energy storage.

3D Porous MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Prepared by Alkaline-Induced Flocculation for Supercapacitor Electrodes.

2D layered MXene (Ti3C2Tx) with high conductivity and pseudo-capacitance properties presents great application potential with regard to electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, the self-restacking and agglomeration phenomenon between Ti3C2Tx layers retards ion transfer and limits electrochemical performance improvement. In this study, a 3D porous structure of Ti3C2Tx was obtained by adding alkali to a Ti3C2Tx colloid, which was followed by flocculation. Alkaline-induced flocculation is simple and effective, can be completed within minutes, and provides 3D porous networks. As 3D porous network structures present larger surface areas and more active sites, ions transfer accelerates, which is crucial with regard to the improvement of the superior capacitance and rate performance of electrodes. The sample processed with KOH (K-a-Ti3C2Tx) exhibited a high capacity of approximately 300.2 F g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1. The capacitance of the samples treated with NaOH and LiOH is low. In addition, annealing is essential to further improve the capacitive performance of Ti3C2Tx. After annealing at 400 °C for 2 h in a vacuum tube furnace, the sample treated with KOH (K-A-Ti3C2Tx) exhibited an excellent specific capacitance of approximately 400.7 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1, which is considerably higher than that of pristine Ti3C2Tx (228.2 F g−1). Furthermore, after 5000 charge–discharge cycles, the capacitance retention rate reached 89%. This result can be attributed to annealing, which can further remove unfavourable surface groups, such as –F or –Cl, and then improve conductivity capacitance and rate performance. This study can provide an effective approach to the preparation of high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials.

Efficient Anchoring of Polysulfides Based on Self-Assembled Ti3C2Tx Nanosheet-Connected Hollow Co(OH)2 Nanotubes for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries.

Designing sulfur host materials with unique functions such as physical constraint or chemical catalysis to suppress the shuttle effect and promote the fast conversion of polysulfides is a prerequisite for lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). Herein, we construct hollow Co(OH)2 nanotubes connected by Ti3C2Tx nanosheets (denoted as Co(OH)2@Ti3C2Tx) as host materials for sulfur through a simple self-assembly method at room temperature. The large void spaces of Co(OH)2 nanotubes not only confine higher sulfur loading but also mitigate the volumetric expansion in the process of lithiation. Moreover, the conductive Ti3C2Tx layers facilitate fast electron transfer and catalyze the transition of sulfur based on the terminations on the surface. Combining those two materials can also act as an efficient polysulfide anchor to enable outstanding electrochemical performance. The Co(OH)2@Ti3C2Tx@S cathode presents a high discharge capacity of 1400 mAh g-1 at 0.1C and long-cycling stability at 1C for 500 cycles. Moreover, the obtained capacity of Li2S precipitation and the dissolution capacity reach 193.3 and 291.1 mAh g-1, respectively. Consequently, this work demonstrates a facile strategy to design multifunctional materials that effectively confine the polysulfides and enhance the performance of LSBs.

Sandwich-like chitosan porous carbon Spheres/MXene composite with high specific capacitance and rate performance for supercapacitors

The application of porous carbon microspheres derived from pure biomass in supercapacitors is restricted due to their limited reactive groups. MXene owns a combination of redox Faradic surface with good metallic conductivity and hydrophilicity, which assists to obtain high pseudocapacitance and energy density. Herein, Ti3C2Tx MXene was introduced to chitosan-based porous carbon microsphere (CPCM) to fabricated sandwich-like structure (CPCM/MXene) through electrostatic interaction. The Ti3C2Tx protected the spherical structure of CPCM. Meanwhile, CPCM hindered the reaggregation of Ti3C2Tx by inserting in the Ti3C2Tx layers, promoting the electrolyte migration kinetics. The synergistic effect endowed CPCM/MXene high specific capacitance of 362 F/g at current density of 0.5 A/g and acceptable cycling stability with 93.87% capacitance retention at a high current density of 10 A/g after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, CPCM/MXene displayed a high energy density of 27.8 W/(h•kg) at 500.0 W/kg of power density. These satisfactory performances prove that combining Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets with porous carbon microspheres is a considering method to construct a new generation electrode material of supercapacitor.

Low-temperature annealing of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene films using electron wind force in ambient conditions

Two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, known as MXenes, are layered materials with unique functionalities which make them suitable for applications such as energy storage devices, supercapacitors, electromagnetic interference shielding, and wireless communications. Since they are wet-processed, MXenes need annealing to improve their electrical conductivity. The extent of annealing highly depends on temperature; however, higher temperatures can also impact the resulting phases and structure. In this study, we present a non-thermal annealing process utilizing an electron wind force (EWF) method in ambient conditions. This process is demonstrated on freestanding Ti3C2Tx films, where we show up to 70% decrease in resistivity at temperatures below 120 °C compared to conventional thermal annealing methods. MXene structures before and after annealing are analyzed using Raman spectroscopy and ex situ and in situ X-ray diffraction. Surface terminations and intra-flake defects modification in Ti3C2Tx layers after EWF annealing impart better electrical conductivity to MXene film than the non-annealed films.

High-performance capacitive deionization using 3D porous Ti3C2T with improved conductivity

Ti3C2Tx MXene has shown a great application potential in the field of capacitive deionization (CDI) due to its good in-sheet conductivity, good hydrophilicity, and large intercalation capacitance. However, the two-dimensional (2D) stacking structure easily results in poor conductivity perpendicular to the sheets. Herein, the three-dimensional (3D) porous Ti3C2Tx (3D-Na+-Ti3C2Tx) has been fabricated via NaOH-induced crumpling of the Ti3C2Tx nanosheets. The interlaced Ti3C2Tx layers form a 3D network structure and significantly enhance the conductivity. The specific surface area and average pore diameter of 3D-Na+-Ti3C2Tx is 49.15 m2 g−1 and 13.9 nm, which is higher than that of 2D-Na+-Ti3C2Tx of 4.72 m2 g−1 and 7.6 nm. Without conductive additives, the 3D-Na+-Ti3C2Tx electrode shows a lower resistance of 4.6 × 102 Ω/□ compared with 2D-Na+-Ti3C2Tx electrode of 6.37 × 107 Ω/□. In addition, the 3D-Na+-Ti3C2Tx electrode also shows a higher electrosorption capacity of 16.2 mg g−1 at 1.2 V in 100 mg L-1 NaCl solution even without conductive additives, which is higer than that of 2D-Na+-Ti3C2Tx electrode with conductive additives of 11.4 mg g−1.

Pizza-like heterostructured Ti3C2Tx/Bi2S3@N-C with ultra-high specific capacitance as a potential electrode material for aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors

The aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitor (ZIHC) has become an emerging energy storage device due to its safety and low cost. Herein, a new pizza-like heterostructure of Ti3C2Tx intercalated by N-doped-carbon-wrapped Bi2S3 is fabricated by in-situ growth. The specific capacitance of Ti3C2Tx/Bi2S3@N-C electrode is as high as 653 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, which is significantly higher than other binary composites or similar MXene-based materials in literature. The ZIHC are assembled with Ti3C2Tx/Bi2S3@N-C and Zn foil as electrodes, possessing high specific capacitance of 150.33 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, and a maximum energy density of 46.98 W h kg−1 at a power density of 750 W kg−1. The excellent performance of Ti3C2Tx/Bi2S3@N-C is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of the three components: (a) highly conductive Ti3C2Tx as the substrate shortens the electron transport path; (b) the in-situ growth of Bi2S3 on Ti3C2Tx layers makes full use of Bi2S3 active sites; (c) the innovative introduction of dopamine can not only make Bi(NO)3 evenly dispersed, but also form the “cross-bridge” N-C film, which further improves the binding between Ti3C2Tx substrate and Bi2S3 and reduces the internal resistance greatly. This study proposes a new in-situ growth strategy for a ternary heterostructure, which may offer a new avenue for the development of high-performance electrode materials.

Mechanistic Understanding of the Interactions and Pseudocapacitance of Multi‐Electron Redox Organic Molecules Sandwiched between MXene Layers

AbstractUsing a combined theoretical and experimental approach, a mechanistic understanding of the interactions and pseudocapacitance of different quinone‐coupled viologen and pyridiniumium molecules sandwiched between titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene layers has been provided. Three different derivatives of quinone‐coupled viologen and pyridiniumium are synthesized using nucleophilic substitution reaction and subsequently hybridized with Ti3C2Tx MXene (organic@Ti3C2Tx) using self‐assembly approach. The atomic structure of pristine Ti3C2Tx and organic@Ti3C2Tx hybrid films is investigated using grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray pair distribution function analysis using synchrotron radiation. Spectroscopic results confirm the coupling of quinones with viologen and pyridiniumium molecules and their non‐covalent functionalization to the MXene without their catalytic decomposition. First‐principles calculations confirm that the preferred orientation of organic molecules upon intercalation/adsorption is horizontal to the Ti3C2Tx surface. The authors reveal that these molecules attach to the Ti3C2Tx surface with a significantly high binding energy (up to −2.77 eV) via a charge transfer mechanism. The electronic structure calculations show that all organic@Ti3C2Tx hybrids preserved their metallic behavior. Free‐standing organic@Ti3C2Tx hybrid films show a more than three times higher capacitance at ultra‐high scan rates (up to 20 V s−1) compared to their pristine counterpart due to molecular pillaring of organic molecules between Ti3C2Tx layers via strong binding energies and charge transfer.

Chemically Stabilized and Functionalized 2D‐MXene with Deep Eutectic Solvents as Versatile Dispersion Medium

Abstract2D transition metal carbides and nitrides, namely MXenes, are normally synthesized in acidic solutions and are delaminated in basic solutions. This results in versatile materials with unique physical/chemical properties suitable for various practical applications. However, solution‐based chemical treatments can affect the chemical structures of MXenes, which accelerates the oxidation reactions and degrades their intrinsic properties. Here, long‐term stable Ti3C2Tx dispersion in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) that resisted oxidation degradation for up to 28 weeks is demonstrated. As an anti‐oxidative dispersion medium, DESs helped prevent oxidation of Ti3C2Tx layers due to hydrogen bond accepting and donating molecules passivated surface of the Ti3C2Tx. In addition, DES molecules in bulk solution can also be hydrated in the presence of water, which stabilizes reactive oxygen by forming stable DES‐water cluster. Therefore, the use of DESs enhanced the delamination of the Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, while preventing oxidation of the nanosheets in solution and even in their dried state. As a result, thick and thin films of Ti3C2Tx fabricated using DESs exhibited stable sheet resistance in comparison with pristine‐Ti3C2Tx. In addition, Ti3C2Tx dispersed in DESs can be applied as electrodes for electrochemical capacitors, in which they showed higher chemical stability and better performance than pristine Ti3C2Tx.

Few-layer large Ti3C2Tx sheets exfoliated by NaHF2 and applied to the sodium-ion battery

The first time to use NaHF2 aqueous solution to synthesize Ti3C2Tx, making Na+ ions intercalated between Ti3C2Tx layers, which has excellent thermal and structural stability and is a high-performance anode for sodium-ion battery.

A Ti3C2TX@PEDOT composite for electrode materials of supercapacitors

Abstract In this study, Ti3C2TX@PEDOT composite is synthesized using multilayer Ti3C2TX and conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) by a simple in-situ polymerization method. The PEDOT component effectively solves the problem of Ti3C2TX layers stacking and further improves the specific surface area of Ti3C2TX. Besides, additional pseudocapacitance is also provided by the added PEDOT component. In 1 M H2SO4, the Ti3C2TX @PEDOT (1:10) composite exhibits a higher capacitance (564 F g−1) at the current density of 1 A g−1 compared to the original Ti3C2TX material, and excellent cycling performance with a capacitance retention of 96.5% after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles at a current density of 10 A g−1. The Ti3C2Tx@PEDOT(1:10)-based symmetric supercapacitor shows a specific capacitance of 100 F g−1 at the current density of 1 A g−1, and an energy density of 6.34 Wh kg−1 at the power density of 4077 W kg−1. The enhanced electrochemical performance and stability are due to the surface redox process and synergistic effects of the Ti3C2TX@PEDOT.

Electronic Structure Sensitivity to Surface Disorder and Nanometer-Scale Impurity of 2D Titanium Carbide MXene Sheets as Revealed by Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy

Two-dimensional (2D) carbides and/or nitrides (so-called MXenes) are among the latest and largest family of 2D materials. Due to their 2D nature and their unique properties of hydrophilicity, good metallic conductivity, and structural diversity, these materials are intensively studied for sensing applications or as supports for nanomaterials toward, e.g., plasmonics, catalytic, or energy storage applications. For these potential usages, the extent to which the electronic properties of MXene sheets are modified upon functionalization or intercalation is critical, and an optimized nondestructive probing of the interaction between MXene layers and functionalization is important to be determined. Here, these issues are addressed using a combination of first-principles simulations and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) experiments performed at the nanoscale on Ti3C2Tx and Ti2CTx MXene multilayers, where T denotes the surface functionalization groups. Based on a detailed analysis of the carbon and surface group K edge fine structure, we show that the C-K edge is an ideal marker for surface-induced electronic structure modifications in the Tin+1Cn conducting core. These results highlight how a nanometer-scale impurity can very locally interact with a Ti3C2Tx multilayer and modify its electronic structure. This approach allows discrimination between the surface and core alteration of the Ti3C2Tx layers. Finally, the higher sensitivity to surface states of the Tin+1Cn conducting core in Ti2CTx as compared to Ti3C2Tx is discussed. We expect these results to offer an approach for understanding MXenes’ behavior and especially characterize their interactions with other nanomaterials when used in composites.

A high operating voltage micro-supercapacitor based on the interlamellar modulation type Ti3C2Tx MXene

The increasing demand for miniaturized, wearable, and flexible electronics has promoted the development of micro power sources such as microsupercapacitors (MSCs). This work reports a high-performance MSC based on Ti3C2Tx-layer/MnO2-nanorod with an ionic liquid gel electrolyte, achieving a high areal capacitance of 24.7 mF cm−2 within a wide voltage window of 2.5 V. The specific layer–rod interlaced structure of Ti3C2Tx/MnO2 is designed to solve the inaccessibility of large-sized ions in ionic liquids into Ti3C2Tx layers. As a result, the structure modification provides an enhanced capacitance because the expanded interspace enables a sufficient number of large-sized ions to intercalate/deintercalate. This work provides insightful guidance for the interlaminar modification of Ti3C2Tx MXene to accommodate high operating voltage electrolyte with large-sized ions to obtain high-performance MSCs.

Biotemplate synthesis of polypyrrole@bacterial cellulose/MXene nanocomposites with synergistically enhanced electrochemical performance

Polypyrrole (PPy) has received extensive attention in supercapacitor electrodes due to its promising electrochemical activity, while the poor cycling stability and densely packed structure limited its electrochemical performance. Herein, we demonstrate the fabrication of flexible and freestanding PPy@bacterial cellulose (BC)/MXene composite film with significantly enhanced electrochemical performance. PPy nanoparticles were uniformly deposited on BC nanofibers via in situ polymerization, and assembled with highly conductive MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanoflakes through strong interfacial interactions. BC as a biological template can effectively disperse PPy nanoparticles. The intercalation of PPy@BC nanofibers into Ti3C2Tx layers constructs hierarchically packed nanofibrous structure, which provides extensive accessible electrochemical active sites. Freestanding PPy@BC/Ti3C2Tx (PBM) electrode exhibits superior specific capacitance (gravimetric and areal capacitance of up to 550 F g−1 and 879 mF cm−2, respectively) and excellent capacitance retention of 83.5% after 10,000 cycles. In addition, the symmetric supercapacitor assembled by PBM papers present a high energy density of 33.1 W h kg−1 (power density of 243 W kg−1) and excellent capacitance retention. The elaborately designed nanostructure and PPy-Ti3C2Tx hybridization make great contribution to the enhanced electrochemical performance, which provide a feasible method for the fabrication of conductive polymer-based high-performance flexible supercapacitor electrodes.

Well-aligned MXene/chitosan films with humidity response for high-performance electromagnetic interference shielding

MXene/polymer composites have been used as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials due to metallic conductivity of MXene recently. Considering the biodegradability, nontoxic effects and renewable nature of biomass polymer, chitosan (CS)/MXene films with an EMI shielding function were prepared by vacuum assisted filtration. The well-aligned Ti3C2Tx layers endow CS/MXene films with excellent electrical conductivity, which is association with air humidity, and EMI shielding property. The 37-micron-thick CS/MXene film at a T3C2Tx content of 75 % exhibits a high EMI shielding effectiveness of ∼ 34.7 ± 0.2 dB due to the excellent electrical conductivity of CS/MXene films (∼ 1402 ± 70 S m−1) and multiple internal reflections of Ti3C2Tx flakes. Moreover, the specific shielding effectiveness of 13-micron-thick CS/MXene film at a T3C2Tx content of 50 % reaches to 15153.9 ± 153 dB cm−1, outperforming the reported biomass-based EMI shielding composites in the X-band frequency. Due to these advantages, the film shows potential applications in the next-generation EMI shielding materials.

Co-existence of magnetic phases in two-dimensional MXene

This study reports first synthesis of MXene-derived co-existing magnetic phases. New family of two-dimensional (2D) materials such as Ti3C2 namely MXene, having transition metal forming hexagonal structure with carbon atoms have attracted tremendous interest now a days. We have reported structural, optical and magnetic properties of un-doped and La-doped Ti3C2Tx MXene, synthesized using co-precipitation method. The lattice parameter (LP) calculated for La-MXene are a = 5.36 Å, c = 18.3 Å which are slightly different from the parent un-doped MXene (a = 5.35 Å, c = 19.2 Å), calculated from X-ray diffraction data. The doping of La+3 ions shrinks Ti3C2Tx layers perpendicular to the planes. The band gap for MXene is calculated to be 1.06 eV which is increased to 1.44 eV after doping of La+3 ion that shows its good semiconducting nature. The experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations for magnetic properties of both the samples have been presented and discussed, indicating the co-existence of ferromagnetic-antiferromagnetic phases. The results presented here are novel and is first report on co-existence of magnetic properties of 2D carbides for potential applications in two-dimensional spintronics.

Self-assembled GeOX/Ti3C2TX Composites as Promising Anode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries.

High-capacity germanium-based anode materials are alternative materials for outstanding electrochemical performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), but severe volume variation and pulverization problems during charging-discharging processes can seriously affect their electrochemical performance. In addressing this challenge, a simple strategy was used to prepare the self-assembled GeOX/Ti3C2TX composite in which the GeOX nanoparticles can grow directly on Ti3C2TX layers. Nanoscale GeOX uniformly renucleates on the surface and interlayers of Ti3C2TX, forming the stable multiphase structure, which guarantees its excellent electrochemical performance. Electrochemical evaluation has shown that the rate capability and reversibility of GeOX/Ti3C2TX are both greatly improved, which delivers a reversible discharge specific capacity of above 1400 mAh g-1 (at 100 mA g-1) and a reversible specific capacity of 900 mAh g-1 after 50 cycles while it still maintains a stable specific capacity of 725 mAh g-1 at 5000 mA g-1. Furthermore, the composite exhibits an exceptionally superior rate capability, making it a good electrochemical performance anode for LIBs.