Three-point Shots Research Articles

How To Win the Basketball Euroleague? Game Performance Determining Sports Results During 2003-2016 Matches.

The main aim of this study was to establish game-related statistics that determined sport results in the Basketball EuroLeague between 2003 and 2016. The study encompasses matches played by 10 teams during 13 consecutive seasons of the EuroLeague. Twenty-two offensive and defensive game related variables were registered. Calculations were performed to establish which of the variables determined performance in the Basketball EuroLeague matches within the analysed period. Based on a number of mathematical and statistical analyses, the elements of play that had the highest effect on sports success were selected. The following determinants displayed the most significant correlations with sport results in the EuroLeague within the analysed period: two-point shots made (2PT-made), two-point shot attempts (2PT-attempts), three-point shots made (3PT-made), one-point shots made (1PT-made), one-point shot attempts (1PT-attempts), assists, fouls and field goals made. The game outcome in basketball is influenced by many variables which may not always be significant in a given match. However, the continuous effort to maintain these variables at the highest possible level is advantageous over less-organised teams.

Operation of the Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test: Intra- and inter-rater reliability of scoring procedures and floor and ceiling effects for test performance

The purpose of this study was to determine the intra- and inter-rater reliability of scoring procedures used in the newly developed Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test (BJSAT) and assess for floor and ceiling effects in test performance. Thirty-one semi-professional basketball athletes completed four trials of the BJSAT. The BJSAT contains one jump shot at eight different locations, equally distributed across two- and three-point shots. Intra-rater reliability was determined by assessing the level of agreement between scores live in-person and watching captured video by the same assessor. Inter-rater reliability was determined by examining the level of agreement between two assessors who separately scored the BJSAT while watching captured video. Descriptive statistics and Cohen’s kappa (κ) were calculated to quantify the intra- and inter-rater reliability of the BJSAT. Floor and ceiling effects in scoring outcomes were analyzed to evaluate the suitability of the BJSAT. Significance for the study was set at p <0.05. Intra-rater reliability demonstrated an almost perfect (κ = 0.85, p <0.01) agreement between scores (12.6 ± 2.5 vs. 13.1 ± 2.8). The agreement for inter-rater reliability was rated as substantial (12.3 ± 2.5 vs. 13.5 ± 2.9, κ = 0.70, p <0.01). Floor and ceiling effects were absent in the BJSAT indicating the assessment is suitable for semi-professional basketball athletes. The BJSAT is an assessment where one or multiple assessors can reliably score shooting performance for functions including player monitoring, to assess the efficacy of interventions aimed at improving skills and to assist with team selection across the season.

The Role of Quiet Eye Timing and Location in the Basketball Three-Point Shot: A New Research Paradigm.

We investigated three areas of uncertainty about the role of vision in basketball shooting, the timing of fixations (early, late), the location of fixations (hoop centre, non-centre) and the effect of the defender on performance. We also sought to overcome a limitation of past quiet eye studies that reported only one quiet eye (QE) period prior to a phase of the action. Elite basketball players received the pass and took three-point shots in undefended and defended conditions. Five sequential QE periods were analyzed that were initiated prior to each phase of the shooting action: QE catch, QE arm preparation, QE arm flexion, QE arm extension, and QE ball release. We used a novel design in which the number of hits and misses were held constant by condition, thus leaving the timing and location of QE fixations free to vary across the phases during an equal number of successful and unsuccessful trials. The number of QE fixations accounted for 87% of total fixations. The greatest percent occurred during QE catch (43.6%), followed by QE arm flexion (34.1%), QE arm extension (17.5%) and QE ball release (4.8%). No fixations were found prior to QE arm preparation, due to a saccade made immediately to the target after QE catch. Fixation frequency averaged 2.20 per trial, and 1.25 during the final shooting action, meaning that most participants had time for only one fixation as the shot was taken. Accuracy was enhanced when: (1) an early QE offset occurred prior to the catch, (2) an early saccade was made to the target, (3) a longer QE duration occurred during arm flexion, and (4) QE arm flexion was located on the centre of the hoop, rather than on non-centre locations. Overall, the results provide evidence that vision of the hoop was severely limited during the last phase of the shooting action (QE ball release). The significance of the results is explored in the discussion, along with a QE training program designed to improve three-point shooting. Overall, the results greatly expand the role of the QE in explaining optimal motor performance.

The validity and reliability of the Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to examine the content validity, construct validity and reliability of the newly developed Basketball Jump Shooting Accuracy Test (BJSAT). Basketball athletes from different playing levels (State Basketball League [SBL], n = 30, age: 22.7 ± 6.1 yr; SBL Division I, n = 11, age: 20.6 ± 2.1 yr) completed four separate trials of the BJSAT with each trial consisting of shot attempts from two- and three-point distances at pre-determined court locations. Each shot attempt was scored utilising a criteria where higher scores were given when greater accuracy was exhibited. The BJSAT detected a significant, large difference in accuracy between two- and three-point shots (d = 0.99, p < 0.01). Relative reliability across the repeated trials was rated as moderate for all athletes (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.71, p < 0.01) and good for the SBL athletes (ICC = 0.78, p < 0.01). Absolute reliability for all athletes was above the acceptable benchmark (coefficient of variation = 16.2%); however superior to skill tests available in the literature. In conclusion, the BJSAT is sensitive to two- and three-point shooting accuracy and can reliably assess jump shooting accuracy in basketball athletes.

INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF 4-POINT SHOOTING RULES APPLIED IN BIG 3 BASKETBALL ORGANIZATION ON COMPETITION RESULTS IN NBA PLAY-OFFS

The increasing physical characteristics and defensive performances of basketball players pushed the offensive players to play away from the rim. Developing technology and the development of training techniques and methods also affected the shooting performances of the players positively. The players have to shoot three-point shots from long distance because of the defensive pressure. This paper was inspired by the game rules of the Big 3 organization, which was held in the city of Charlotte in the United States. In this study, if the 4-point shot circles in the Big 3 organization were implemented in NBA Playoffs, we investigate the player's 4-point shots attempts, 4-point shots made, 4-point play types, 4-point shots shooting times and the effects of 4-point shots on match scores in NBA Play-offs. The research group consists of 373 three-point shots from 28-32 feet of 16 teams in the 2017-2018 NBA Playoffs, including statistics and match images from the NBA official website ( www.nba.com ). As a result, if the 4-point shot circles in the Big 3 organization were implemented in NBA Play-Offs, players would play with 32% a total shot of 106/373 in 4-point shots. It was observed that the most important factors for the players' use of 4-point shooting were due to the decrease in the shot clock, the early offense and the inability of the teams to organize anything in the offense. Article visualizations:

Structural analysis of shooting performance in elite basketball players during FIBA EuroBasket 2015

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to conduct an analysis of the shooting structure in terms of the execution manner of the shots delivered during FIBA EuroBasket 2015 according to the footwork (one- or two-count stop, etc.), handwork (one-hand overhead, layup, floater, etc.). Additionally, the second purpose of the study was the performance comparison of the eight best teams (Places 1–8) and the eight worst teams (Places 17–24) taking part in the event. The analysis covered 9024 shots in all matches (n = 110) played by the teams from places 1–8 (n = 70) and the teams that were eliminated first (n = 40). The study used categorised observation. The results were analysed with the ANOVA (post hoc Tukey’s test) and a multiple ridge regression. The regression analysis and reference values for the manner of performing a shot in relation to the points scored during EuroBasket 2015 revealed that the number of successful two-point shots (F = 35.51, p = 0.001) was the most important predictor of the points scored by the eight best teams. On the other hand, the most important predictor for the points scored by the weakest group of teams was the number of successful three-point shots (F = 21.82, p = 0.001).

Effect of dehydration on performance and technique of three-point shooting in elite basketball.

Basketball play is classically accompanied with a significant loss of body water with a potential negative impact on both physical and cognitive performance 1. Very few studies have examined the impact of dehydration on biomechanical adjustments required to score in basketball, though joints angles, the position of the centre of mass and ball release parameters (i.e. height, release speed and angle) are among the best predictive factors of success in basketball shooting 2. Dehydration might alter the biomechanical requirements of successful shots and especially three-point shots (3PS) which generate 16% of points scored during a match. However, only 35% of 3PS are successful in game. Within this framework we analysed the effects of a controlled dehydration protocol on the success and technique of 3PS in elite basketball players. Changes in shooting technique were analysed through changes in body kinematics (i.e. 3D angles of the ankle, knee, hip, shoulder, elbow and wrist, and the height of the centre of mass) and ball release parameters (i.e. height, velocity and angle of the ball at release) of 3PS in a dynamic playing condition.

バスケットボールのスリーポイントショット時における熟練者と未熟練者の関節運動の違いについて

バスケットボールのスリーポイントショット時における熟練者と未熟練者の関節運動の違いについて

To Three or Not to Three?

Empirically estimating managerial performance is often quite challenging. Without accurate measurement of managerial output or value added it is difficult to usefully analyze the labor market for managers. This paper uses shot selection between two-point and three-point shots to develop a measure of managerial productivity in the National Basketball Association (NBA). We test whether our measure significantly impacts firm (team) output (wins) and whether this managerial productivity measure is significant in explaining labor market outcomes. We show that managerial performance does, in fact, positively impact team performance and also helps explain differences in managerial compensation.

Improving athletic performance of basketball student team with the classical yoga exercises

The results of the study of the effect of yoga exercises on the preparedness of the student basketball team. The study involved 25 athletes aged 17-20 years. The experimental group consisted of 13 players dealt in accordance with the proposed set of yoga exercises, which were used in the introductory, preparatory and final part. In the main part of the problem solved basketball directions. Classes in both groups were conducted 4 times a week for 2 hours for 9 months. Found that the use of exercises yoga pose direct impact on the physical indicators of preparedness players. Found an increase in the level of indicators: vertical jump, speed endurance, speed, retention of equilibrium (balance), free throw, with the movement, three-point shots, free throws, tactical execution.

Video-based training combined with flotation tank recovery does not improve three-point shooting in basketball

Video-based training combined with flotation tank recovery may provide an additional stimulus for improving shooting in basketball. A pre-post controlled trial was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a 3 wk intervention combining video-based training and flotation tank recovery on three-point shooting performance in elite female basketball players. Players were assigned to an experimental (n=10) and control group (n=9). A 3 wk intervention consisted of 2 x 30 min float sessions a week which included 10 min of video-based training footage, followed by a 3 wk retention phase. A total of 100 three-point shots were taken from 5 designated positions on the court at each week to assess three-point shooting performance. There was no clear difference in the mean change in the number of successful three-point shots between the groups (-3%; ±18%, mean; ±90% confidence limits). Video-based training combined with flotation recovery had little effect on three-point shooting performance.

Motor adaptation in complex sports – The influence of visual context information on the adaptation of the three-point shot to altered task demands in expert basketball players

We examined the influence of visual context information on skilled motor behaviour and motor adaptation in basketball. The rules of basketball in Europe have recently changed, such that that the distance for three-point shots increased from 6.25 m to 6.75 m. As such, we tested the extent to which basketball experts can adapt to the longer distance when a) only the unfamiliar, new three-point line was provided as floor markings (NL group), or b) the familiar, old three-point line was provided in addition to the new floor markings (OL group). In the present study 20 expert basketball players performed 40 three-point shots from 6.25 m and 40 shots from 6.75 m. We assessed the percentage of hits and analysed the landing position of the ball. Results showed better adaptation of throwing performance to the longer distance when the old three-point line was provided as a visual landmark, compared to when only the new three-point line was provided. We hypothesise that the three-point line delivered relevant information needed to successfully adapt to the greater distance in the OL group, whereas it disturbed performance and ability to adapt in the NL group. The importance of visual landmarks on motor adaptation in basketball throwing is discussed relative to the influence of other information sources (i.e. angle of elevation relative to the basket) and sport practice.

Effects of Visual Control Training on the Shooting Performance of Elite Female Basketball Players

In the current study, a method was tested to train visual control in basketball shooting. Using a sender/receiver system, Plato liquid-crystal goggles were wirelessly and manually controlled by the experimenter to manipulate vision of players while they were shooting. During the training the goggles were only open during the final instances of each shot forcing players to use optimal information. In three months, six elite female basketball players, selected on the basis of their shooting style and performance, received 9-15 shot sessions, each consisting of 50 three-point shots with the goggles. Pretest-posttest comparisons revealed that the players who had received the goggle training improved their shooting percentages significantly while two control groups did not. Gradual increases of shooting percentages over training sessions inspired additional confidence in the conclusion that pre-posttest improvements were related to the visual control training. The Plato-goggle system provides a promising tool to be used in sports practice to improve performance.

Attribution analyses as for the success rate of three-point shots: In case of female basketball players

Attribution analyses as for the success rate of three-point shots: In case of female basketball players

The Effect of Introducing a Smaller and Lighter Basketball on Female Basketball Players' Shot Accuracy

Our study examined whether the introduction of a smaller and lighter basketball (no. 6) affected the accuracy of female basketball players’ shots at the basket. The International Basketball Federation (FIBA) introduced a size 6 ball in the 2004/2005 season to improve the efficiency and accuracy of technical elements, primarily shots at the basket. The sample for this study included 573 European female basketball players who were members of national teams that had qualified for the senior women’s European championships in 2001, 2003, 2005 and 2007. A size 7 (larger and heavier) basketball was used by 286 players in 1,870 matches, and a size 6 basketball was used by 287 players in 1,966 matches. The players were categorised into three playing positions: guards, forwards and centres. The results revealed that statistically significant changes by year occurred only in terms of the percentage of successful free throws. With the size 6 basketball, this percentage decreased. Statistically significant differences between the playing positions were observed in terms of the percentage of field goals worth three points (between guards and forwards) and two points (between guards and centres). The results show that the introduction of the size 6 basketball did not lead to improvement in shooting accuracy (the opposite was found for free throws), although the number of three-point shots increased.

Risk Taking Behavior in Tournaments: Evidence from the NBA

We empirically explore the relevance of risk taking behavior in tournaments. We make use of data from the NBA season 2007/2008 and measure risk taking by the fraction of three-point shots. Current heterogeneity of teams is taken into account by intermediate results. It turns out that indeed teams who are behind increase the risk in terms of more three-point attempts. We additionally analyze the consequences of this change in behavior. Enhanced risk taking is inefficient for the vast majority of cases and only beneficial in terms of a higher winning probability if a team is behind with a rather large amount of points. We discuss possible explanations for these decision errors.

Generality of the matching law as a descriptor of shot selection in basketball.

Based on a small sample of highly successful teams, past studies suggested that shot selection (two- vs. three-point field goals) in basketball corresponds to predictions of the generalized matching law. We examined the generality of this finding by evaluating shot selection of college (Study 1) and professional (Study 3) players. The matching law accounted for the majority of variance in shot selection, with undermatching and a bias for taking three-point shots. Shot-selection matching varied systematically for players who (a) were members of successful versus unsuccessful teams, (b) competed at different levels of collegiate play, and (c) served as regulars versus substitutes (Study 2). These findings suggest that the matching law is a robust descriptor of basketball shot selection, although the mechanism that produces matching is unknown.

FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE MATCHING LAW TO DESCRIBE TWO‐ AND THREE‐POINT SHOT ALLOCATION BY PROFESSIONAL BASKETBALL PLAYERS

The matching law was used to analyze whether the proportion of shots taken from two- or three-point range would match the proportional reinforcement rates produced by those shots when the reinforcement rate of three-point shooting was changed. Rule changes in 1994 and 1997 altered the distance of the three-point line in the National Basketball Association, which created a quasiexperimental reversal design, thereby naturally changing three-point reinforcement rates. The present data partially confirmed predictions made by the matching law, in that increases in the relative rate of three-point shots attempted corresponded to increases in the relative rate of three-point shots made.

An application of the matching law to evaluate the allocation of two- and three-point shots by college basketball players.

We applied the matching equation to evaluate the allocation of two- and three-point shots by male and female college basketball players from a large Division 1 university. The matching law predicts that the proportion of shots taken from three-point range should match the proportional reinforcement rate produced by such shots. Thus, we compared the proportion of three-point shots taken relative to all shots to the proportion of three-point shots scored relative to all shots scored. However, the matching equation was adjusted to account for the greater reinforcer magnitude of the three-point basket (i.e., 1.5 times greater than the two-point basket reinforcer magnitude). For players with substantial playing time, results showed that the overall distribution of two- and three-point shots was predicted by the matching equation. Game-by-game shot distribution was variable, but the cumulative proportion of shots taken from three-point range as the season progressed was predicted almost perfectly on a player-by-player basis for both male and female basketball players.