Three-dimensional Plane Research Articles

A model for predicting the tensile strength of ultrafine glass fiber felts with mathematics and artificial neural network

In this article, a model for predicting the tensile strength of ultrafine glass fiber felts is presented with theoretical formula. On the basis of this model, the tensile strength depends on the mean diameter of fibers, resin content and bulk density, but the exact value of strength cannot be calculated directly. The artificial neural network (ANN) is introduced to work out the problem, where the mean diameter of fibers, resin content and bulk density are selected as input parameters, and the tensile strength of longitudinal direction and transverse direction are selected as output parameters. After compared with measured data, the predicted results by the optimized ANN model have been confirmed to have a high accuracy. The mean relative errors of the strength values of longitudinal and transversal direction predicted by the ANN model are 0.0193 and 0.0288, respectively. Three-dimensional planes for the predicted tensile strength as a function of each parameters are established to exhibit the relationship intuitively.

Adaptive-multilevel BDDC algorithm for three-dimensional plane wave Helmholtz systems

In this paper, we are concerned with the weighted plane wave least-squares (PWLS) method for three-dimensional Helmholtz equations, and develop the multi-level adaptive BDDC algorithms for solving the resulting discrete system. In order to form the adaptive coarse components, the local generalized eigenvalue problems for each common face and each common edge are carefully designed. The condition number of the two-level adaptive BDDC preconditioned system is proved to be bounded above by a user-defined tolerance and a constant which is dependent on the maximum number of faces and edges per subdomain and the number of subdomains sharing a common edge. The efficiency of these algorithms is illustrated on a benchmark problem. The numerical results show the robustness of our two-level adaptive BDDC algorithms with respect to the wave number, the number of subdomains and the mesh size, and illustrate that our multi-level adaptive BDDC algorithm can reduce the scale of the coarse problem and can be used to solve large wave number problems efficiently.

A Comprehensive Investigation of Associations of Objective and Subjective Socioeconomic Status with Perceived Health and Subjective Well-Being

Socioeconomic status (SES) accounts for disparities in health and well-being. Recent studies consider the effects of individuals’ subjective standing in society (i.e., subjective SES) as well as the traditional (objective) indicators of SES (i.e., income, education, occupational status), in predominantly Western samples. This study presents a comprehensive investigation of associations of objective and subjective SES with individuals’ perceived health and well-being in a representative sample of young adults (aged 18–35; N = 3016) from a non-WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich and Democratic) population (i.e., Turkey), employing polynomial regressions and plotting the results onto a three-dimensional plane. Findings confirmed the value of polynomial regression to understanding the relationship of different types of SES with perceived health and well-being. For instance, while perceived overall health was descriptively greater when objective-SES exceeded subjective-SES, the reverse was the case for happiness, one indicator of well-being. Our findings also suggest an additive effect of the two types of socioeconomic status on majority of the outcome variables; individuals’ perceptions of overall health, life satisfaction, happiness, and financial satisfaction were enhanced when they reported higher scores on both objective and subjective SES.

Innovative Prestressed Support System applied to the Excavation

A new kind of work method, Innovative Prestressed Support System, or IPS is based on the prestressed beams from the belly of the fish, a gusset, column, bar, beam, triangular contacts and other standard components combination, which is constituted by prestressing effective support system and three-dimensional plane prestressed support structure. IPS engineering methods to improve the rigidity and stability of the entire excavation system can precisely control lateral displacement control pit deformation. This paper introduces the principle and process Lenticular Beam Prestressed instrumental combination support system, combined with the actual project case study on a subway line network operation and management command center excavation detailed description of the specific operating points and difficulty of the construction method, bit similar projects for reference.

Dual-plane epicanthoplasty in Chinese blepharoplasty.

The ethnically characteristic upper eyelids of many Chinese individuals include medial epicanthal folds, substantial fatty tissue, a laxity of pretarsal skin, and a lack of superior palpebral folds. Different epicanthoplasty techniques have been described in the literature. However, postoperative medial canthal scarring remains a concern. This article introduces a novel technique that minimizes the risk of postoperative canthal scarring. Dual-plane epicanthoplasty involves an advanced skin flap and a rotation skin flap, which are, respectively, distributed on the outer skin lining and inner skin lining and belong to the different three-dimensional planes of the epicanthus. The dense connective fibers located between the skin and the orbicularis oculi muscle were completely released. In the final steps, the upper advanced triangle flap was anchored in the direction of the lacrimal caruncle and the lower rotation triangular flap was anchored to the nasal skin. From January 2016 to September 2018, 216 patients were enrolled in the cohort undergoing dual-plane epicanthoplasty, with 172 patients undergoing the concomitant double eyelidplasty. For 206 of the cases, follow-up lasted for over 6months, with a median time of 11months. Except for one patient (0.49%) who may need a revision procedure for a prominent scar, all other patients (99.51%) achieved natural and cosmetically desirable appearances with adequate lacrimal caruncle exposure and minimal postoperative medial canthal scaring. Dual-plane epicanthoplasty, with or without double eyelidplasty, is a novel and effective surgical technique modified for Chinese patients with good esthetic outcomes.

Soil and water conservation effects driven by the implementation of ecological restoration projects: Evidence from the red soil hilly region of China in the last three decades

China’s soil and water conservation (SWC) has gradually developed into a national key ecological construction project, and its scale and coverage have been expanding. However, the distribution characteristics of soil and water conservation measures (SWCMs) under ecological restoration projects and the water storage and soil conservation benefits from a macro perspective are not yet clear. To solve this problem, first of all, the red soil hilly region (RSHR) of China has been chosen to analyze the 30-year process and spatial trends of SWCMs in ecological restoration projects. The spatial distribution of SWCMs is analyzed from the three-dimensional plane of level and elevation. In addition, four benefit characteristics of SWCMs have been obtained by comparing the amount of water and soil protected and the intensity of soil erosion. Finally, the paper explores methods that improve the efficiency of SWC in key areas. The research results show that the paradigm of SWC changes from comprehensive management to ecological rules and the goal of SWCMs has shifted from initial farmland maintenance to natural forest restoration, and the average soil erosion has not only decreased by 291 t/(km2•a) as a whole but has also reflected the transformation from agriculture to ecology in the national ecological restoration project strategy. The distribution model of SWCMs on the horizontal plane is a convex second-order function. In the vertical direction, the proportion of measures distributed in hilly areas was 38%, higher than that in plain and mountain areas. Moreover, SWCMs are concentrated in cultivated land and forest land, among which the proportion of terraces, SWC forests and grass planting measures is as high as 35% in areas with high erosion. For the RSHR in the four SWC benefits of group characteristics and the distribution ratio, respectively: SWC ability and soil erosion intensity are lower (group 1, 9%). There is a lower amount of soil and water storage and higher intensity of soil erosion (group 2, 19%). The amount of soil and water storage is large, and the intensity of soil erosion is low (group 3, 27%). Soil and water storage and soil erosion intensity are both high (group 4, 13%). In a word, it is necessary to improve the proportion of SWC forest construction in river basins and intensive agricultural cultivation areas in national key SWC areas to enhance ecosystem service functions. This paper analyzes the pattern changes and benefit characteristics of SWCMs from a macro perspective, which provides a new perspective for the large-scale study of SWC in the future. This result in preventing soil erosion aims to make China’s ecological civilization construction and ecological management more sustainable.

Frequency Invariant Beamforming for a Small-Sized Bi-Cone Acoustic Vector-Sensor Array.

In this work, we design a small-sized bi-cone acoustic vector-sensor array (BCAVSA) and propose a frequency invariant beamforming method for the BCAVSA, inspired by the Ormia ochracea’s coupling ears and harmonic nesting. First, we design a BCAVSA using several sets of cylindrical acoustic vector-sensor arrays (AVSAs), which are used as a guide to construct the constant beamwidth beamformer. Due to the mechanical coupling system of the Ormia ochracea’s two ears, the phase and amplitude differences of acoustic signals at the bilateral tympanal membranes are magnified. To obtain a virtual BCAVSA with larger interelement distances, we then extend the coupling magnified system into the BCAVSA by deriving the expression of the coupling magnified matrix for the BCAVSA and providing the selecting method of coupled parameters for fitting the underwater signal frequency. Finally, the frequency invariant beamforming method is developed to acquire the constant beamwidth pattern in the three-dimensional plane by deriving several sets of the frequency weighted coefficients for the different cylindrical AVSAs. Simulation results show that this method achieves a narrower mainlobe width compared to the original BCAVSA. This method has lower sidelobes and a narrower mainlobe width compared to the coupling magnified bi-cone pressure sensor array.

Optimization and prediction of ultra-fine glass fiber felt process parameters based on artificial neural network

Ultra-fine glass fiber felt (fiber diameter ⩽3 μm) is prepared by the flame blowing process with superior thermal insulation and sound insulation. It is widely used in construction and aerospace by improving its uniformity and fiber diameter to further enhance its thermal and acoustic insulation properties. In this article, the purpose is further to create a smart manufacturing system using artificial neural network to provide analysis, judgment, and optimization for the manufacture of aerospace-grade ultra-fine glass fiber felt. When there were 11 neurons in the hidden layer, both the relative error Z values of the uniformity and the fiber diameter were the smallest, which were 0.0382 and 0.0073, respectively. So the structure 3−[11]1–2 with the back-propagation training algorithm was the most adaptive model, which was proved by comparing the mean relative error. In addition, after comparison with the measured data, the predicted and measured values are very similar and the error between them is small, so this structure has been confirmed to have a high accuracy. Finally, three-dimensional planes for the predicted uniformity and fiber diameter as a function of each process parameters are established. The predictive quality was pretty satisfactory, which can be applied to predict new data in the same knowledge domain.

Multistatic Doppler Estimation Using Global Positioning System Passive Coherent Location

In previous works, methods were explored for position estimation utilizing satellite-borne signals of opportunity, mainly the global positioning system (GPS). The GPS signal was exploited for use in a multistatic passive coherent location (PCL) system. The GPS signal is especially attractive for PCL applications because of the native capability to produce position and velocity estimation. This paper examines the signal specifications for PCL implementation and explores the potential limitations of the proposed solutions. GPS specific methods are developed for multistatic PCL velocity estimation in a three-dimensional plane. The method developed is combined with previously completed work of GPS PCL position estimation for a complete system design in range and Doppler. The PCL system is evaluated against conventional GPS position estimation and velocity estimation and proves to have comparable metrics of performance. Analysis and simulation are performed for verification and validation of the developed methods.

Comparison of projection of distance techniques for genetic diversity studies

The objective of this study was to compare different graphical dispersion analysis techniques in two- or three-dimensional planes. In this study, the data from different published works were used in order to determine the best methodology for analyzing the genetic diversity of different species. In this study, efficiency is measured by the amount of original distance absorbed by the projection of distances technique, which in the case of major components is equal to the amount of total variation originally available and retained by the principal components used for dispersion purposes. The projection of dissimilarity measurement technique, principal component analysis (PCA), and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) were used. Considering the analysis by means of three orthogonal axes, the graphical dispersion efficiency was 82.22 for PCA, 87.22 for PCoA, and 85.25 for the projection of distances technique. For the 2D analysis, considering the two main axes, the mean dispersion efficiency was 69.90 for the PCA, 75.06 for the projection technique, and 78.16 for PCoA. Considering the studies carried out with experimental data of six different species, it is concluded that the principal coordinate analysis is superior.

Linear stability of a plane Couette–Poiseuille flow overlying a porous layer

The modal and non-modal linear stability analyses of a three-dimensional plane Couette–Poiseuille flow through a porous channel are studied based on the two-domain approach, where fluid and porous layers are treated as distinct layers separated by an interface. The unsteady Darcy–Brinkman equations are used to describe the flow in the porous layer rather than the unsteady Darcy’s equations. In fact, the Brinkman viscous diffusion terms are necessary to capture the momentum boundary layer developed close to the fluid-porous interface. The modal stability analysis is performed under the framework of the Orr–Sommerfeld boundary value problem. On the other hand, the non-modal stability analysis is performed under the framework of the time-dependent initial value problem in terms of normal velocity and normal vorticity components. The Chebyshev spectral collocation method along with the QZ algorithm is implemented to solve the boundary value problem numerically for disturbances of arbitrary wavenumbers. The convergence test of spectrum demonstrates that more Chebyshev polynomials are required to arrest the flow dynamics in the momentum boundary layer once the Couette flow component is turned on. Two different types of modes, so-called the fluid layer mode and the porous layer mode are identified in the modal stability analysis. The most unstable fluid layer mode intensifies while the most unstable porous layer mode attenuates in the presence of the Couette flow component. Further, the mechanism of modal instability is deciphered by using the method of the energy budget. It is found that the energy production term supplies energy from the base flow to the disturbance via the Reynolds stress, and boosts the disturbance kinetic energies for the fluid layer and the porous layer. Moreover, the non-modal stability analysis demonstrates that short time energy growth exists in the parameter space and becomes significant in the presence of the Couette flow component and the permeability of the porous medium.

Using three-dimensional craniofacial images to construct horizontal reference plane

To compare four different three-dimensional horizontal planes and detect anatomical landmarks so as to provide theoretical reference for horizontal reference plane constructed by three-dimensional cephalometry. The subjects of this study were 32 facial symmetry patients (menton from midsagittal plane ≤2 mm). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was obtained before orthodontic treatment, and the data were imported into Dolphin imaging soft in DICOM format. The sagittal plane was passing through the Nasion, Sella and Dent. Four horizontal reference planes were constructed by three points of bilateral porion and bilateral orbitale. Plane 1: horizontal reference plane constructed by right porion and bilateral orbitale. Plane 2: horizontal reference plane constructed by left porion and bilateral orbitale. Plane 3: horizontal reference plane constructed by bilateral porion and right orbitale. Plane 4: horizontal reference plane constructed by bilateral porion and left orbitale. Pitch, yaw, roll for four planes were measured three dimensionally. All the samples were measured two times by one judge at an interval of two weeks. The two times measuring results were evaluated with Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for verifying reliability. The multiple sets of repeated measurement analysis were used to compare the four different planes. Based on ages, the samples were divided into two groups (group 1: ages 13 to 17, group 2: over 18 years), the mean and standard deviation of landmark coordinates measured with Dent as the origin point, the circumference formula was applied to calculate the change of landmark position generated by head rotation. No significant differences of pitch, yaw and roll among the four planes (P=0.196, 0.314, and 0.341). One degree of pitch rotation made changes of porion and orbitale approximate 0.5 mm, and 1.6 mm, respectively. One degree of yaw rotation made changes of porion and orbitale approximate 1.1 mm, and 1.5 mm, respectively. One degree of roll rotation made changes of porion and orbitale approximate 1.2 mm, and 0.7 mm, respectively. There was no significant difference among the four horizontal planes constructed by any three points of bilateral orbitales and bilateral porions. It has the highest concordance using bilateral orbitales and one porion to construct horizontal plane in this study, probably the best option in clinical practice. Different head rotation generated different distance changes of anatomical landmarks.

Dynamic focal plane estimation for dental panoramic radiography.

The digital panoramic radiography is widely used in dental clinics and provides the anatomical information of the intraoral structure along the predefined arc-shaped path. Since the intraoral structure varies depending on the patient, however, it is nearly impossible to design a common and static focal path or plane fitted to the dentition of all patients. In response, we introduce an imaging algorithm for digital panoramic radiography that can provide a focused panoramic radiographic image for all patients, by automatically estimating the best focal plane for each patient. The aim of this study is to improve the image quality of dental panoramic radiography based on a three-dimensional (3D) dynamic focal plane. The plane is newly introduced to represent the arbitrary 3D intraoral structure of each patient. The proposed algorithm consists of three steps: preprocessing, focal plane estimation, and image reconstruction. We first perform preprocessing to improve the accuracy of focal plane estimation. The 3D dynamic focal plane is then estimated by adjusting the position of the image plane so that object boundaries in the neighboring projection data are aligned or focused on the plane. Finally, a panoramic radiographic image is reconstructed using the estimated dynamic focal plane. The proposed algorithm is evaluated using a numerical phantom dataset and four clinical human datasets. In order to examine the image quality improvement owing to the proposed algorithm, we generate panoramic radiographic images based on a conventional static focal plane and estimated 3D dynamic focal planes, respectively. Experimental results show that the image quality is dramatically improved for all datasets using the 3D dynamic focal planes that are estimated from the proposed algorithm. We propose an imaging algorithm for digital panoramic radiography that provides improved image quality by estimating dynamic focal planes fitted to each individual patient's intraoral structure.

Assembling Convolution Neural Networks for Automatic Viewing Transformation

Images taken under different camera poses are rotated or distorted, which leads to poor perception experiences. This article proposes a new framework to automatically transform the images to the conformable view setting by assembling different convolution neural networks. Specifically, a referential three-dimensional ground plane is first derived from the color image and a novel projection mapping algorithm is developed to achieve automatic viewing transformation. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art vanishing points based methods by a large margin in terms of accuracy and robustness.

Theoretical Basis for Virtual Skull Orientation According to Three-Dimensional Frankfort Horizontal Plane for Computer-Aided Surgical Simulation.

Computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) is an evolving technology which has significantly affected surgical correction of dentofacial deformities, a key step of which is orientation of the virtual skull model to allow for analysis and treatment planning. Explored in this study is the coplanarity of a 3-dimensional Frankfort horizontal plane (3D FHP). The 122 17.0 cm field-of-view cone-beam computed-tomogram (CBCT) scans were oriented to a 3D FHP using right porion, right orbitale, and left orbitale. The distance between the 3D FHP and left porion was then measured. The 18 CBCT scans were found to have external fiducial markers which were used for orientation into natural head position (NHP). The distance between left porion and a true horizontal plan coincidental with the right porion was measured. Concordance reliability measures were calculated to compare NHP to 3D FHP. The average distance of left porion to 3D FHP was found to be -0.107 mm (SD = 1.148), and the average distance from the coincidental left porion in NHP was found to be 0.846 mm (SD = 2.611). Concordance reliability calculations shows little consistency between the 2 methods of orientation (P = 0.838). The data shows coincidence between left porion and 3D FHP. Orientation of the virtual skull model according to 3D FHP offers a quick and easy method for this important step in CASS. Further study is needed for evaluation of this method in vivo.

Aggregated Throughput Prediction for Collated Massive Machine-Type Communications in 5G Wireless Networks.

The demand for extensive data rates in dense-traffic wireless networks has expanded and needs proper controlling schemes. The fifth generation of mobile communications (5G) will accommodate these massive communications, such as massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), which is considered to be one of its top services. To achieve optimal throughput, which is considered a mandatory quality of service (QoS) metric, the carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) transmission attempt rate needs optimization. As the gradient descent algorithms consume a long time to converge, an approximation technique that distributes a dense global network into local neighborhoods that are less complex than the global ones is presented in this paper. Newton’s method of optimization was used to achieve fast convergence rates, thus, obtaining optimal throughput. The convergence rate depended only on the size of the local networks instead of global dense ones. Additionally, polynomial interpolation was used to estimate the average throughput of the network as a function of the number of nodes and target service rates. Three-dimensional planes of the average throughput were presented to give a profound description to network’s performance. The fast convergence time of the proposed model and its lower complexity are more practical than the previous gradient descent algorithm.

Contrast and Volume Rate Enhancement of 3-D Ultrasound Imaging Using Aperiodic Plane Wave Angles: A Simulation Study.

Three-dimensional plane wave imaging (PWI) with a 2-D array has been studied for ultrafast volumetric imaging in medical ultrasound. Compared to 2-D PWI, 3-D PWI requires the transmission of an increased number of plane waves (PWs) to scan a volume of interest and achieve transmit dynamic focusing in both the lateral and elevational directions. To reduce the number of PW angles for a given 2-D angular range by mitigating the grating lobe level, we propose two aperiodic patterns of PW angles: concentric rings with a uniform radial interval and the well-known sunflower pattern. Both patterns are validated to provide uniform angle distributions without regular periodicity, and thereby reduce the grating lobe level compared to a periodic angle distribution with the same number of PW angles. Simulation studies show that the aperiodic patterns enhance the contrast of B-mode images by approximately 3-6 dB over all depths. This enhancement implies that the aperiodic angle sets can increase the volume rate by approximately 2-6 times compared to the periodic angle set at the same contrast and spatial resolution.

A Three-Dimensional Cooperative Guidance Law Based on Consensus Theory for Maneuvering Targets

In this paper, a cooperative guidance law based on consensus theory is proposed for multiple flight vehicles against a maneuvering target in a three-dimensional plane. The proposed guidance law has three orientation components: the one along the line-of-sight (LOS) ensures that all flight vehicles reach the target simultaneously, and the other two normal to the LOS in longitudinal and lateral plane guarantee the accurate interception. The target maneuverings are estimated by a finite-time convergence disturbance observer (FTDOB) and are compensated into the kinematic equation to achieve more accurate interception. Using the Lyapunov stability theorem, time-to-go of all flight vehicles’ convergence is proved. Mathematical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed cooperative guidance law.

Determination of accurate interdiffusion coefficients in fcc Ag-In and Ag-Cu-In alloys: A comparative study on the Matano method with distribution function and the numerical inverse method with HitDIC

In this paper, 3 fcc binary Ag-In and 3 fcc ternary Ag-Cu-In diffusion couples were firstly prepared. Based on the measured composition-distance profiles, both the traditional Matano method with distribution functions and the numerical inverse method with HitDIC were then utilized to determine the accurate interdiffusion coefficients in fcc Ag-In alloys at 873 K, 973 K, and 1073 K and Ag-Cu-In alloys at 1073 K. The determined interdiffusivities in fcc Ag-In alloys increases as the composition of In increases. The impurity diffusivities of In in fcc Ag extrapolated from the evaluated interdiffusivities based on the Matano method agree well with the tracer experimental data from the literature. As for fcc Ag-Cu-In alloys, the three-dimensional main interdiffusivities planes at 1073 K were constructed over the investigated composition range. The diffusion rate of In is generally faster than that of Cu. Moreover, the main interdiffusivity of In increases with the increment of both In and Cu concentrations, while the main interdiffusivity of Cu increases with In concentration but decreases with Cu concentration. After that, a comprehensively comparative study on the two methods were performed. The interdiffusivities in both the fcc Ag-In and Ag-Cu-In alloys evaluated from the two methods are consistent with each other, indicating that both methods can result in accurate interdiffusivities in binary and ternary alloys. However, as the number of elements increases, the Matano method becomes inconvenient. While for the numerical inverse method with HitDIC, no such limitation exists, and it can be conveniently applied in alloys with any number of components.

Nanorobotic Manipulation System for 360$^{\circ }$ Characterization Atomic Force Microscopy

Nanorobotic manipulation technique has been regarded as one of the most dominating approaches to upgrade the functions of microscope benefits from its complex and precise operation system. At the current stage, although atomic force microscopy (AFM) is capable of mapping specimens on a two-dimensional/partial three-dimensional (3-D) plane, a full orientation of 360 $^{\circ }$ characterization still remains a challenge for AFM. Taking advantage of a nanorobotic manipulation system (NMS), 360 $^{\circ }$ mapping and 3-D reconstruction of topography and nanomechanical properties are presented in this paper. Compared with recent advances of AFM mapping techniques, our proposed method is able to realize effective, large area characterization and integral results can be directly perceived through 3-D reconstruction. In this paper, a six degrees-of-freedom NMS assembled inside AFM and task specification are first proposed. Second, home positioning method for effective specimen rotation scanning is introduced. Third, 3-D reconstruction methods for the topography and nanomechanical properties of the specimen are presented. After that, 360 $^{\circ }$ characterization of three different types of specimens, human hair (anisotropic biological material), trapezoidal cantilever, and conical micropipette (isotropic inorganic material) are adopted to demonstrate the feasibility and practicability of our proposed system. Finally, the 3-D reconstruction results of selected specimens are analyzed. This paper fills the blank of current AFM topography and nanomechanical characterization methodologies, which is expected to give a long-term impact in the fundamental nanomaterial research and practical micro/nano characterization.