Third Ventricle Research Articles (Page 1)

Both thalami can be connected by the Interthalamic Adhesion (IA), a white matter tract that crosses the 3rd ventricle. Its presence varies among individuals and remains poorly understood. This study examines the IA’s prevalence, anatomical variations, genetic determinants, and cognitive associations. Data from 591 healthy subjects (25–35 years) from the Human Connectome Project were analyzed, and grouped into monozygotic (MZ) or dizygotic (DZ) twins, non-twin siblings, and unrelated individuals. MRI was used to characterize the IA, while neuropsychological assessments and Freesurfer parcellations were used to assess cognition and anatomical differences between subjects with or without an IA. The IA was absent in 12.7% of subjects, more commonly in males (20.0%) than females (6.3%). No significant differences in age, education, or cognition were found between individuals with or without an IA. IA absence was associated with increased cerebrospinal fluid volumes, enlarged third ventricles, and thinning in several cortical areas. Genetic analysis on the IA presence or absence revealed a heritability estimate of 34% with a higher concordance among MZ twins (96%) than in other groups. The remaining 4% discrepancy was observed in male pairs only. This study underscores the genetic basis of IA, highlighting sexual dimorphism and neuroanatomical differences associated with its absence, despite unaffected cognition in healthy individuals.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-20469-w.

Sex differences in central endozepine expression and regulation of appetite.

ObjectiveVentriculomegaly and hydrocephalus are frequently found during routine clinical imaging, and hydrocephalus in dogs has been shown to alter brain tissue. Although approaches exist to differentiate canine hydrocephalus from ventriculomegaly, information about brain tissue alterations in dogs with ventriculomegaly is lacking. In this observational study, we focused on ventriculomegaly and examined the cerebral anatomical adaptations that accommodate the increased ventricular volume.Methods95 neuroradiological normal diagnosed dogs of different breeds were divided into the two groups, ventriculomegaly and control, according to morphological criteria and ventricle-brain-indices as determined by ratio of brain and lateral ventricle wide. Brain volumetry and voxel-based-morphometry (VBM) were conducted using automatic procedures employing the Statistical Parametric Mapping software and a canine brain atlas.ResultsSignificant alterations in cingulate cortex, caudate nucleus, thalamus, hippocampus, geniculate body as well as corpus callosum were observed in dogs of the ventriculomegaly group by both volumetry and VBM. Interestingly, ventriculomegaly affected only lateral ventricles, the 3rd ventricle, and the mesencephalic aqueduct but not the 4th ventricle.DiscussionA clear distinction between canine hydrocephalus and ventriculomegaly remains difficult and recent research suggests parallels between both. Advances in automated segmentation methods and voxel-based morphometry applicable to canine magnetic resonance imaging offer the opportunity to comprehensively assess structural abnormalities. In addition, clinical assessments are required to investigate the impact of ventriculomegaly on cognitive function and behavior in further studies.ConclusionWe propose the use of a lower ventricle-brain-index threshold of ≥ 0.5 to include all ventricle-associated tissue alterations with potential clinical manifestation.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-025-00696-z.

Obstructed foramina of Monro, cerebral aqueduct, 3rd or 4th ventricles are reliable predictors of hydrocephalus in hemorrhagic stroke patients

Introduction and Objective: The brain is a primary target for the beneficial metabolic effects of members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family. For example, our group and others have shown that a single intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF1) induces both transient anorexia and weight loss and sustained remission of diabetic hyperglycemia in rodent models of type 2 diabetes (T2D) via actions involving the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). While FGF1 is endogenously expressed in the MBH, its role in metabolic physiology is unknown. The goal of the current studies was to determine the role of endogenous FGF1 in the regulation of energy balance. Methods: To test whether MBH FGF1 plays a physiological role in energy and/or glucose homeostasis, we selectively deleted FGF1 from either MBH neurons or from tanycytes of adult male FGF1-floxed (FGF1fl/fl) chow-fed mice. The former was achieved by microinjecting either AAV1-hSyn-Cre-WPRE.hGH or control AAV1-CAG-GFP into the MBH bilaterally, whereas the latter involved microinjecting either TAT-Cre or heat-inactivated control TAT-Cre into the 3rd ventricle. Results: We report that FGF1 deletion specifically from MBH neurons caused an obesity phenotype associated with hyperphagia and glucose intolerance (*p<0.05 for each). Interestingly, this phenotype was also characterized by pronounced disruption of circadian patterns of feeding, in which animals consumed a greater proportion of food intake during the light cycle, and it was complemented by decreased daily energy expenditure and decreased dark cycle locomotion. By comparison, selective FGF1 deletion from tanycytes resulted in greater percent change in body weight (*p<0.05), but no other detectable metabolic abnormalities were observed in the animals. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we conclude that endogenous FGF1 expression by MBH neurons, but not tanycytes, is required for normal energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism. Disclosure P. Choi: None. B.N. Phan: None. C. Bryan: None. M.K. Hwang: None. G.J. Morton: Research Support; Novo Nordisk A/S. M.W. Schwartz: Consultant; NodThera, Olio Labs, PriveBio. J.M. Scarlett: None.

Sudden deaths may result from many conditions which are either not apparent at autopsy or might be missed and such cases can be tricky as there is no definite cause of death. One such entity is Intracranial colloid cysts, they are congenital neuroepithelial cysts which might be missed or might rupture at the time of dissection. They typically arise within the third ventricle of the brain and can pose a significant risk of sudden death if left undiagnosed or untreated. These are rare entity and on cut-section, these cysts contain mucoid and gelatinous material. In this paper, we have discussed in depth about five cases of colloid cysts, most of which were brought dead to the hospital and were discovered during autopsy without any prior history suggesting the same.

A radiomics approach to distinguish Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Richardson's syndrome from other phenotypes starting from MR images.

To investigate the clinical outcome of fetuses with ventriculomegaly (VM), and to identify risk factors for progression of fetal VM in order to improve prenatal counseling. This was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study, comprising 229 cases with VM. VM was classified as mild, moderate, or severe and isolated or non-isolated. Genetic data were collected. Differences between VM subgroups were described, and risk factors for progression of fetal VM were identified using logistic regression analysis. Outcome was defined as the percentage of live births, termination of pregnancy (TOP) and intra-uterine fetal demise (IUFD). Of the 229 cases, 109 (47.6%) had mild VM, 60 (26.2%) moderate VM, and 60 (26.2%) severe VM. Progression of VM occurred in 45/153 cases (29.4%), half of which were in the group with severe VM. Dilatation of the 3rd ventricle and neural tube defects were risk factors for progression of VM. The percentage of live births (excluding cases with TOP and unknown outcome) was 93.1% (54/58) in mild VM, 78.6% (22/28) in moderate VM and 92.6% (25/27) in severe VM. In 12/229 cases (5.2%) IUFD occurred. Genetic analysis was performed in 143/229 (62.4%) of cases, showing (likely) pathogenic abnormalities in 41/143 (28.7%) cases, predominantly in mild, non-isolated VM. This study confirms the clinical relevance of additional genetic investigations in all types of fetal VMs. Further larger prospective research including clinical follow-up is needed to improve prenatal counseling.

IntroductionTo investigate prenatal ultrasound characteristics, associated abnormalities, and outcomes of partial agenesis of the corpus callosum (pACC).Material and MethodsA total of 118 fetuses with pACC diagnosed using prenatal ultrasound were studied, and their prenatal ultrasound characteristics, associated abnormalities, genetics, and outcomes were collected. The fetuses were categorized into three groups according to gestational age: <24 weeks, 24–28 weeks, and >28 weeks, and the brain transverse plane ultrasound signs were compared among the three groups.ResultsPrenatal ultrasound revealed the presence of abnormal cavum septi pellucidi (CSP), distention of the interhemispheric fissure (IF), dilated and elevated third ventricle (TV), and ventriculomegaly in 102 (86.4%), 91 (77.1%), 56 (47.4%), and 42 (35.6%) cases, respectively, in the transverse plane of the brain. Among the cases with dilatation and elevation of the TV, 38 (67.8%) showed posterior displacement, manifested by a cystic mass in the midline that communicated with the TV. There were statistically significant differences in the incidence of ventriculomegaly and abnormal CSP among the three groups at <24 weeks, 24–28 weeks, and >28 weeks. However, there were no statistically significant differences in the distention of the IF and TV among the three groups. Moreover, our cohort studies demonstrated that 32.2% (38/118), 18.6% (22/118), and 17.8% (21/118) of the cases were associated with intracranial, extracranial, and intra‐extracranial anomalies, respectively. The most common intracranial and extracranial anomalies were cerebral cortical dysplasia and cardiovascular anomalies. Genetic analysis demonstrated that 37.8% (17/41) of patients had genetic abnormalities. 25% (4/16) and 52% (13/25) of isolated and non‐isolated pACC cases showed genetic abnormalities. Eight isolated cases were born, with an average age of 28 months, and their neurological development was normal.ConclusionsAbnormal CSP was the most common indirect sign of pACC. A cystic mass in the midline communicating with the TV can be another indirect sign of a pACC. pACC is likely to be accompanied by intracranial and extracranial abnormalities. The detection rate of genetic abnormalities was higher in non‐isolated pACC cases than in isolated cases. Isolated pACC has a good prognosis but requires long‐term follow‐up of neurological development.

We present an extremely rare case of choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC) of the third ventricle of the brain. An adult female presented with symptoms of raised intracranial pressure. On magnetic resonance imaging brain, a solid cystic mass was seen in the third ventricle along with obstructive hydrocephalus. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt was done initially to relieve hydrocephalus followed by complete tumor excision. Pathologically, it was confirmed as CPC. She was given adjuvant radiation to a dose of 58 Gy in 29 fractions by volumetric modulated arc therapy. After 1 year of follow-up, the patient is disease-free.

One of the complications of latent intracranial hypotension is a dystopia of the tonsils of the cerebellum, which can lead to an erroneous diagnosis of “Chiari malformation type 1”. The aim of the work is to pay attention to the symptoms, course and diagnosis of acquired (pseudomalformation) Chiari in intracranial hypotension syndrome. The work is based on clinical and neurological data and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spinal cord of a woman aged 28 years, obtained during dynamic observation over a number of years. At the acute onset of the disease with severe postural headache, minimal neurological symptoms, magnetic resonance imaging revealed a dynamic dystopia of the cerebellar tonsils from the plane of the large occipital foramen 15 mm below it and stable hydromyelia in the thoracic region, which inclined to the diagnosis of Chiari malformation type 1. However, flattening of the bridge, thickening of the dura mater, the tendency to rounding of the sagittal sinus, narrowing of subarachnoid spaces, basal cisterns, prolapse of the bottom of the 3rd ventricle into the prebridge cistern indicated the possibility of intracranial hypotension caused by latent liquorrhea, which was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging with intravenous administration of gadolinium containing contrast agent in the mode of a strongly weighted T2-three-dimensional image with inversion and weakening of fluid – revealed hidden liquorrhea at the cervical level. A diagnosis of Chiari pseudomalformation has been established, which excludes surgical intervention – decompression of the posterior cranial pit. When diagnosing Chiari malformation type 1 and detecting cerebellar tonsillar dystopia, it is always necessary to exclude Chiari pseudomalformation associated with other primary pathology, in particular, with latent cerebrospinal liquor, the consequence of which is intracranial hypotension, which has specific signs in magnetic resonance imaging, and requires a different therapeutic tactic.

A 4 yrs old baby girl presented with history of gait instability with recurrent fall without loss of consciousness since last 1 yr. with recently having urinary and fecal incontinence off and on after being continent earlier. She did not have any febrile illness or convulsion or vomiting. There was no history of consanguinity or birth injury. Examination revealed no facial dysmorphism; her speech and language were delayed with borderline delayed developmental milestones. Her gait was ataxic with hesitant steps, magnetic in nature characteristic of frontal gait disorder. She was provisionally diagnosed as normal pressure hydrocephalus. MRI brain images revealed infracerebellar Blake's pouch cyst with dilatation of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles with normal subarachnoid bathing. She was referred to pediatric neurosurgeon for assessment and intervention for possible 3rd ventriculostomy.

PurposeEpidemiological studies on idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) imaging markers and their normal values are scarce. This population-based study aimed to analyze several morphologic and volumetric iNPH-related imaging markers in a large sample, determining their distribution, diagnostic accuracy, suggested cut-offs, and associations with iNPH symptoms.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 791 70 year olds, 40 with radiologically probable iNPH (iNPHRadiol) and 751 without iNPH features (reference). MRI measures included Evans index (EI), z-EI, brain per ventricle ratio at anterior (BVRAC) and posterior commissures (BVRPC), sulcal compression, Sylvian fissure enlargement, callosal angle, diameter of temporal horns, 3rd and 4th ventricles, midbrain, and pons. Volumes of ventricles, corpus callosum, and brainstem were computed using automated segmentation. ROC analysis determined imaging markers' cut-offs. Symptoms were evaluated clinically and through self-report.ResultsIn the reference group, median values (95% CI) for imaging markers were as follows: EI: 0.27 (0.26-0.27), z-EI: 0.28 (0.26-0.31), BVRAC: 1.69 (1.48-1.90), and BVRPC: 2.66 (2.24-3.27). Most imaging markers differed significantly between iNPHRadiol and the reference. Lateral ventricle volumes correlated better with z-EI and BVR than EI (Rs > 0.81 vs 0.68). Optimal cut-off values for z-EI, and BVRAC and BVRPC for distinguishing iNPHRadiol were 0.32, 1.36, and 1.83, respectively. Clinical symptoms correlated moderately with imaging markers (Rs < 0.49 for iNPHRadiol, p < .01).ConclusionsWe report population-based reference values and propose cut-offs for iNPH-related imaging markers and volumetric measurements. Z-EI and BVR are likely superior markers for assessing ventricular enlargement in iNPH. Imaging markers of iNPH correlate moderately with iNPH symptoms.

Abstract BackgroundThe relationship between CSF measures of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathologies and their neurodegenerative signatures is not fully understood. This study seeks to employ machine learning approaches on clinical MRI data to identify patterns associated with amyloid and tau, aiming to guide diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.MethodWe selected brain volumes that differed significantly between AD pathology and control groups. Then we utilized logistic LASSO regression to identify and compare neurodegenerative signatures associated with amyloid and tau burdens using selected brain volumes. Our methods were applied to a dataset that included clinical MRI scans from patients who also had cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers assessed within a year of the MRI scan (Figure 1). Model performance was measured using the cross‐validation area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), as well as the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in a 25% held‐out test set.ResultFor amyloid status, among 30 amyloid‐positive, tau‐negative (A+T‐) patients and 24 cognitively unimpaired A‐T‐ controls, we identified 25 significant features associated with amyloid status, including subcortical areas (e.g., amygdala, thalamus, hippocampus), cortical areas (e.g., inferior temporal cortex, inferior parietal cortex, precuneus), ventricles (lateral ventricle, inferior lateral ventricle, and the 3rd ventricle), cerebellum (cerebellum white matter and cerebellum cortex), and brain stem (Figure 2A). Our model with these features yielded an AUROC of 0.792 (95% CI: [0.783, 0.801]), and a sensitivity of 0.857 at specificity of 1 (Figure 2B). In the assessment of tau status, where the amyloid‐negative, tau‐positive group (A‐T+) included 14 patients and the control group comprised 24. The volumes showed significant difference associated with tau status, including subcortical areas (amygdala, ventral diencephalon, hippocampus), the 4th ventricle, and cerebellum white matter (Figure 3A). The model achieved an AUROC of 0.858 (95% C.I. [0.85, 0.866]), with a sensitivity of 1 at specificity of 1 (Figure 3B and C).ConclusionThe study underscores the potential of using widely available clinical MRI images to measure AD and associated pathologies in the brain, which hold significant promise for guiding treatment interventions.

Background Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is a tick‐borne illness that commonly manifests as lymphocytic meningitis, cranial neuritis, and radiculoneuritis. Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis is an exceedingly rare complication of Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB), often presenting with stroke or transient ischemic attack, and less frequently with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, or aneurysm. To date, the literature includes only one report of LNB‐associated CNS vasculitis presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and rupture of a basilar aneurysm. Objective: We report an exceptionally rare case of LNB‐associated CNS vasculitis manifesting as SAH and a dysplastic posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysm. Methods A 67‐year‐old male with a history of seizure disorder, migraine, and hypertension presented with the worst headache of his life. He subsequently experienced neurological decline, requiring intubation for airway protection. CT imaging revealed diffuse intraventricular hemorrhage with hydrocephalus involving the 3rd and 4th ventricles, along with SAH in the bilateral sylvian and interhemispheric fissures. The patient's Hunt and Hess grade was 4, and the Modified Fisher score was 4. An emergent external ventricular drain (EVD) was placed. A diagnostic cerebral angiogram (DSA) showed a severely dysplastic PICA with multiple areas of ectasia and a 3.5 times 1.5 mm saccular aneurysm, which was successfully treated with endovascular coiling. The hospital course was complicated by aspiration pneumonia and a urinary tract infection, managed with ceftriaxone. The patient also experienced recurrent high‐grade fevers, suspected to be of central origin, although cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was negative for infection. One month into hospitalization, neurological examination revealed bilateral ataxia, gait instability, and mild dysphasia. Follow‐up CTA demonstrated no residual flow in the left PICA aneurysm, and CT imaging showed resolution of the SAH. During rehabilitation, the patient's ataxia and gait instability worsened, and he developed horizontal nystagmus and diplopia. Additionally, a patchy red rash developed, which responded to dupilumab. A repeat DSA at 6 months revealed bilateral posterior cerebral artery (PCA) beading and stenosis with ectatic segments and reduced flow, consistent with PCA vasculitis. Further investigation disclosed a history of Lyme disease 8 years prior, characterized by fever, headache, and chills, and treated with doxycycline. Repeat CSF analysis showed a protein level of 74 mg/dL, a CSF Lyme index of 1.4, and the presence of 4 IgG bands. Initial CSF negativity was attributed to the partial course of ceftriaxone administered in hospital. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with LNB and treated with a 28‐day course of 2 g ceftriaxone. Infectious and rheumatologic workups were otherwise negative. Conclusion In cases of non‐traumatic SAH associated with CNS vasculitis or aneurysm, where infection and other secondary causes are considered, Lyme neuroborreliosis should also be evaluated as a potential underlying condition, especially in patients with a clinical history suggestive of prior Lyme disease.

Abstract BACKGROUND Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor (AT/RT) Is a high-grade CNS malignancy predominantly seen in infants and children. AT/RTs occur throughout the neuraxis but have high predilection for midline structure such as pineal gland and brainstem. Suprasellar location is rare and pure third ventricular AT/RT is exceptional. We report a case of AT/RT in a young adult with third ventricle origin. This is the second documented case of adult third ventricle AT/RT. MATERIAL AND METHODS A 24-year-old male presented with two-week-long dizziness and diplopia. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed a heterogeneously enhancing large lesion in the third ventricle with isointense on T1WI and T2WI. Supratentorial ventricular space was enlarged with Evan’s ration of 33%. He underwent anterior transcallosal transchoroidal approach with gross tumor resection. RESULTS Postoperative course was uneventful with no hormonal deficiency. CSF diversion was not needed. Histopathological examination revealed AT/RT, WHO grade 4, with loss of SMARCB1 (INI 1) protein. H3 mutation was not found. He later underwent cranio-spinal irradiation with local booster followed by high dose chemotherapy (carboplatin, thiotepa and etoposide) with autologous stem cell transplantation. No recurrence was found on follow-up MRI at 10 months after operation. CONCLUSION AT/RT is a rare primary CNS tumor but their incidence among adults is being increased. We report a case of young adult AT/RT with very rare third ventricle location. AT/RT maybe considered as a differential diagnosis for suprasellar-third ventricle lesion in young adults.

The microcirculation system plays a major role in the process of food intake and assimilation by the body. It ensures the distribution of oxygen and nutrients among neurons, taking into account their functional activity. The capillaries of the villi in the choroid plexus of cerebral ventricles remain the main source of cerebrospinal fluid production, which determines most physiological functions of the body. The aim of the study is to identify the peculiarities of remodeling of the microvasculature and vascular plexus of the third cerebral ventricle in rats kept exclusively on a fat diet. Materials and Methods. The work was performed on 20 white mongrel male rats (200–250 g.), divided into control and experimental groups. Animals of the control group were on a regular diet. Rats of the experimental group were fed exclusively with fatty food (sheep tail fat). On the 15th and 30th days, the animals were withdrawn from the experiment. A study of biochemical blood parameters (cholesterol, glucose, and protein) was carried out. After decapitation, the brain was fixed in formalin, brain sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (Van Gieson stain). The authors conducted light microscopy and morphometry on an Olympus B×40 microscope (Japan). Results. The animals showed a significant increase in the levels of cholesterol, glucose and albumin in the blood serum under an exclusively fat diet. By the 30th day of the experiment, the smooth muscles of the cerebral arteries undergo paresis, proteolysis, vacuolar dystrophy, hypoplasia with a sharp expansion of the vessel lumen. Signs of myoelastofibrosis are observed in the adventitia. Vein walls are thinned, the lumen is dilated, intravascular thrombi are observed. In the choroid plexus of the 3rd cerebral ventricle, a deficit of plasma flow through the sinusoidal capillaries with compensatory ependymocyte hyperfunction is noted. Conclusion. An exclusively fat diet leads to remodeling of the cerebral microvasculature, including the capillaries of the villi of the choroid plexus of the 3rd ventricle. All changes are compensatory and adaptive in nature. However, by the 30th day of the experiment, some of them become irreversible.

Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is a leading cause of sporadic, non-epidemic viral encephalitis in children and adults. We report a very rare case of HSE complicated by multiple ischaemic infarcts involving both basal ganglia in a 15-year-old female adolescent admitted with complaints of headache and fever, irrational behavior and seizures. On clinical examination patient was unconscious with signs of raised intracranial pressure, right hemiparesis and meningeal irritation. She had elevated temperature (38.7°C), and anaemia (packed cell volume of 25.0%). Magnetic resonance imaging showed features of Multiple non-enhancing hypodensities in both basal ganglia with mild dilation of the 3rd and lateral ventricles. She was managed as a case of Post-encephalitis Basal ganglia stroke. The patient subsequently developed a repeat vascular event, with suspected haemorrhagic transformation after 4 weeks and succumbed to the illness.

BackgroundGroup B Streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of neonatal meningitis responsible for a substantial cause of death and disability worldwide. The vast majority of GBS neonatal meningitis cases are due to the CC17 hypervirulent clone. However, the cellular and molecular pathways involved in brain invasion by GBS CC17 isolates remain largely elusive. Here, we studied the specific interaction of the CC17 clone with the choroid plexus, the main component of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier.MethodsThe interaction of GBS CC17 or non-CC17 strains with choroid plexus cells was studied using an in vivo mouse model of meningitis and in vitro models of primary and transformed rodent choroid plexus epithelial cells (CPEC and Z310). In vivo interaction of GBS with the choroid plexus was assessed by microscopy. Bacterial invasion and cell barrier penetration were examined in vitro, as well as chemokines and cytokines in response to infection.ResultsGBS CC17 was found associated with the choroid plexus of the lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles. Infection of choroid plexus epithelial cells revealed an efficient internalization of the bacteria into the cells with GBS CC17 displaying a greater ability to invade these cells than a non-CC17 strain. Internalization of the GBS CC17 strain involved the CC17-specific HvgA adhesin and occurred via a clathrin-dependent mechanism leading to transcellular transcytosis across the choroid plexus epithelial monolayer. CPEC infection resulted in the secretion of several chemokines, including CCL2, CCL3, CCL20, CX3CL1, and the matrix metalloproteinase MMP3, as well as immune cell infiltration.ConclusionOur findings reveal a GBS strain-specific ability to infect the blood-CSF barrier, which appears to be an important site of bacterial entry and an active site of immune cell trafficking in response to infection.

Background: The third ventricle of the brain is a small median cleft located in the diencephalon between right and left thalamus; anteriorly it communicates to the lateral ventricles by foramen of Monro, posteriorly connects to the fourth ventricle through the cerebral aqueduct. Morphometry and accurate measurements of the brain ventricles have clinical importance because various diseases affect the size and morphology of the ventricles. Objective: This study was aimed to determine the morphometry of third ventricle of brain by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2020 to December 2020. Patients referred by Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) for MRI were enrolled as study subjects. Total 100 adult Bangladeshi subjects (50 male and 50 female) were selected following selection criteria. Their MRI of brain was done by MAGNETOM VIDA (3T Tesla) SIEMENS MRI machine following standard procedure. The MRI scans were evaluated by registered radiologists. All parameters were measured from the soft copy of MRI scans using RadiAnt DICOM Viewer. Results: The mean (±SD) maximum height of the third ventricle was 23.69 ± 1.13 mm in male and 22.38 ± 0.72 mm in female, that was significantly larger in male (p&lt;0.001). The mean (±SD) anterior-posterior length of third ventricle was 27.17 ± 0.67 mm and 26.16 ± 0.58 mm in male and female respectively, which was significantly higher in male than female (p&lt;0.001). However, no significant difference was observed in mean (±SD) anterior-posterior commissural distance between male and female (26.47 ± 1.6 mm and 26.06 ± 1.00 mm, p= 0.129). The mean (±SD) maximum width of third ventricle was found significantly higher in male than female (4.33 ± 0.41 mm versus 3.68 ± 0.68 mm, p&lt;0.001). Conclusion: The maximum height, anterior to posterior length and maximum width of third ventricle ........