Film Thickness Research Articles

Phenothiazine Derivative-Based Photoinitiators for Ultrafast Sunlight-Induced Free Radical Polymerization and Rapid Precision 3D Printing.

In this work, we introduce twenty-six phenothiazine derivatives (PTZs) that were designed and synthesized as visible light photoinitiators. These compounds, in combination with an amine [ethyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (EDB)] and an iodonium salt [di-tert-butylphenyl iodonium hexafluorophosphate (Iod)], could furnish high-performance three-component (PTZs/EDB/Iod) photoinitiating systems that were employed for the free radical polymerization of thick films of a low-viscosity model acrylate resin, namely, trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) under visible light and sunlight exposure. A commercial thioxanthone, i.e., isopropylthioxanthone (ITX) was selected to design a reference ITX/EDB/Iod photoinitiating system. Double bond conversions of 87% and 76% were measured for the developed and synthesized photoinitiating systems under 405 and 450 nm light-emitting diode irradiation, respectively, and a conversion as high as 70% could be determined under sunlight irradiation─about 23 times higher than the conversion obtained with the comparable system prepared with the commercial photoinitiator. The relevant photoinitiation abilities and photochemical mechanisms are comprehensively investigated by a combination of techniques including real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, steady-state photolysis, cyclic voltammetry, and electron paramagnetic resonance. Notably, the exceptional performance of the photoinitiators enabled the fabrication of 3D objects with precise morphology and superior resolution through 3D printing and direct laser write techniques. These findings not only provide opportunities for efficient polymerization under artificial and natural light conditions but also pave the way for scalable, cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and green chemistry-driven curing applications.

Anodization of Aluminum in a Sodium Hydroxide Solution: Effect of pH on Chemical Dissolution

Abstract The chemical dissolution of anodic alumina film was investigated using the re-anodization technique. The formation of thick oxide films in an alkaline electrolyte is thought to be difficult to achieve due to the high pH value and high solubility of anodic alumina. The dissolution rate of anodic film was found to be strongly affected by the pH of the solution used for chemical dissolution; the film dissolved significantly faster in a sodium hydroxide solution having a high pH of 13.11 than in acidic solutions commonly used for anodization, such as sulfuric acid (pH 0.98) and phosphoric acid (pH 1.54). Nevertheless, the addition of glycerol to the sodium hydroxide solution effectively suppressed the chemical dissolution of the anodic film. The change in solubility of the anodic alumina film in solution was greatly affected by the change in the dissociation of the solute in solution. The results demonstrated that oxide films more than 10 μm thick were produced in an alkaline electrolyte by adding glycerol to the solution. The suppression of the chemical dissolution of alumina by the addition of alcohol has thus been shown to occur not only in acid solutions but also in alkaline solutions.

Temperature and Flexural Endurances of Aluminum-Doped Zinc Oxide Thin Films on Flexible Polyethylene Terephthalate Substrates: Pathways to Enhanced Flexibility and Conductivity

This work investigates the endurance and performance of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films fabricated on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates, providing new insights into their degradation linked to mechanical flexing and accelerated thermal cycling (ATC). The current study uniquely combines cyclic bending fatigue at 23 °C and 70 °C with ATC between 0 °C and 100 °C, simulating operational stresses in real-world environments, in contrast to previous research that has focused primarily on either isolated mechanical or thermal effects. The 425 nm thick films showed high transparency and conductivity, making them suitable materials for flexible electronics and optoelectronic devices. In this work, electrical resistivity, one of the most important performance parameters, was investigated after each mechanical or thermal cycle. The results indicate that mechanical cycling at high temperatures can drastically enhance the crack formation and electrical degradation, with an over 250% change in the electrical resistance (PCER) after 12,000 cycles at 70 °C and more than 300% after 500 thermal cycles. The highly deleterious effects of combined stressors on the structural integrity and electrical properties of AZO films are underlined by these observations. This study further suggests that the design of more robust AZO-based materials/coatings would contribute toward achieving better durability in flexible electronic applications. These findings also go hand in glove with the ninth goal of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals, specifically Target 9.5: Enhance Research and Upgrade Industrial Technologies.

Impact of Influence of Piston Design Parameters on the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of Internal Combustion Engines—A Numerical Study

Piston top rings in the combustion engine play a crucial role in the overall hydrodynamic performance of engines, such as power loss, minimum film thickness and friction forces, by ensuring sealing and minimizing the leakage of burnt gases. This present paper examines the influence of four key parameters of the top ring, such as ring width, ring temperature, ring tension, and ring surface roughness on the hydrodynamic behavior at the ring/cylinder contact. These parameters play a significant role in the formation and maintenance of the oil film, directly influencing hydrodynamic indicators such as the minimum oil film thickness, friction force, power loss, oil pressure, and the ring angle twist. This article relies on hydrodynamic models and numerical simulations performed using GT-SUITE version 6 software to analyze these effects. The pressure curve used in this simulation is experimentally validated for an engine speed of 2000 RPM. It was found that an increase in the top ring temperature reduces the oil’s viscosity, decreasing the film thickness and increasing the risk of metal-to-metal contact. Increasing the roughness of the ring enhances oil film stability, especially at the bottom dead center (BDC) points during each phase of the operating cycle. Further, three different types of ring profiles were investigated for friction forces by varying the speed of the engine.

Spectroscopic ellipsometry utilizing frequency division multiplexed lasers

Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), which measures the thickness of thin films in a non-contact way with an accuracy of angstroms, has been widely used for optical metrology. Several types of SE are available both commercially and in research, although they require specific implementations depending on the application. Here, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate the Frequency Division Multiplexing Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (FDM-SE) technique. With respect to conventional rotating polarizing element ellipsometry, our variant uses discrete-wavelength intensity-modulated laser diodes. This modification enables the measurement of optical properties of materials at multiple wavelengths simultaneously. We further compare the performance of the FDM-SE to a commercial instrument by measuring the thickness of SiO2 films on a Si wafer, obtaining a difference between the measured thicknesses with both methods of less than 5 Å. The proposed FDM-SE technique therefore provides a more efficient alternative to conventional SE with a high accuracy for thickness measurements.

Electrophilic-Attack Doped Organic Field-Effect Transistors for Ultrasensitive and Selective Hydrogen Sulfide Detection.

Doping of organic semiconductors (OSCs) has been developed as an effective means of modulating the density and transfer efficiency of charge carriers; however, realization of effective doping to tailor the chemical sensing performance of OSC-based sensors still remains not explored extensively. In addition, the application of OSCs in chemical sensors is usually limited by the poor stability and low selectivity. Herein, flexible donor-acceptor copolymer-based organic field-effect transistor (OFET) chemical sensors are designed via an electrophilic attack doping strategy. The p-dopant trityl tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl) borate (TrTPFB) can be effectively doped into the host molecular N-alkyl-diketopyrrolo-pyrroledithienylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene (DPPDTT). It is simple to alter the doping efficiency and film thickness (ca. 5.5-17.7 nm) by adjusting the proportion and concentration of guest-host molecules, which endows facile carrier mobility and enhanced sensing sensitivity modulation toward reducing gases at room temperature. Particularly, 1.0 mol% TrTPFB-doped DPPDTT achieved the highest response to H2S gas, including ultralow detection concentration (0.5 ppb), excellent selectivity, high humidity stability, and long-term storage stability. This work can provide a new strategy for the potential applications of the organic electronic sensing devices.

Behavior of TE and TM propagation modes in nanomaterial graphene using asymmetric slab waveguide

Abstract In this article, the conduction of transverse electric/transverse magnetic (TE/TM) propagation modes in nanomaterial graphene utilization of asymmetric dielectric slab waveguide was studied in terms of their applicability in optical fiber communication. Nano-graphene film was deposited on silica substrate and air cladding. Three layers were exposed to electromagnetic waves with a 1.55 µm wavelength and 1 µm thick nanographene film, silica, and air covering to study the performance and optical properties of graphene nanomaterials. The models were influenced by factors such as attenuation wavenumbers, cut-off frequency, mode number, propagation wavenumbers, skin depth, and angles of total internal reflection. The impact of these parameters was assessed through numerical analysis, revealing significant correlations. The modes generated ten numbers of TE and nine numbers of TM mode dependent upon the structure of nanographene, with low loss propagation wavenumber. As the TE/TM modes increase, the decay wavenumbers of the cladding and substrate parameters diminish. This indicates that the magnetic and electric fields undergo extremely rapid decay beyond the film region, which leads to the skin depth for higher TE/TM modes traveling longer distances in the cladding and substrate than do lower-order modes. Therefore, nanographene exhibits good optical properties due to its low absorption loss. The angles of internal reflection are greater in magnitude than the substrate and cladding key angles. Still, in the tenth TE mode, the internal reflection angles are extremely close to the critical angle as a result of the small substrate decay parameter and the near operating frequency. The tenth TE mode is weakly characterized. The characteristics of TE/TM modes in an asymmetric three-layer slab waveguide structure are realized for various mode orders and various parameters of nanographene material. The field profiles of the TE/TM modes are submitted to comprehend these characteristics.

A Universal Strategy for Synthesis of Large-Area and Ultrathin Metal Oxide/rGO Film Towards Scalable Fabrication of High-Performance Wearable Microsupercapacitors.

High-performance wearable microsupercapacitor (MSC) as energy storage components is highly desirable for developing self-powering wearable electronics. However, synthesis of MSC electrode film concurrently possessing large area, ultrathin thickness, and high areal energy storage capability is still challenging. Herein, a universal strategy is reported to synthesize large-area and ultrathin metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) hybrid-structured films by attaching self-assembled film of a wide range of MONPs onto self-assembled rGO film and subsequent carbonization. Combining a template-assisted patterning strategy and a floating film salvaging process, flexible symmetric and asymmetric MSCs based on MONPs@C/rGO films can be easily prepared in large areas. MONP agglomeration is avoided and its pseudocapacitive behavior is well utilized, thereby realizing a high areal specific capacitance of 9.32 mF cm-2 in Fe3O4@C/rGO-based symmetric MSC at a film thickness of only 275 nm, corresponding to a high volumetric specific capacitance of 338.9 F cm-3. Moreover, the MnO@C/rGO‖Fe3O4@C/rGO-based asymmetric MSC delivers a high volumetric energy density of 69.8 mWh cm-3. The MSCs also demonstrate their efficient power supply in wearable self-powering systems. This work provides a new route for scalable preparation of high-performance wearable MSCs, and also enables customizable fabrication and performance tuning of MSCs.

Methane Gas Sensor using Graphene Nanoflakes at Room Operating Temperature

Methane gas is commonly produced and used in various industries, including agriculture, coal mining, manure management, landfills, natural gas, and petroleum systems. This gas is colorless and odorless. High concentrations of methane gas can have detrimental effects on human health, such as causing headaches, visual issues, and memory loss. Moreover, prolonged exposure to higher concentrations may lead to respiratory and heart rate fluctuations, balance problems, and even unconsciousness. In order to address these concerns, a thick film gas sensor based on graphene nanoflakes is proposed in this work to detect different levels of methane gas at room operating temperature. The gas sensor was fabricated using screen-printing technology on a Kapton film. Graphene nanoflakes were mixed with a binder to create the sensing film. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the morphology and X-ray diffraction (XRD) for structural components of the sensing film. Two graphene gas sensors (PF-1 and PF-2) were fabricated using screen-printing to compare their performance to methane at room operating temperature with gas concentrations ranging from 300 to 1000 ppm. The results showed that both gas sensors responded robustly to changing concentrations of methane gas at room operating temperature within 20 s. PF-2 outperforms PF-1, with the result of sensitivity being approximately 0.0000353, 0.0000288, and 0.0000262 for the first, second, and third exposures to methane gas. Both gas sensors also exhibited excellent repeatability characteristics with similar patterns each time exposed to the methane.

Layer-by-layer growth, apparent instability, and mound coarsening in thin film deposition controlled by thermally activated surface diffusion

Thin film deposition from vapor with adsorbate diffusion and Ehrlich-Schwoebel (ES) barriers at step edges is studied by kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations and scaling approaches. Mound coarsening with slope selection is shown at the largest thicknesses, where roughness (W) and correlation length (ξ) scale in time with exponents β≈n≈0.25, consistently with theoretical works but contrasting with previous simulations that systematically showed temperature-dependent exponents. At a given film thickness, we show that the mounded morphology is independent of the ES barrier, so that interlayer transport is suppressed, while the temperature increase of W and ξ is consistent with intralayer transport limited by adatom detachment from flat terrace borders. Initial layer-by-layer (LBL) growth occurs above a characteristic temperature that increases with the activation energies of terrace diffusion and of ES barrier, but weakly depends on the external flux. Subsequently, as the surface roughness is near the atom/molecule size, there is rapid roughening where, counterintuitively, larger effective growth exponents (β>0.5, suggesting unstable growth) are correlated with longer LBL regimes. Similar LBL-rough transitions were reported in organic film deposition and the model application to diindenoperylene films suggests a large ES barrier ∼0.4eV. In the mound coarsening regime, W/ξ and θ1/2/Wξ converge to constant values dependent on surface diffusion coefficients (θ is the film thickness). This convergence suggests mound coarsening with slope selection in SnTe films whose effective β is anomalously large, showing how film morphology can be interpreted beyond exponent measurements.

Effect of film thickness on phase structure of epitaxial non-doped hafnium oxide films

HfO2 has been widely used in the electronics industry as a dielectric material with excellent properties. It has attracted much attention since HfO2 was first reported to be ferroelectric in 2011. With the continuous advancement of research, various methods such as oxygen vacancy control and interface control have been proven to be able to stabilize the metastable polar o-phase structure in doped hafnium oxide thin films. However, there are still some shortcomings in the relevant issues concerning non-doped hafnium oxide thin film materials. Here, polycrystalline non-doped HfO2 thin films were grown on SrTiO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). Atomic force microscopy investigation suggests that the surface roughness of HfO2 thin films increases as the film thickness increases. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses indicate that the HfO2 thin film has a high purity and contain only Hf4+ ions. The band gap of HfO2 was measured by valence EELS and UV–visible spectra. Atomic structures of the HfO2/SrTiO3 heterointerface have been studied by the aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The HfO2/SrTiO3 heterointerface is atomically abrupt and incoherent. Our findings suggest that non-doped HfO2 films with o-phase structure through PLD technology.

Novel indicator film incorporating Dendrobium orchid extract and TiO2 nanoparticles for seafood freshness monitoring

This study aimed to develop a pH indicator film using a combination of hydrocolloids (polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethyl cellulose, and rice flour; PCR film), Dendrobium orchid flower (DOF) extract, and TiO2 nanoparticles to monitor shrimp and crab freshness during 9 days of cold storage. LC-MS/MS analysis identified a rare anthocyanin, cyanidin-3-[6-sinapoyl-2-O-(2-(sinapoyl)glucosyl)-glucoside], in the DOF extract, responsible for its color expression. The DOF extract showed a clear color variation in different solutions (pH 1–13). TiO2 nanoparticles influenced the film's thickness, tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EB), water vapor permeability (WVP), and color properties. Structural changes due to nanoparticles were confirmed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. PCR+DOF+8%TiO2 film showed the highest TS (13.75 ± 0.60 MPa), EB (2.24 ± 1.42 %), and WVP (3.57 ± 1.12 × 10-11 g·m·Pa-1·m-2·s-1) values and was more sensitive to ammonia vapor than acetic acid vapor. In practical applications, the film could effectively indicate shrimp spoilage through color change but was less precise for crab samples. The film effectively indicated shrimp spoilage through a color shift to green on the 4th day, correlating with total viable count and volatile nitrogen levels exceeding safe consumption thresholds. Thus, this film could serve as an efficient diagnostic tool for monitoring seafood spoilage.

Predicting Optical Properties of NiO Films Fabricated by RF Magnetron Sputtering: A Machine Learning Approach

NiO films with different thicknesses (100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 400nm) were grown on glass substrates using the RF Magnetron sputtering method and their optical transmittance properties were analysed with a spectrophotometer. An innovative aspect of this work was the application of machine learning techniques used to derive new insights from experimental data. Four different machine learning algorithms -ANFIS, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Gaussian Process Regression (GPR)- were tested. While the models were trained using films of different thicknesses, a randomly selected 75% of the whole dataset was used for model testing and the remaining 25% of the films were used for testing the models. Among these, ANN and GPR models were found to be the most successful models. Using these models, the energy band gaps were estimated at 1nm intervals and the values ranged from approximately 3.50eV to 3.76eV.

Sol-gel fabrication of transparent ferroelectric (K,Na)NbO3/La0.06Ba0.94SnO3 heterostructure

Lead-free K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN) ferroelectric film and transparent La0.06Ba0.94SnO3 (LBSO) bottom electrode are fabricated on (001)-oriented SrTiO3 (STO) substrate by sol-gel. The characterization results confirm an epitaxial relationship between the films and the substrate, as well as a uniform structure and good crystallization quality of the films. The optical measurement shows that the film heterostructure exhibit a high transmittance with a maximum transmittance of ∼80%. The polarization-electric field (P-E) curves demonstrate that the twice remanent polarization value of the ∼500 nm thick KNN film reaches up to 28 μC/cm2 under an electric field of 800 kV/cm, and the effective piezoelectric strain constant (d33*) is measured as 24.8 pm/V. The dielectric properties of the film are displayed, and the leakage behavior can be divided into three stages of Ohmic conduction, Schottky emission and Poole-Frenkel emission with increasing the applied electric field. This study indicates that transparent lead-free ferroelectric KNN heterostructures can be prepared using a cost-effective sol-gel method and shows promise for future applications.

Thick β-Ga2O3 homoepitaxial films grown on ([formula omitted]01) substrate by mist-CVD

Thick β-Ga2O3 homoepitaxial films have been grown on (2¯01) commercial substrates by mist-CVD with gallium acetylacetonate precursor for the first time. The growth rate of about 2 μm/h has been reached, which is unavailable for any other known epitaxial technique. The layer is characterized by the constant thickness and reasonable structure quality due to low stressed interface.

Bioplastic Production Utilizing Jordanian Zeolite and Kaolin

The study investigates the production of biodegradable plastic films using gelatin as a biopolymer, glycerol as a plasticizer, and natural fillers (Jordanian zeolitic tuff and kaolin) via solution casting method. Key findings demonstrate that incorporating these fillers enhances the films' mechanical properties, biodegradability, and ductility. Increased filler concentration improves film thickness, density, tensile strength (up to 4.97 MPa with kaolin), and toughness while reducing moisture content, solubility, and elongation at break. Biodegradation tests reveal significant weight loss over time, indicating the films' potential for rapid environmental breakdown. The ductility of the films decreases with increasing filler concentration, suggesting enhanced rigidity. These results highlight the potential of utilizing Jordanian natural resources to develop eco-friendly bioplastics with applications in packaging, soil additives, and other industries.

Ultra-thin Atomic Layer Deposited HfO2: Tailoring Dielectric Thickness for Low-Operating Voltage Thin-Film Transistors

To achieve low-power consumption and high performance in TFTs, it is crucial to reduce the thickness of the dielectric gate layer while maintaining a defect-free structure and high dielectric properties. This study explores the effects of varying HfO2 layer thickness on TFT performance. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicates a decrease in oxygen defects as the film thickness increases. The morphological and topological properties of the films were characterized using grazing incidence small and wide-angle X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy. Impedance spectroscopy was utilized to analyze the dielectric properties, showing that the 10 nm HfO2 film exhibited a low leakage current density of 13 nA cm−2 at 1 V and a permittivity of 5.98. The fabricated ZnO TFT with a 10 nm HfO2 gate dielectric layer operated at an ultra-low voltage of -1.59 V, achieving a high current on/off ratio exceeding 106. These findings highlight the importance of controlling dielectric layer thickness for the development of high-performance TFTs and their potential for low-power microelectronic applications.

Development of an intelligent packaging material incorporating betacyanin from red beetroot extract into polyvinyl alcohol films

This research aimed to develop an intelligent packaging material by incorporating betacyanin from red beetroot extract into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) film. Betacyanin was extracted using three solvents (Distilled Water, Ethanol, and Methanol), and films were prepared. The methanolic extract had the highest betacyanin content (416.57µg/100g), while the distilled water extract had the lowest (310.22µg/100g). Incorporating betacyanin increased the film thickness, with methanol-extracted films (MEF) being the thickest (126.36µm). Light transmittance differed significantly, being highest in ethanol-extracted films (EEF) (4.32%) compared to control (3.65%) and MEF (3.82%). Water solubility was highest in the control sample (44.94%), and water vapor permeability was lowest in methanol-extracted films (14.25gmsPa-1 × 10-7), indicating better film quality. MEF had the lowest lightness (L*=31.71), while control films had the highest (L*=38.84). The a* value was lowest for control films (a*=1.97) and highest for methanol-extracted films (a*=6.08). EEF had the highest b* value (b*=6.58±0.95), and control films had the lowest (b*=4.01). All films exhibited low mechanical resistance with tensile strengths ranging from 2.84 to 3.16 MPa. Additionally, these films can detect pH changes, acting as promising colorimetric bioindicators. The study concludes that intelligent films made with methanol-extracted betacyanin are viable for developing pH-responsive packaging for the food industry.

Experimental study of asphalt mixtures with recycled resources: Influence of electric arc furnace slag aggregate roughness and bitumen film thickness on fatigue performance

Electric arc furnace slag (EAFS) is a viable alternative in asphalt mixtures due to its favourable mechanical properties. This study examines the impact of EAFS content and bitumen film thickness (TF) on the fatigue performance of asphalt mixtures. Mixtures with varying levels of EAFS replacement were designed, and their mechanical properties were evaluated through indirect tensile strength and stiffness tests, followed by fatigue tests using the four-point bending method and EBADE (Strain Sweep Test). The results indicated that mixtures with EAFS exhibited increased stiffness, but fatigue performance decreased at high strain levels. At low strain levels, EAFS mixtures performed similarly or better than the control. HMA_GL had the highest TF (13.97 μm), followed by HMA_GS (13.60 μm), HMA_SL (12.66 μm), and HMA_SS (11.77 μm), showing that as the EAFS content increases, the TF decreases. This finding was verified through Digital Image Analysis. This decrease in TF is due to the high porosity and roughness of the EAFS, which in turn reduces the effective bitumen (Pbe) in the mixture. HMA_SL*, with a TF equal to the control, demonstrated a 22 % improvement in fatigue performance compared to HMA_SL. In the EBADE tests, HMA_GL achieved 44.69 MJ/m3 of dissipated energy, HMA_GS 31.55 MJ/m3, HMA_SL 34.45 MJ/m3, and HMA_SS 35.54 MJ/m3. The improved HMA_SL* recorded 42.15 MJ/m3, nearly matching the control. EBADE results confirmed that higher EAFS content increased initial stiffness, but the complex modulus (|E*|) decreased more rapidly as deformation increased. These results are consistent with the stiffness tests. These findings suggest that EAFS can successfully replace natural aggregates in asphalt mixtures, with a moderate increase in bitumen content recommended to improve fatigue performance.

Lithium tantalate film prepared by RF magnetron sputtering and effect of thickness on performance of inorganic electrochromic devices

Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) thin films of varying thicknesses were deposited using RF magnetron sputtering for applications in electrochromic devices. The microstructural, optical and electrical properties of the films were systematically investigated. Microstructural analysis revealed that with increasing LiTaO3 films thickness, more island particles appeared and distributed densely and uniformly. Micro-cracks formed owing to the increased internal stress and the surface roughness increased significantly. LiTaO3 films exhibited high transmittance in the visible spectral range but showed significant absorption at wavelengths below 300 nm. The increasing LiTaO3 films thickness resulted in higher resistance and lower leakage current. Inorganic all solid electrochromic devices were fabricated using LiTaO3 film as the ion conductor layer. The charge capacity (ΔQ) decreased with increasing LiTaO3 film thickness, primarily due to Li+ transfer at the interface. Adjusting the deposition sequence of the of WO3 and NiO layer effectively mitigated the loose fiber-like structures and cavities in WO3. The presence of island-like particles and increased surface roughness introduced higher interfacial impedance and charge transfer resistance, further hindering Li+ transport. These factors resulted in irreversible Li+ insertion/extraction processes, ultimately degrading the electrochromic performance.