Thermal Entropy Research Articles

A comprehensive correlated analysis ofRa-Doped (ZnO2, ZnO) for optoelectronic applications: a first-principle study.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) exhibits bulk-like behavior and is modified by radium doping to attain favorableelectronic properties. The elastic and mechanical response of ZnO2 is much more favorable than ZnOmaterial.The change in thermal expansion, Debye temperature, free energy, entropy, and specific heatleads it to be a good candidate for thermodynamic applications at low and high temperatures. Opticalproperties like dielectric function, absorption, refraction, reflection, and refractive index obtained aftersuitable doping transform the material as optically active. ZnO2 has low reflectivity and zero absorptionbelow the electronic band gap as compared to ZnO in a wider spectral range. Our analyses on doped ZnO2 and ZnO make us confident for a wide range of applications in optoelectronic and anti-bacterial treatmentin biomedical devices.Especially due to high flexibility and high light transmission, ZnO2 is an excellent applicant for transparent electrodes. Density functional theory has been employed in consistency with generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with PBEsol to analyze the structural, electronic, elastic, mechanical, thermodynamic, and optical response of pure and Ra-doped (ZnO2 and ZnO) materials.

Thermal performance improvement of a heat-sink using metal foams for better energy storage systems

Newly, energy storage systems and harvesting energy equipment are modern and important topics in engineering problems, but they still face the efficiency problem. Using the advantages of micro-scale flow and metal porous materials can be applied to improve the performance of these systems. So, the present investigation provides a numerical study on a heatsink employing various arrangements of metal foams inside a heat sink (in the direction and against the fluid flow). The influences of diverse fluid flow characteristics, metal foams' permeability and thermophysical properties of the coolant (using CuO-MgO/water nanofluids) on the thermal efficiency of the heatsink are examined. Then, the variations of convective heat transfer coefficient and pressure loss for all variables are investigated, and performance evaluation criteria are defined to distinguish the simultaneous impacts of improving heat exchange against incrementing the pressure loss. It indicates the metal foams located in the direction of the flow perform better than those located against the flow, which increases the performance evaluation criteria (PEC) of the heatsink between 1.18 and 1.55 depending upon the permeability of porous media. Also, using the nanofluids in the presence and absence of metal foams decreases the heatsink performance. Investigating the impacts of volumetric flow rate illustrates that thermal performance increases by increasing the flow rate. In addition, outcomes reveal that although adding metal foams and nano-additives and increasing volumetric flow rate enhance the frictional entropy generation rate, the total amount of entropy generation rate decreases due to more contribution of the thermal entropy generation rate, that reduces by those variables.

Cosmological and black hole islands in multi-event horizon spacetimes

In this paper, we have analyzed the information paradox and its resolution using island proposal in Schwarzschild de-Sitter black hole spacetime. First, we study the information paradox for the black hole patch by treating de-Sitter patch on both sides as a frozen background (by inserting thermal opaque membrane) and then we carry out similar study for de-Sitter patch also. In both cases, when there is no island surface then the entanglement entropy has as usual the linear time dependence whereas in the presence of an island surface entanglement entropy become constant (equal to twice of thermal entropy of black hole/de-Sitter patch). Therefore, we obtain the Page curves for the black hole and de-Sitter patch consistent with the unitary evolution of black holes. In our case, we have found that black hole island is located inside the black hole event horizon in contrast to universal result for eternal black holes and also cosmological island is located inside the cosmological event horizon. Further, we have studied the "effect of temperature" on the Page curves and found that Page curves appear at later times for low temperature black holes/de-Sitter patch and it exhibit opposite behavior for high temperature. This implies that "dominance of islands" and "information recovery" takes more time for low temperature black holes/de-Sitter patch in contrast to high temperature black holes/de-Sitter patch. We also make comments on the challenges to study the information paradox in SdS spacetime without the thermal opaque membrane.

Heat and mass transport analysis in radiative time dependent flow in the presence of Ohmic heating and chemical reaction, viscous dissipation: An entropy modeling

Objective here is to analyze unsteady flow of viscous liquid subject to an induced magnetic field. The flow is controlled through uniform suction. Thermal equation is deliberated with dissipation, Ohmic heating, radiation and entropy rate are discussed in thermodynamical system. Binary chemical reaction is also addressed. Here our prime focus is to scrutinize the thermal transformation and entropy production analyses. Nonlinear differential systems are obtained through suitable transformations. Resulting systems are then numerically solved by finite difference technique. Influence of thermal field induced magnetic field, entropy rate, concentration and velocity against pertinent variables are addressed. An improvement in suction variable leads to augments induced magnetic field. Reverse impact for velocity and thermal fields is observed with magnetic variable. Computational outcomes of temperature gradient and solutal transport rate are examined. Larger magnetic Prandtl number rises induced magnetic and thermal fields. Higher approximation of radiation intensifies the entropy rate. Higher approximation of suction variable decays the thermal field and concentration. High entropy rate is found against magnetic Prandtl number. Larger radiation corresponds to amplifies the temperature.

Entropy generation analysis on thermo-hydraulic characteristics of microencapsulated phase change slurry in wavy microchannel with porous fins

• Combined design enables smaller temperature gradient and more uniform temperature. • Larger h m and lower ΔP can be concurrently gained in wavy MCHS with porous fins. • Thermal entropy is three orders of magnitude larger than the frictional entropy. • Thermal entropy increases with heat flux but the frictional entropy is opposite. • Lower irreversible losses can be achieved at the cost of higher power consumption. Recent advancement in micro/nano-scale electronic systems, the need for efficient heat dissipation has become more rigorous, and traditional thermal management solutions are facing enormous challenges. In this study, a novel combined design of wavy microchannel heat sink (MCHS) with porous fins and microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) suspension is developed and numerically studied to achieve a balance between flow and heat transfer behaviors. The equivalent heat capacity method is adopted to deal with the phase change process of microcapsule particles in steady and laminar states, and the Brinkman–Darcy–Forchheimer model based on the volume-averaged method is employed to characterize the fluid flow in porous fins. A three-dimensional solid-fluid conjugate model is established based on the finite-volume method to investigate the effects of different coolant types (water and MPCM suspension), geometric parameters (wavy amplitude, wavelength, and channel width ratio), and working conditions (inlet flow velocity, heat flux, and slurry concentration) on the thermo-hydraulic properties and entropy generation of wavy MCHS. The results reveal that the combination of porous fins and MPCM suspension presents smaller temperature gradient and more uniform temperature distribution than conventional design. Larger heat transfer coefficient and lower pressure drop can be simultaneously obtained in wavy MCHS with porous fins than in solid fin configuration. The thermal entropy generation is three orders of magnitude larger than the frictional entropy generation, and the Bejan number is close to 1 for different microchannel configurations. Thermal entropy generation increases with increasing heat flux but the frictional entropy generation decreases. Lower irreversible losses can be achieved at the expense of greater pumping power consumption caused by increasing inlet velocity and suspension concentration. The superior effect of wavy MCHS with porous fins using MPCM suspension as coolant has been observed in all cases.

ANALYSIS OF ENTROPY PRODUCTION OF IMMISCIBLE MICROPOLAR AND NEWTONIAN FLUIDS FLOW THROUGH A CHANNEL: EFFECT OF THERMAL RADIATION AND MAGNETIC FIELD

This paper aims to analyze the thermal characteristics, entropy production, flow velocity and Bejan number profile for immiscible nature of micropolar and Newtonian viscous fluid within a channel. Here, the authors emphasize the influence of thermal radiation and oriented magnetic field on the thermal profile and entropy generation of two different types of non-miscible and incompressible micropolar and Newtonian fluids in a channel. The viscous dissipation and thermal radiation effect are also considered in the thermal energy equation. In this work, the entropy production is analyzed within a channel due to oriented magnetic field and thermal radiation. A constant pressure gradient acts on the entry zone of flow domain and static walls of the channel are isothermal. In this problem, we tried to simulate thermal radiation in energy equation by adopting the Rosseland’s diffusion approximation. According to geometrical configuration of the problem, the conditions of no-slip at the walls of the channel and continuity of thermal exchange, microrotation, shear stress, flow velocity and heat flux at the interface of immiscible fluids are used. The governing equations for the flow of immiscible fluids are solved by reliable technique and exact solution for thermal characteristics and flow field are evaluated. The mathematical results of thermal profile and flow characteristics are used to obtain the Bejan number profile as well as the entropy production number profile. The influence of various thermo-physical governing parameters such as radiation parameter, Reynolds number, inclination angle parameter, viscous dissipation parameter, micropolarity parameter and Hartmann number, which describe the physical significance of the present model, on the flow and thermal characteristics of the model are discussed graphically. The newly obtained results of this study are verified with previous published results.

Thermodynamic foundations of the rational cutting modes choice under conditions of machining

Durability and tribological tests of standard grades of high-speed steels and experimental single-carbide hard alloys with modified cobalt binder, created on the basis of the standard VK8 grade, under conditions of friction and turning of structural steels 45 and 12Х18Н10Т were carried out. The experiments were carried out for various cutting speeds and friction in order to determine the dependence of the optimal modes from the point of view of reducing the wear rate for cutting materials with different structural and thermodynamic characteristics. It has been experimentally established that high-speed steels with high values of thermal entropy have greater wear resistance in comparison with low-entropy grades, and cutting (sliding) speeds corresponding to minimal wear rates are higher for them. For experimental hard alloys grades characterized by greater thermal entropy values of the binder lower wear rates at optimal cutting speeds compared to the base alloy were also recorded; the values of the optimal cutting speeds for these materials are also higher. Thus, high-entropy cutting materials allow machining at higher speeds, while reducing the wear intensity.

Basic thermodynamic description of adsorption of polar and nonpolar molecules on AOGW

In this article, the differential thermal adsorption, adsorption isotherm, integral entropy, and thermokinetics results and their analysis of the polar molecule H2O vapor selected as adsorbate in the adsorbents obtained by the traditional method of thermal and water vapor activation of grape seed waste under the influence of temperature and their analysis, Qd, ΔF, ΔS and isotherm, curves of differential heat, and kinetics of the experimental research results are presented, as a result of which the law of adsorption in active canter’s is determined.

Entropy production with the flow of nanomaterials through the permeable stretched surface with heterogeneous-homogenous chemical reaction.

In various thermodynamic procedures and the optimisation of thermal manipulation, nanofluids flowing through porous media represent an emerging perspective. The main objective of this study, from the perspective of thermal applications, was the investigation of the flow of nanofluid over a horizontal stretched surface embedded in a porous medium. The effects of the chemical reactions on the surface, magnetic field, and thermal radiations were invoked in the mathematical formulation. The non-Darcy model examines the fluid flow in the porous media. The principles of thermodynamics were employed to integrate entropy optimisation methods with the established theoretical approach to analyse the thermal behaviour of nanomaterials in the chemical reactive diffusion processes. Using the Tiwari-Das nanofluid model, the volume fraction of the nanomaterials was merged in the mathematical equation for the flow model. Water was taken as a base fluid and nanoparticles composed of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and silver (Ag) were used. The significance of radiation, heat production, and ohmic heating were included in the energy equation. Furthermore, an innovative mathematical model for the diffusion of the autocatalytic reactive species in the boundary layer flow was developed for a linear horizontally stretched surface embedded in a homogeneous non-Darcy porous medium saturated with the nanofluid. The computer-based built-in bvp5c method was used to compute numerically these equations for varied parameters. It is clear that the magnetic parameter has a reversal influence on the entropy rate and velocity. Temperature and velocity are affected in the opposite direction from a higher volume fraction estimate. Thermal field and entropy were increased when the radiation action intensified. The inclusion of nanoparticle fraction by the volume fraction of nanoparticles and Brinkman number also enhances the system entropy. Entropy production can be minimized with the involvement of the porosity factor within the surface.

Tribological properties of high-entropy high-speed steels under conditions of friction on stainless steel 12H18N9T

This paper is devoted to the study of tribological characteristics of standard grades of high-speed steels (HSS) under conditions of friction on stainless steel 12H18N9T without the use of a lubricant. The grades of HSS selected for research differ in the value of thermal entropy, which is considered as an integral characteristic of their chemical composition. The tests were carried out according to the "pin-disk" friction scheme. The following differences in the characteristics of the friction process have been experimentally established, depending on the value of the thermal entropy of the HSS. Frictional interaction of high-entropy HSS was characterized by increasing the thickness of dissipative structures over time. The forming intermediate layer has a shielding effect, protecting the surfaces of rubbing bodies from destruction, but at the same time it has a large shear resistance, due to which higher coefficients of friction were recorded. The process of friction of HSS grades with low values of thermal entropy is characterized by the convergence of contacting bodies over time. For this group of materials, lower coefficients of friction were recorded against the background of a significant change in the surface micro relief relative to the initial state.

Thermo-hydraulic performance of a cryogenic printed circuit heat exchanger for liquid air energy storage

• The nature of local flow and heat transfer was analyzed using vortex identification. • The reverse flow suppresses local heat transfer and increases the flow resistance. • The air side has larger thermal resistance (∼ 58%) in the absence of phase change. • The best comprehensive performance can be achieved at an inclined angle of 45°. • The pressure drop and heat transfer correlations for the best angle were developed. The liquid air energy storage assisted by liquefied natural gas is a promising large-scale storage method, but its development is limited by the lack of thermo-hydraulic data on the cryogenic printed circuit heat exchanger. A simplified model for conjugate heat transfer was built and solved by a commercial code FLUENT 14.5. Model validation was conducted by comparing results with experimental data. The nature of flow and heat transfer was revealed by quantifying the vortex strength and visualizing the vortex core. The influence of the inclined angle was investigated, and the Nusselt number and friction factor correlations for the best angle were developed. The minimum internal temperature approach for optimum system operation is approximately 6 K, located in the middle of the heat exchanger. Results indicate that the evolution of Dean vortices plays a crucial part in the augmentation of heat transfer. The secondary flow caused by elbows forces the fluid cores to strike the windward side periodically, which disturbs the boundary layer and enhances the fluid mixing. Entropy production analysis shows that the thermal entropy generation has a dominant share of total irreversibility. The best performance is achieved at an inclined angle of 45° since the irreversibility is reduced by augmenting the heat transfer.

Investigation on interaction of quinoline with primary alcohols: An understanding on dielectric dispersion and relaxation dynamics over a wide frequency regime

The complex dielectric properties of quinoline with methanol and ethanol in solution state were studied in the microwave frequency (10 MHz-30 GHz) at different temperatures (303 K- 288 K) by decreasing 5 K steps using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). The complex spectra obtained is used to elucidate the dielectric behaviour of quinoline with solvents. The relaxation time and static dielectric constant determined expresses the relaxing properties of solution. The dielectric permittivity over the entire frequency provides the dielectric dispersion of quinoline complex. The inter and intra molecular interactions are facilitated by the π-electron cloud of aromatic ring and replacement of hydrogen takes place in the nitrogen in the fused ring of quinoline. The correlation factors (g and geff), Bruggeman factor and excess permittivity of the complex mixture envisage the molecular orientation and interaction respectively. The thermal parameters enthalpy, entropy and Gibb’s free energy were determined from the obtained dielectric parameters. The FT-IR spectral assignments indicate the molecular interactions among the constituent of the complex mixture.

Non-similar thermal transport analysis in entropy optimized magnetic nanofluids flow by considering effective Prandtl number model with melting heat transfer and Joule heating

Non-similar convection heat transfer analysis is performed for alumina (γAl2O3) - water (H2O) and alumina – ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) nanofluids flows over vertically stretching heated plate. Considerable interest has been placed on alumina metal as it is used in diverse engineering applications including electronic industry. Buoyancy in terms of temperature difference is incorporated in the momentum equation. An effective Prandtl number model is employed in the energy equation with melting heat transport and Joule heating. Non-similar mathematical modeling is employed for thermal transport and entropy analysis. Non-similar transformations comprising of non-dimensional coordinates (ξ, η) are utilized to convert the governing system into dimensionless partial differential system. Numerical simulations are performed using method of local non-similarity up-to second order of truncation via bvp4c. Effects of melting parameter (M), magnetic parameter (Mn) and volume fraction (φ) on velocity and temperature profiles are illustrated graphically. It is concluded that velocity profile increases for larger estimations of nanoparticles volume fraction. Decline in temperature profile is noticed for increasing values of melting parameter. Furthermore, entropy generation, the skin friction and heat transfer rate are investigated through graphs and tables.

Effects of hybrid nanofluids and turbulator on efficiency improvement of parabolic trough solar collectors

The simultaneous use of turbulators and nanofluids as the working fluid is an effective strategy for improving the thermal performance of parabolic solar collectors (PTCs). In the present study, a three-dimensional numerical simulation was used to investigate the effects of using a turbulator and adding hybrid nanoparticles on the heat transfer rate and entropy generation in a parabolic trough collector. Two types of turbulators are used, one of which is completely new. The heat transfer coefficient, friction coefficient, thermal entropy, viscous entropy, and Bejan number are also studied. Conical helical gear rings used as discs in the absorber tube have shown that the heat transfer increases by 35.7% compared to the case without turbulators. Also, in this case, the total entropy generation decreases by 32.8%. In all cases, the Bejan number is greater than 0.9, which indicates the predominance of thermal entropy generation.

Quantum Chemical Calculations of 3-Benzyl-4-(3-Ethoxy-2-(4-Toluenesulfonlyoxy)-Benzlyideneamino]-4,5-Dihydro-1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-One

In this study, 3-Benzyl-4-(3-ethoxy-2-(4-toluenesulfonlyoxy)-benzlyideneamino]-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-one was theoretically investigated. Initialy, the molecule was optimized by using DFT(B3LYP)/6-31G(d, p) basis set. The molecule’s structural parameters (dihedral angles, bond lengths and bond angles), HOMO (the highest occupied molecular orbital) and LUMO (the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energies, vibrational frequencies, thermodynamic and electronic properties (thermal capacity , rotation constants, entropy , total energy, electronegativity, electron affinity, chemical softness and hardness), the energy gap (ΔEgap = ELUMO-EHOMO), mulliken atomic charges, the surface maps were calculated by using Gaussian09W program. 13C- NMR and 1H-NMR chemical shift values of molecule also were calculated by GIAO. In additon, theoretical infrared (IR) vibration frequencies values which were scaled with certain scala factor were obtained using the veda4f program. Infrared spectra of molecul were formed according to obtained these values. The all spectroscopic and structural data of compounds were calculated by using 6-31G(d, p) basis set with density functional method (DFT/B3LYP) and compared with experimental values.

Dual Synthetic Jet Actuator and Its Applications—Part IV: Analysis of Heat Dissipation and Entropy Generation of Liquid Cooling with Dual Synthetic Jet Actuator

Increasing heat flux restricts the development of the miniaturization of electronic devices. There is an urgent need for a heat dissipation method that will efficiently cool the chip. This paper presents a novel liquid cooling device based on dual synthetic jets actuator (DSJA) technology. The characteristics of the temperature and velocity field of the device are numerically studied by a three-dimensional coupled heat transfer model. The entropy generation rate caused by heat transfer and fluid friction was studied to analyze the effective work loss and irreversibility of the heat transfer process. When the DSJA is turned on, the temperature of the heat source with a heat flux of 200 W/cm2 is 73.07 ∘C, and the maximum velocity is 24.32 m/s. Compared with the condition when the the DSJA is closed, the temperature decreases by 25.15 ∘C, and the velocity increases by nearly 20 m/s. At this time, the total inlet flow is 1.26 L/min. The larger frictional entropy generation is mainly distributed near the inlet and outlet of the channel and the jet orifice. The higher the velocity is, the more obvious the frictional entropy generation is. Due to the large temperature gradient, there is a large thermal entropy generation rate at the fluid–solid interface.

Investigation of a temperature-sensitive ferrofluid to predict heat transfer and irreversibilities in LS-3 solar collector under line dipole magnetic field and a rotary twisted tape

This article numerically studies the performance of the LS-3 parabolic trough collector. The parabolic trough solar system is equipped with an innovative rotary twisted tape. The absorber tube and twisted tape have the same length. Moreover, line dipole magnetic field is applied to improve the performance of solar collector. In addition, the characteristics of the irreversibilities are investigated. Commercial temperature-sensitive ferrofluid is selected for working fluid, and the nanoparticles along with the base fluid assumed to be uniform. The effect of rotational speed, twisted ratio, and line dipole magnetic field are compared with plain tube. The heat flux profile on absorber tube is ascertained by the Monte Carlo Ray Tracing method. Curve fitting method is used to obtain the mathematical function of the heat flux profile. To solve the equations including continuity, momentum, energy, and SST κ−ω model, the finite volume procedure is selected. The more convective heat transfer coefficient occurs by dipole magnetic field, the maximum enhancement reaches over 97% at B = 100 G. In addition, the twisted tape can increase heat transfer by 305% at twisted ratio = 2.5 and rotational speed = 200 rpm. Furthermore, if the twisted tape has rotational speed, the thermal entropy generation decreases.

Finite element analysis on entropy generation in MHD Iron(III) Oxide-Water NanoFluid equipped in partially heated fillet cavity

The present work contains numerical analysis on the magnetized ferric oxide–water nanofluid in a fillet square cavity. The magnetized ferrofluid flow around a rotating heated cylinder is manifested with entropy generation. The governing equations in conjunction with various non-dimensional physical parameters are simulated via Galerkin’s Finite Element Method (GFEM). The discrete system of non-linear algebraic equations is treated by adopting the Newton method coupled with a direct solver PARDISO. A space involving the quadratic polynomials (P2) has been selected to compute the approximations for the velocity profile while the pressure and temperature profiles are approximated by linear (P1) finite element space of functions. The effects of the pertinent parameters have been examined for Hartmann number 0≤Ha≤100, angular velocity 0≤ω≤4 and volume fraction 0≤ϕ≤0.06. A grid independence and code validation studies are also performed. Computational outcomes are represented through streamlines, isotherms and line graphs of other quantities of interest. It is deducted that the fluid move over the cylinder as the cylinder rotates clockwise. Furthermore, increasing the volume fraction of ferro-particles and their angular velocity raises the Nuavg and lowers both viscous and thermal entropy.

Thermal analysis and entropy generation of magnetic Eyring-Powell nanofluid with viscous dissipation in a wavy asymmetric channel

PurposeThis study aims to deal with entropy generation and thermal analysis of magnetic hybrid nanofluid containing silver and gold as nanoparticles (Au-Ag/NPs) in the Eyring–Powell fluid.Design/methodology/approachThe blood is used as a base fluid to study the rheological effects in a wavy asymmetric channel. The effect of viscous dissipation is also taken into account. The mathematical model is developed using the lubrication technique. The perturbation method is used to solve the nondimensional nonlinear differential equations, whereas the pumping properties have been analyzed using numerical integration.FindingsThe impact of entropy generation, Brinkman number, Hartmann number, nanoparticles volume fraction, thermal Grashof number, Brinkman number and Eyring–Powell fluid parameter is examined on the velocity profile, temperature profile and pumping characteristics. It is observed that the introduction of gold and silver nanoparticles boosts the velocity field in a smaller segment of the channel. The temperature profile rises for the increasing values of Hartmann number, Brinkman number and nanoparticle volume fractions while the temperature profile is restrained by the Eyring–Powell fluid parameter. The pumping rate rises in all sections as the thermal Grashof number and Hartmann number increase; however, the Eyring–Powell fluid parameter has the reverse effect. The volume of the trapping boluses is significantly affected by the Eyring–Powell fluid parameter, thermal Grashof number and fluid parameter.Originality/valueThe results are original and contribute to discover the role of hybrid nanoparticles under the influence of entropy generation viscous dissipation and magnetic fields. Pharmaceutical technology may use this research for things like better mucoadhesive drug delivery systems and more productive peristaltic micropumps.

The application of two-phase model to assess the nanofluid entropy generation in serpentine and double-serpentine heatsinks

The frictional and thermal entropy generation rates (S˙fr and S˙th) of two heatsinks with serpentine (Conf. A) and double serpentine (Conf. B) channels with water/silver Nano fluid (NF) were numerically investigated. The results demonstrated that the augmentation of nanoparticle concentration (φ) from 0% to 1% leads to decrease S˙th by 6.36% and 3.51% in Conf. A and Conf. B, respectively, for Re=500. The escalation of Re from 500 to 2000 increases this percentages to 9.93% and 7.51%, respectively. Also, the increase of Re from 500 to 2000 at a constant φ reduces S˙th by 63% and 68% in Conf. A and Conf. B, respectively, due to enhance the heat dissipation. Moreover, the increasing of φ from 0% to 1% decreases S˙fr by 12.41% in both configurations and at four studied Res due to decreasing the NF velocity. Besides, the escalation of Re from 500-2000 intensifies S˙fr nearly by 62% and 67% in Conf. A and Conf. B, respectively. The entropy contour plots reveal that S˙fr intensifies near the turn regions of the serpentine channels. Also, S˙th is intensifies at the entrance of heatsink channels due to the high temperature gradient at these points. Conversely, S˙fr escalates at the exit of the channels due to intensification of the vortexes formed at the turn parts and along the serpentine channel.