Evaluation of hydrogen diffusion and trapping in ferritic steels containing (Ti,Cr)C particles using electrochemical permeation and thermal desorption spectroscopy

Controlling the redox landscape of transition metal oxides is central to advancing their reactivity for heterogeneous catalysis or high-performance gas sensing. Here, we report single Cu atom sites (1.42 wt.%) anchored on Co3O4 nanoparticles (Cu1-Co3O4) that dramatically enhance reactivity and molecular sensing properties of the support at low temperature. The Cu1 are identified by x-ray absorption near edge structure and feature metal-support interaction between the atomically dispersed Cu (mostly in 2+ oxidation state) and Co3O4, as revealed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The ability of Cu1 to form interfacial Cu-O-Co linkages strongly reduces the temperature of lattice oxygen activation compared to CuO nanoparticles on Co3O4 (CuONP-Co3O4), as demonstrated by temperature-programmed reduction and desorption analyses, in agreement with density functional theory calculations. To demonstrate practical impact, we deploy Cu1-Co3O4 nanoparticles as a chemoresistive sensor for formaldehyde that yields more than an order of magnitude higher response than CuONP-Co3O4 and consistently outperforms state-of-the-art sensors. Formaldehyde is detected down to 5 parts-per-billion at 50% relative humidity and 75°C with excellent selectivity over critical interferents. These results establish a strategy for activating redox-active supports using single-atom isolates of non-noble nature, yielding drastically enhanced and well-defined reactivity to promote low-temperature oxidation reactions and selective analyte sensing.

We conducted studies on the pathways of the heterogeneous catalytic decarbonylation of lactic acid (LA) to acetaldehyde (AD) using unsupported NaNO3 and amorphous silica-alumina (SiO2-Al2O3)-based materials by catalytic testing, IR spectroscopic monitoring, temperature-programmed ammonia desorption and the IR spectroscopy of pyridine adsorption. A combination of IR monitoring and catalytic studies illustrated that the catalytic performance was dependent on the content of the in situ-generated lactates and that the interaction of lactates with SiO2-Al2O3 enabled their stabilization against easy dehydration to acrylates and subsequent acrylate polymerization. A combination of IR monitoring, surface acid property and catalytic studies indicated that the AD yield and selectivity to AD increased with decreasing surface acidity. The finding that the ratio of the selectivity to AD to selectivity to acrylic acid almost did not change with varying intrinsic surface acidity indicated that both LA decarbonylation and dehydration were lactate dependent and the catalytic process of LA decarbonylation did not depend on the intrinsic surface acid sites. A probable mechanism of the heterogeneous catalytic LA decarbonylation was proposed, in which the lactates acted as the catalytic active species and physisorbed LA acted both as the Brønsted acid site assisting in the catalysis and as a product intermediate. Besides, the reactivity of LA with SiO2-Al2O3 with regards to the catalytic active species and reaction pathways was discussed.

This work investigates bifunctional nickel-molybdenum catalysts based on mesoporous aluminosilicates Al–HMS with different Si/Al ratios in the hydroaromatization of a model aromatic hydrocarbon. Mesoporous aluminosilicates were synthesized by a template method and characterized using X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption-desorption, ammonia temperature-programmed desorption, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The results show that increasing the aluminum content in the Al–HMS framework leads to an increase in material acidity. Catalytic performance was evaluated in the hydroaromatization of 2-methylnaphthalene in a model mixture with n-hexadecane at temperatures of 220-300 °С and a hydrogen pressure of 6 MPa. An increase in temperature was found to enhance conversion, whereas a higher Si/Al ratio resulted in decreased conversion due to a reduced concentration of acidic sites. The highest catalytic efficiency was achieved over the Ni–Mo–Al–HMS(10)–H-bentonite catalyst at 240 °С and a reaction time of 5 hours, providing a conversion of 97% and a selectivity toward the target product, 2-methyldecalin, of 93%. These results demonstrate the potential of mesoporous aluminosilicates as effective catalyst supports for hydroaromatization processes.

The functional cellulose products have attracted increasing attention due to their natural characteristics and extensive application. Here, we develop a high oxygen barrier composite film by laminating layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with bamboo-based cellulose nanocrystals, which are extracted from wasted bamboo and bamboo pulp, and explore the innovative "solid-gas" barrier structure via CO 2 adsorption. Three laminated structures with various layers and LDHs distributions were designed. The laminated composite films exhibit a decreasing oxygen transmission rate with the increasing layers. TGA, FTIR and temperature-programmed desorption confirm that CO 2 is chemically adsorbed on LDHs and can effectively reduce the oxygen transmission rate of these composite films, while having no significant influence on tensile properties. The optimal film achieves the lowest oxygen transmission rate of 0.17 cm³ /(m²·24 h·0.1 MPa). LDHs distribution affects the oxygen transmission rate and CO 2 adsorption capacity of composite films. This work innovatively integrates CO 2 adsorption into barrier films, realizing molecular-scale barrier structure design. The generated LDHs/bamboo nanocellulose composite films with superior oxygen barrier hold great potential for applications in food, pharmaceutical, and electronic packaging. • A “solid-gas” strategy to construct oxygen barrier microstructure breaks the traditional “solid-solid” structures. • LDHs play dual functions in prolonging the O 2 pathway and filling the free volumes by adsorbed CO 2 . • LDHs distribution affects the OTR and CO 2 adsorption capacity of the composite films.

Dataset of Chilean Oak micropyrolysis over Zn and Ga supported on natural zeolite catalyst in oxygen-depleted (He) and reductive (H2) atmospheres.

Low-temperature methanation technology offers a promising pathway for carbon recycling and sustainable energy storage by enabling near-equilibrium CO2 conversion under atmospheric pressure. However, efficiently activating CO2 at low temperatures remains a significant challenge due to the kinetic limitations of hydrogenation intermediates. We construct a composite oxide-metal interface structure by anchoring highly dispersed CeCrOx nanoclusters onto metallic nickel via an ion-exchange method. This catalyst exhibits superior activity compared to conventional Ni/oxide catalysts with identical composition. Under atmospheric pressure at 220 °C, it achieves nearly 80% CO2 conversion with over 99% methane selectivity and maintains excellent catalytic performance and structural stability during a 240-h continuous test. Systematic characterizations, including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, CO2 temperature-programmed desorption, and in situ DRIFTS reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy, reveal that the synergistic modification by CeO2 and Cr2O3 not only optimizes the electronic structure of Ni to promote CO2 adsorption and activation, but also enhances H2 dissociation and intermediate conversion by regulating oxygen vacancy concentration and alkaline site distribution. Mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction follows a synergistic mechanism dominated by the formate pathway and assisted by the CO pathway. Moreover, the interfacial structure effectively stabilizes active sites and inhibits carbon deposition from CH4 decomposition. This study provides a universal and effective strategy for designing Ni-based CO2 conversion catalysts suited for mild reaction conditions and characterized by high energy efficiency.

Biodiesel is a promising alternative fuel and one of the fundamental renewable energy resources due to its unique properties such as significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, non-sulfur emissions, non- particulate matter pollutants, low toxicity, and biodegradable. However, it is expensive to produce biodiesel compared to diesel fuel due to the expensive raw material. Heterogeneous catalyst was used because it low cost and easy to separate the product. In this study, biodiesel is studied using high free fatty acid (FFA) feedstock which is palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and using different metal-hydroxyapatite (HAP) catalysts; Mg/HAP, Na/HAP, and Cu/HAP. HAP has ion-exchange ability, acid base adjustability and non-toxicity. The catalysts were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett- Teller surface area measurement (BET), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (TPD-NH3), and the biodiesel was identified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography with flame-ionization detector (GC-FID). The optimum parameter used were molar ratio 10:1 methanol to PFAD within 2h reaction time at 65°C. The results showed that only Cu/HAP catalyst works on PFAD to convert to biodiesel due to mesoporous structure as observed in BET, and the biodiesel yield was 40.4%. This might due to presence of strong acid sites that been observed using TPD-NH3.

Achieving productive aerobic oxidation of alcohols in the presence of more easily oxidized partners is a central challenge in photocatalytic synthesis. In particular, visible-light-driven routes from abundant primary alcohols to benzimidazoles are hampered by the inertness of linear aliphatic alcohols and the oxidative fragility of o-phenylenediamines (OPDs), which has forced previous methods to use the alcohol as the bulk solvent. Here we show that halide-tuned CsPbX3 (X = Cl/Br/I) perovskite nanocrystals act as adsorption-biased, band-engineered photocatalysts for this transformation. By adjusting the halide composition, we prepare a toolbox of photocatalysts whose excited-state oxidation potentials are matched to different classes of primary alcohols: CsPbCl3 under 405 nm irradiation efficiently oxidizes linear aliphatic alcohols, whereas CsPbClBr2 under 455 nm light is optimal for benzylic alcohols. For challenging linear aliphatic alcohols, this oxidative dehydrogenative coupling operates with only ∼3 equiv of the alcohol (rather than solvent-level quantities), while benzylic alcohols are converted with only 2 equiv, in all cases using O2 (1 atm) as the terminal oxidant under mild, noble-metal-free and heterogeneous conditions to furnish a broad range of 2-alkyl and 2-aryl benzimidazoles. Temperature-programmed desorption experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that primary alcohols bind much more strongly to the perovskite surface than OPDs, while photophysical and electrochemical studies map a two-step interfacial electron-transfer sequence: alcohol → perovskite(h+) → O2. Together, these results demonstrate an adsorption-biased, halide-tunable perovskite platform for alcohol-favored aerobic oxidation and suggest a general design strategy for heterogeneous photoredox synthesis.

Efficient separation of dihydrogen isotopologues, particularly D2, is critical for applications in nuclear energy technology and environmental sciences. Conventional methods, such as cryogenic distillation, are energy-intensive and provide limited selectivity (S ≈ 1.4). Here, we report a systematic evaluation of diverse MOFs with ultramicropores, open metal sites (OMS), and framework flexibility for D2/H2 separation. Thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and adsorption studies revealed that ultramicroporous MOFs enable preferential D2 adsorption via kinetic quantum sieving, while bimetallic Ni-MOF-74(Co) achieves high selectivity (S = 52 at 77 K) through OMS-driven chemical affinity quantum sieving. Flexible MOFs, [Cu2(nPr-trz-ia)2] and [Cu2(Et-trz-ia)2], show temperature-responsive cryogenic flexibility with selectivities of 1.4-2.3 at 77 K. These findings highlight structural design as the key to advancing dihydrogen isotopologue separation at practical temperatures.

Complex molecules formed in astrophysical ices may exist as different conformers, yet conformer-specific desorption under interstellar medium-relevant conditions remains poorly constrained. This in turn may give rise to uncertainties that impact inferred column densities for these species. Nitrogen-bearing species are particularly advantageous targets to study these issues owing to their large dipole moments, and n-propyl cyanide (n-PrCN), the smallest cyanide exhibiting rotational isomerism, serves as a benchmark system for investigating conformer-dependent ice-gas phase evolution. Here, we report the first measurement of the conformer interconversion barrier of n-propyl cyanide in the condensed phase (2044.9 ± 289 K) obtained using in situ reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Mixed n-PrCN:H2O ices were also examined, yielding a significantly higher interconversion barrier for an 80 : 20 composition. In addition to in situ characterization of the ice, gas-phase detection of products is achieved with chirped-pulse mm-wave detection of molecules during temperature-programmed desorption, where neat n-PrCN ice produces a gauche fraction of 0.80 ± 0.03 in the gas phase. Conformer populations are tracked throughout ice warm-up and phase transitions. Finally, we find that crystallization of n-PrCN in mixed ices is suppressed until the onset of water ice crystallization, demonstrating that ice composition and morphology regulate desorption with conformer-specificity.

A novel and effective palladium catalyst loaded on polymer microspheres modified with magnesium oxide for the telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with CO2 (carbon dioxide) was prepared by using the Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membrane emulsification technique. A series of characterizations were carried out on the catalyst, such as CO2-TPD (Carbon Dioxide Temperature-Programmed Desorption), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy), etc., to verify that the introduction of magnesium oxide enhances the catalyst's ability to adsorb and activate carbon dioxide. The electron transfer between magnesium oxide and palladium stabilizes the palladium active species, and the surface-formed magnesium oxide can improve the mechanical strength of the catalyst and reduce its breakage. Only 0.025 mol % of catalysts were needed to obtain δ-lactones [(E)-3-ethylidene-6-vinyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one] with 57% yield and 95% selectivity under 60 °C conditions using acetonitrile as the solvent. With simple filtration and drying, the catalyst can be reused five times and still has a good catalytic effect.

Catalytic oxidation is widely recognized as an efficient strategy for the abatement of industrial volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the mechanistic understanding of catalytic oxidation in the presence of multiple pollutants under practical operating conditions remains limited and inconclusive. Herein, the interaction between benzene and ethyl acetate (EA) during their co-oxidation over a Pt/Al2O3 catalyst is systematically evaluated. Results show that the oxidation activity of benzene is inhibited by EA, while the oxidation activity of EA is promoted by benzene under mixed-pollutant conditions. Various characterization techniques, including coadsorption experiments, temperature-programmed desorption, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, reveal that competitive adsorption is the primary cause of the decreased activity in benzene oxidation. Alternatively, although the presence of benzene inhibits EA adsorption, the superior performance of benzene oxidation results in the preferential consumption of adsorbed oxygen on Pt sites. This, in turn, promotes the adsorption of acetic acid─a hydrolysis product of EA─resulting in an overall enhancement in its oxidation activity. This oxygen-scavenging effect exerts a universal promotional influence on the oxidation of a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons and various oxygen-containing VOCs. This study elucidates the critical role of the dynamic evolution of active sites during the oxidation of mixed VOCs and provides guidance for the design of high-performance catalysts for the catalytic oxidation of multicomponent VOCs.

The increasing demand for efficient in-process carbon capture technologies necessitates the development of sustainable, high-performance sorbents capable of withstanding repeated adsorption–desorption cycles. In this work, we have reported a sustainable dual-waste valorization strategy for developing a structurally stabilized calcium oxide (CaO)-based sorbent using waste eggshells as a CaO precursor and fly ash (FA) from wastewater treatment plant incinerator as the dopant to reinforce the structural stability of eggshell for improved CO2 capture. Eggshell-derived CaO was stabilized with 5 wt % FA through mechanical mixing followed by the thermal treatment, producing a fly ash-modified eggshell sorbent which enhanced the cyclic CO2 capture stability. The raw and FA-modified eggshell samples were evaluated over 20 successive carbonation-calcination cycles with and without in situ hydration during carbonation. The pristine eggshell sorbent exhibited an initial CO2 uptake of 28.7 mmol g–1 that declined due to sintering. In contrast, the fly ash-modified eggshell combined with in situ hydration (FAESCC&H) achieved an initial uptake of 35.8 mmol g–1 and retained 28.9 mmol g–1 after 20 cycles, corresponding to approximately 25–30% higher cumulative CO2 capture. Comprehensive elemental, morphological, surface, and structural analyses, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, carbon dioxide temperature-programmed desorption (CO2-TPD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, of raw and modified eggshells were performed before and after carbonation/calcination. The results revealed enhanced structural integrity in the modified sorbents due to the formation of a thermally stable calcium silicate and aluminate framework, effectively suppressing CaO grain growth and pore collapse. Concurrently, steam hydration improved the porosity and reactivity through the formation of calcium hydroxide and the development of surface cracks. The work demonstrates a low-cost, scalable pathway for producing long-life CaO sorbents from industrial and biogenic waste streams, offering a promising solution for sustainable high-temperature CO2 capture and circular carbon management.

Hydrogen carriers that enable efficient transport and on-demand release of molecular hydrogen (H2) are crucial for practical hydrogen-based energy systems. Hydrogen boride (HB) nanosheets, composed of boron and hydrogen in a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio, have promising potential as safe and lightweight hydrogen carriers owing to their high gravimetric hydrogen density (8.5 wt %). In particular, heating of HB nanosheets results in H2 release over a broad temperature range from 363 to 1473 K. However, the mechanism of the multimodal H2 desorption remains unclear. In this work, we elucidate that the interlayer H···H distances (dH···H) determine the multimodal desorption of H2 especially in the lower-temperature range (<623 K). HB nanosheets subjected to various temperatures under different H2 pressures were prepared to investigate the thermal stability of their bonding configurations. Infrared spectroscopy and temperature-programmed desorption measurements revealed the occurrence of hydrogen depletion while the bonding configuration remains unchanged. The first to third nearest dH···H, along with the numbers of the corresponding H···H pairs, were systematically calculated for four possible interlayer stacking types. The calculated H···H pairs distribution closely matched the experimental profile for the thermally induced H2 desorption, suggesting that the multimodal desorption of H2 in the lower-temperature range is governed by the distribution of hydrogen distances. This study elucidates the mechanisms of H2 formation in HB nanosheets and provides valuable insights into the design of two-dimensional hydrogen containing materials.

Abstract Although oxygenated benzene derivatives are key precursors in the abiotic synthesis of biorelevant molecules and fundamental building blocks of functionalized polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, their formation mechanisms under interstellar conditions have remained largely unexplored. Here, we report the first bottom-up formation of phenol (C 6 H 5 OH) in low-temperature interstellar ice analogs composed of acetylene and water (C 2 H 2 –H 2 O). Utilizing vacuum ultraviolet photoionization reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry and resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization, phenol, along with aromatic hydrocarbons including benzene (C 6 H 6 ), phenylacetylene (C 6 H 5 CCH), styrene (C 6 H 5 CHCH 2 ), naphthalene (C 10 H 8 ), and phenanthrene (C 14 H 10 ), were identified in the gas phase during temperature-programmed desorption. Among these species, styrene, naphthalene, and phenanthrene have not yet been detected in the interstellar medium, suggesting that they are suitable targets for future astronomical searches. These findings reveal viable low-temperature formation pathways for phenol through nonequilibrium chemistry in acetylene-containing interstellar ices, thereby advancing our understanding of the abiotic formation of oxygenated benzene derivatives in extraterrestrial environments.

This study investigates the catalytic performance of platinum (Pt)-supported catalysts for nitric oxide (NO) oxidation in diesel vehicle exhaust aftertreatment systems, focusing on the effect of carrier modification. Pt catalysts were supported on γ-Al2O3, Ce-doped γ-Al2O3 (Ce-Al2O3), and La-doped γ-Al2O3 (La-Al2O3) via an excess impregnation method. Their physicochemical properties were characterized using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), CO pulse chemisorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Catalytic activity for NO oxidation was evaluated under simulated diesel exhaust conditions, and the reaction mechanism was probed by in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS) and NO temperature-programmed desorption (NO-TPD). The results show that La- and Ce-modified Pt catalysts (especially Pt/LaAl) exhibit superior aging resistance and NO oxidation activity compared to unmodified Pt/Al2O3. For fresh catalysts, Pt/LaAl-f achieves a Pt dispersion of 50.48% (vs. 24.72% for Pt/Al-f) and an average Pt particle size of 5.75 nm (vs. 6.64 nm for Pt/Al-f). After aging at 750 °C for 10 h, Pt/LaAl-a retains a specific surface area of 94.31 m2 g−1 (a 6.3% loss vs. 22.5% for Pt/Al-a) and a NO2 proportion in NOx of 42.1 ± 0.5% (vs. 28.3 ± 0.4% for Pt/Al-a). The enhanced performance of Pt/LaAl is attributed to the formation of Al11La3 intermetallic compounds, which provide additional NO adsorption sites and promote the generation of active intermediate species (e.g., bridging/chelating nitrates). In situ DRIFTS confirms abundant adsorbed nitrate/nitrite species on Pt/LaAl, while NO-TPD shows its NO adsorption capacity (89.6 µmol g−1) is nearly twice that of Pt/Al (45.1 µmol g−1). This work provides critical insights for designing high-efficiency NOx purification catalysts for diesel exhaust and industrial waste gas treatment.

In the current investigation, the solar photocatalytic degradation of two cationic model dyes (methyl green (MG) and crystal violet (CV)) was studied using α-Fe2O3/ZnFe2O4 nanocomposite. The fine powder of nanoparticles was obtained by co-precipitation method at pH = 10 and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and UV-vis spectroscopy. The surface properties were further examined through temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and point of zero charge (PZC) measurements to assess the acid–base characteristics and surface charge behavior of the material. Adsorption and photocatalytic performance were systematically evaluated in both single and binary systems. Dark adsorption experiments showed a better affinity of the α-Fe2O3/ZnFe2O4 heterosystem towards MG dye in both cases. Under natural sunlight irradiation in the individual system, the photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles was significantly higher for MG (81.67% removal) compared to CV (41.70%). Kinetics analysis revealed that the photodegradation of both dyes followed a pseudo-first-order model. In binary systems, competitive adsorption effects strongly influenced the degradation behavior, with MG showing preferential adsorption and higher degradation rates. Moreover, the MG discoloration kinetics followed a second-order model, while CV kinetics transitioned from second- to zero-order with increased initial concentration.

Graphene supported on Si(111) (short Gr/Si) is one of the very few examples of a metal-free carbon catalyst that catalyzes gas-surface reactions. Kinetics measurements indicate dissociation of SO2 and H2S but molecular adsorption of N2O. In addition, spectroscopy revealed adsorbed sulfur after SO2 and H2S adsorption. Experiments were conducted at ultrahigh vacuum conditions, using kinetics techniques [i.e., thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS)], spectroscopy [Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)], and imaging techniques [scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low-energy electron diffraction]. Deviations of the gas-phase fragmentation pattern and multimass TDS pattern were observed. AES revealed adsorbed sulfur after SO2 and H2S adsorption. Thus, SO2 and H2S decompose, which contrasts with N2O, where only the molecular pathway was present. Density functional theory (DFT) confirms experimental observations. Whereas pristine Gr/Si is nonreactive, DFT modeled grain boundary defects (GBD) (as seen by STM) are the active sites for the decomposition. GBD consist of interfacial defects and surface defects (as seen by XPS). Because carbon and silicon are inexhaustible, Gr-based metal-free catalysts would be a paradigm change. Moreover, breaking H2S down into H2 would allow for recycling that waste gas and synthesizing green hydrogen.

The surface chemistry of graphene oxide (GO) and its nanocomposite with 12-tungstophosphoric acid (WPA) (up to 50 wt.% WPA) was studied both in aqueous suspension and in the solid state. The titrations revealed the formation of the composite already in the suspension and that WPA influences GO’s functionalities and their conversion (-COOR to -COOH). There is a loading of WPA (&gt;20 wt.%) beyond which the WPA dominates the chemical character of the GO/WPA suspension. Part of the nanocomposite titrated with NaOH was processed into a powdered form and compared with an annealed sample (450 °C, Ar atmosphere). An FTIR analysis revealed the removal of functional groups in both titrated and thermally annealed samples. Annealing did not induce structural changes in WPA within the composite, whereas titration led to noticeable modifications of WPA-related bands. The TPD measurements revealed that the extent of functional group removal by titration was lower compared to annealing. The zeta-potential measurements demonstrated improved stability of the nanocomposite as the WPA content increased. Methylene blue adsorption experiments showed that the presence of oxygen functional groups and WPA on the GO enhances adsorption performance compared to pristine GO. Titration improved the adsorption capacity of the composites, whereas annealing completely suppressed their adsorption properties.