Thermal Chamber Research Articles

Hospital mattresses: Thermal disinfection against bacteria, fungi and virus

Disinfection protocols for medical items play an important role in the prevention and con-trol of healthcare-associated infections. Regarding mattresses, disinfection with chemical products only cleans the surface, leading to failures in the execution of final processes of cleaning. This study aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ECOSTOVE Thermal Chamber for the disinfection of hospital mattresses. Microbiological analyses were carried out under different experimental con-ditions, considering microbial viability, treatment time and position of inoculum on mattress. Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Chikungunya virus were in-oculated at five pre-defined positions on the external and internal areas of hospital mattresses. Im-prints were done using RODAC plates, before and after heat treatment to evaluate colony-forming unit and microbial viability. The percentage of microbial inhibition obtained by heat treatment of the ECOSTOVE varied between 83.1 to 100%. The best results were observed for the enveloped Chikungunya (100% inhibition) and C. albicans (between 97.6 and 100%), followed by K. pneu-moniae (85.4-100%) and S. aureus (83.1-99.1%). Due to the significant antimicrobial activity of ECOSTOVE, it can be integrated into standard hospital hygiene and cleaning procedures as a prom-ising strategy in the control of healthcare-associated infections.

Development of a monitoring system for technological equipment of a meat processing plant

Relevance. In the production of meat products and semi-finished products, equipment from the 1990s is often used. Such equipment is not equipped with modern means of transmitting diagnostic data and information about the current status via wireless communication, and requires periodic monitoring during the work shift. Lack of timely diagnostic data can lead to equipment failures and unexpected downtime. At the same time, the development of technical means of communication makes it possible to connect industrial equipment to the Internet and remotely receive data on the current state of the equipment online.Methods. The objects of the study were the MULTIVAC R5200 vacuum thermoforming packaging machine and thermal chambers with installed controllers Aditec MIC 2410, Aditec TP 1000, MIKSTER MCC 2100. Methods of object-oriented programming in Python 3.4.4 were used for the monitoring system under study. For network interaction of technological equipment with cloud services, the MQTT-v3.1.1 data transfer protocol was used.Results. The use of a monitoring system based on the industrial Internet of Things platform made it possible: when packing boiled and smoked sausages, to reduce the maintenance time of the packaging machine and the consumption of spare parts, to reduce the production of low-quality products; when carrying out technological processes in thermal chambers, to completely eliminate spoilage of semi-finished products, to improve the quality of the finished product. In the future, the spread of such technology to the equipment of the entire enterprise will make it possible to solve the problems of collecting a large amount of data on the current state of the equipment, conducting analysis and making managerial decisions.

A Study on the Effect of Temperature Variations on FPGA-Based Multi-Channel Time-to-Digital Converters.

We describe a study on the effect of temperature variations on multi-channel time-to-digital converters (TDCs). The objective is to study the impact of ambient thermal variations on the performance of field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based tapped delay line (TDL) TDC systems while simultaneously meeting the requirements of high-precision time measurement, low-cost implementation, small size, and low power consumption. For our study, we chose two devices, Artix-7 and ProASIC3L, manufactured by Xilinx and Microsemi, respectively. The radiation-tolerant ProASIC3L device offers better stability in terms of thermal sensitivity and power consumption compared to the Artix-7. To assess the performance of the TDCs under varying thermal conditions, a laboratory thermal chamber was utilized to maintain ambient temperatures ranging from -75 to 80 °C. This analysis ensured a comprehensive evaluation of the TDCs' performance across a wide operational range. By utilizing the Artix-7 and ProASIC3L devices, we achieved root mean square (RMS) resolution of 24.7 and 554.59 picoseconds, respectively. Total on-chip power of 0.968 W was achieved using Artix-7, while 1.997 mW of power consumption was achieved using the ProASIC3L device. We worked to determine the temperature sensitivity for both FPGA devices, which could help in the design and optimization of FPGA-based TDCs for many applications.

Advances in the Co-Simulation of Detailed Electrical and Whole-Building Energy Performance

This article describes recent co-simulation advances for the simultaneous modeling of detailed building electrical distribution systems and whole-building energy performance. The co-simulation architecture combines the EnergyPlus® engine for whole-building energy modeling with a new Modelica library for building an electrical distribution system model that is based on harmonic power flow. This new library allows for a higher-fidelity modeling of electrical power flows and losses within buildings than is available with current building electrical modeling software. We demonstrate the feasibility of the architecture by modeling a simple, two-zone thermal chamber with internal power electronics converters and resistive loads, and we validate the model using experimental data. The proposed co-simulation capability significantly expands the capabilities of building electrical distribution system models in the context of whole-building energy modeling, thus enabling more complex analyses than would have been possible with individual building performance simulation tools that are used to date.

An Experimental Correlation of Degradation with Cell Reversible and Irreversible Expansion Measurement in Pouch Cells

Lithium-ion batteries are used widely in portable devices and play an increasingly significant role in transportation and grid storage. These batteries degrade when they undergo charging and discharging and also when they are stored (calendar aging). The rate of this degradation depends on how the batteries are used and under what conditions. As the battery is cycled, its internal impedance and individual electrode capacities change, causing a change in its electrical performance. In addition, changes in the reversible and irreversible expansion of the cell are also observed. Of particular concern for pack design is the continued growth of irreversible battery thickness, thus affecting the stresses in the battery pack which is typically constrained to occupy a fixed volume. Understanding these dimensional changes will play an important role in accommodating this expansion over life for pack design.Due to the aforementioned dimensional changes, the stresses that the battery faces at the beginning of life are different from the stress at the end of life when battery expansion is constrained due to packaging. To understand the impact of external stress/pressure on battery aging, we have designed a specialized spring loaded fixture which allows for operating the battery under relatively constant pressure, over the entire cell life, while simultaneously measuring the cell expansion. Battery thickness changes were measured for 82 identical pouch cells fabricated at the UofM Battery Laboratory using Targray NMC 622 Single Crystal cathode powder and Superior SLC 1520-T anode powder. The cells were loaded into the fixtures with 4 different initial pressures of 5 psi (standard beginning of life pressure), 15 psi, 25 psi (expected end of life pressure) and without any applied pressure. A baseline cycling protocol was established which included a modest amount of fast charging and cells were divided into three different thermal chambers to simulate the impacts of environmental temperature (room 25C, cold 0C, and hot 45C). Finally the impact of depth of discharge was also included in the test matrix. Three cells were assigned to each test condition to account for cell to cell variability. Instrumenting all the cells with laboratory grade LVDT expansion sensors would be prohibitively expensive [1]. To overcome the issue we used low-cost Inductive Displacement Sensors which provide inexpensive and high-resolution measurements of battery expansion under various load conditions. Further details on the sensor design and implementation are given in [2].

Investigating a shape memory epoxy resin and its application to engineering shape-morphing devices empowered through kinematic chains and compliant joints

4D printing is the additive manufacturing (3D printing) of objects that can transform their shape in a controlled and predictable way when subjected to external stimuli. A thermo-responsive shape memory polymer (SMP) is a highly suitable material to 4D print smart devices, due to its actuation function and the capability of recovering its original shape from the deformed one upon heating. This study presents the results of employing an epoxy resin in the additive manufacturing of complex-shaped smart devices with shape-morphing properties using laser stereolithography (SLA). To quantify the shape memory behaviour of the shape memory epoxy (SMEp), we first investigate the thermomechanical properties of the 3D-printed specimens in a tensile testing machine coupled with an environmental thermal chamber. This approach allows us to determine the shape fixity and recovery of SMEp. Next, we propose effective designs of complex-shaped devices, with the aim of promoting shape morphing through micro-actuators and compliant joints acting as active regions in combination with multiplying mechanisms or kinematic chains in each of the devices. We manufacture the complex-shaped prototypes by using SLA directly from the computer-aided designs. The shape memory trials of the 3D-printed prototypes reveal quite precise shape recovery of the devices, illustrating their shape-memory. In fact, the inclusion of micro-actuators and compliant joints within the complex-geometry devices allows for local triggering, deformation and recovery, resulting in a prompt response of the devices to heat. Therefore, innovative designs, along with the suitable smart material and high-quality manufacturing process, lead to 4D printed devices with fast actuation and shape-morphing properties. Overall, this research may contribute to the development of smart materials and 4D printing technology for applications in fields such as biomedical engineering, robotics, transport and aerospace engineering.

Экспериментально-аналитические исследования взаимосвязи горючести материалов и параметров источников зажигания в гермобарокамерах с обогащенными кислородом средами и при повышенном давлении

The results are presented related to the experimental and analytical studies of the relationship between the combustibility of materials and the parameters of ignition sources in the equipment with oxygen-enriched media and at an elevated pressure. It is shown that when materials used in the thermal chambers are heated, the temperature of spontaneous ignition increases significantly near combustion limits in terms of oxidant concentration and pressure, and a regime occurs, in which gasification of the sample can take place without ignition. The nature of the ignition of the insulation of the wire and materials depends on the current load. The time from the beginning of the short circuit to the beginning of the pyrolysis process, i.e. before the appearance of smoke, according to the calculations, is inversely dependent on the square of the current strength. The ignition delay time of the materials in the cable composition tends to decrease with increasing current. Moreover, at the same current density, the ignition delay time of materials from a single wire is less than that of a cable even with a current load of four wires. This circumstance and the patterns obtained for the ignition of materials from a single wire allow to conclude that the response time of the current protection for cables can be selected based on the delay time for the ignition of materials from a single wire.

Comparison of measurement and numerical calculation on spectral profile of ablation arc plasma around current zero in high-voltage gas circuit breakers

A product-scale interrupter with a rated voltage range of 245 kV to 362 kV and current condition of 20 kA root mean square has been examined to study the arc extinguishing process and the appearance of absorption spectrum by C2 molecules immediately before the current zero. The latter has elucidated the presence of C2 molecules outside the arc core, where the temperature is lower. The temporal behaviour of the C2 absorption spectrum and the emission spectrum of the S+ ion have been measured, which have indicated that polytetrafluoroethylene ablation gas is replaced by SF6 because of gas flow from the thermal puffer chamber to the stagnation point. The computed spectra agree well with the experimentally obtained spectra and show similarities to measured profiles. They show evidence of absorption by C2 molecules in the continuous spectrum and the reproduced band heads of the C2 Swan spectrum.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКИ БЕЗОПАСНЫЕ ПРОДУКТЫ ДЛЯ ЗАЩИТЫ ОТ КОРРОЗИИ

The use of cheap, environmentally friendly natural products is especially important for the anti-corrosion protection of agricultural machinery and equipment. The studies were carried out on samples of carbon steel St3.Coatings from sunflower and rapeseed oils and their sediments; birch tar and its emulsion prepared with a homogenizer; decoctions of bifungin, black and green tea, coffee, oak bark, potato and beet peels, orange and banana peel, bay leaf, onion peel, field honey, sugar, currant berries, dried garlic, tobacco, black and red pepper, seasonings hops-suneli, celandine were studied. Gravimetric studies in a G-4 thermal moisture chamber, in a 0.5 M NaCl solution, in decoctions of natural products were used to assess the protective properties of natural products. in 0.5 M NaCl solution and 5-9% - in thermomoisture chamber G-4. The application of vegetable oils on a wet surface practically does not affect their protective effectiveness, and application on a rusty one (preliminarily oxidized for 1 month) leads to a significant decrease in the protective effectiveness of coatings: by 33 and 42% for sunflower and rapeseed oils, by 23 and 40% for their sludge, respectively. Sediments of vegetable oils completely protect the steel surface when tested in a saline solution for 3 months, in a G-4 thermal moisture chamber for 40 days, and in full-scale bench tests for a year. The tar emulsion protects the steel surface well enough in a saline solution. Ecologically safe decoctions of common natural products, such as bay leaf, black coffee, orange peel, dried garlic, ground black pepper can be recommended for effective protection of carbon steel from atmospheric corrosion for a short period.

Evaluation results of the tribological properties of aviation oils for aircraft engines

The development of modern heat-stressed aircraft engines is a complex process based on the advanced achievements of various branches of science and technology, including chemmotology. Each new generation of aircraft engines imposes stricter requirements on the quality of the aviation oils used to ensure the reliable operation, including engine oil systems, rotor bearings and other components. One of the important factors in reducing friction and wear-out of modern gas turbine engines is the use of high-quality oils with a high level of anti-wear and anti-friction properties which allow engines to operate under various relubrication intervals. In the domestic regulatory and technical documentation, the anti-wear properties of aviation oils are evaluated using a four-ball friction machine according to GOST 9490, and the anti-friction properties are not taken into account. The specified friction machine has a variety of disadvantages. In this regard, the authors evaluated the anti-wear and anti-friction properties of domestic aviation oils using a versatile vibro-tribometer which allows for the operational properties of oils to be researched under the modes that are the most characteristic for the actual operation of aircraft engines compared with parameters of oil tests by a four-ball friction machine. Unlike the four-ball friction machine, the vibro-tribometer design implements a contact - interaction scheme in a “ball-plate plane” friction pair. At the same time, a thermal chamber is installed on this application that provides constant heating of the friction pair and the tested lubricating oils to the required temperature (from 0 to 150 ℃). It has been found that IPM-10 aviation oil possesses the best anti-wear and anti-friction properties, and with an increase in the tested oil temperature, a proportional increase in wear-out in the “ball-plate plane” friction pair occurs.

Experimental set-up of a thermal vacuum chamber for thermal model in-house correlation and characterization of the HYPSO hyperspectral imager

Space environment with changing temperatures and vacuum can affect the performance of optics instruments onboard satellites. Thermal models and tests are typically done to understand the optics performance within large space projects, but less often in nanosatellites projects. It is even more rarer for an optics payload inside a CubeSat platform, made by a third provider, to do functional tests on their optics during space environment test campaign. In this research, an in-house made vacuum chamber with the possibility to warm up (TVAC) the devices under tests, and wall-through transparency for optics experiments is set-up. In parallel, a thermal model of the HYPerspectral Small satellite for ocean Observation (HYPSO) Hyperspectral Imager (HSI) is developed. The HSI, which is a transmissive grating hyperspectral instrument ranged in the visible to near infrared wavelength, has been tested in TVAC. As thermal control is based on heating the device under test, a new method for fitting the thermal models inside vacuum chambers with only heating capability is proposed. Finally, the TVAC set-up and the thermal model fitting method have been demonstrated to be appropriate to validate the HSI thermal model, and to characterize the optics performance of HSI in vacuum and in the range of temperatures found inside the in-orbit HYPSO-1 CubeSat.

Effect of cork powder concentration and service temperature on strength characteristics and failure modes of adhesively bonded lap joints

In this study, the combined effects of cork powder particles addition and service temperature on the strength characteristics of lap joints was experimentally investigated. Two types of lap joints i.e. single lap joint (SLJ) and double strap joint (DSJ) with two different adherend material configurations were manufactured using a two-component epoxy system Araldite©️ LY 556. CFRP and Aluminum alloy 5083 was used as adherends in the fabrication of the lap joints. Cork powder was added in the amounts of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt% in the host resin and was mechanically mixed at an elevated temperature of 50 °C, below the Tg of epoxy adhesive. The prepared adhesive was then used to make adhesive lap joints. The joints were then tested at four different temperatures of 25, 50, 75, and 100 °C by utilizing a universal testing machine equipped with thermal chamber. The results of the study showed that the joint strength can be increased up to a certain extent with the increase in cork powder addition, however, in general, will be negatively affected by the increase in service temperature. Also, the reinforcing effect of cork powder remained significant even at temperatures close to the glass transition temperature of epoxy adhesive.

Design, fabrication, nonlinear analysis, and experimental validation for an active sandwich beam in strong electric field and thermal environment

In the present work, an efficient one-dimensional finite element (1D-FE) framework considering layerwise mechanics with full electro-mechanical coupling has been developed for the laminated smart sandwich beams submitted to active damping. Nonlinear constitutive relations of piezo-thermo-elasticity at large electric field with temperature-dependent material properties have been considered. The efficient layerwise theory (ELWT) considers the normal deformation of the piezoelectric sensing/actuating patches/layers due to the more significant value of piezoelectric strain coefficient d33. The electric potential variation across the thickness of the PZT sensor/actuator has been assumed quadratic. The state space format of the dynamical system has been constructed based on a reduced order model in modal space. The feedback linearization approach has been applied to the nonlinear system of equations to design an equivalent linear optimal control strategy. An experimental facility has been developed to test the accuracy of the present nonlinear FE model. This facility consists of a thermal chamber with a heating system, air gun, actuation & sensing units with band-pass filters, a smart sandwich beam equipped with PZT-SP5H patches, a data acquisition system, and a computer with LabVIEW software. Open- and closed-loop responses from the present 1D-FE model have been compared with those obtained through experimentation at different temperatures. It has been observed that the current nonlinear FE model correctly captures the dynamic behavior of the vibrating smart sandwich beam at different operating temperatures and strong electric field. The study shows a strong dependence of the PZT materials on thermal chamber temperature and actuation field. New results for a smart sandwich beam are also presented to study the performance of PZT-SP5H patches as sensors/actuators for nonlinear active shape and vibration control in a thermal environment. The effect of piezoelectric actuator/sensor thickness, patch size, position, and applied mechanical load on the active shape and vibration control has been discussed.

Parameters of thermal performance of plaster blocks: Experimental analysis

This work aims to obtain parameters of thermal performance of various types of plaster blocks for vertical sealing. The methodology consisted of making test elements with 8 types of plaster blocks, in addition to plasterboard of different densities. Thermal resistance, transmittance, capacity, and delay were calculated, according to the Brazilian standard NBR 15220. Thermal behavior tests were carried out with controlled heating through a heat source, digital thermometer, infrared thermography, and an instrumented thermal chamber developed for this work. The experimental results corroborated with the trend indicated by the calculated parameters. The massive and hollow blocks of 100 mm had the best results followed by the 76 mm hollow blocks. The 50- and 70-mm massive blocks were among those with the worst thermal behavior. The study through the thermal chamber and real test elements associated with the normative methods allowed the practical verification regarding the thermal behavior of the components.

Multi-scale analysis for solidification of phase change materials (PCMs): Experiments and modeling

We present a multi-scale solidification framework for pure substances using laboratory experiments and mathematical modeling. The multi-scale phenomena of solidification are experimentally captured by the state-of-the-art thermal control chamber and optical devices. In particular, the transient temperature over five solidification stages is observed under various cooling rates, while the nucleation site and crystal evolution are photographed and further processed via image analysis. A unified mathematical model is also developed to quantitatively examine the solidification process at three scales: (i) the supercooling, freezing, and subcooling stages with a time-dependent boundary at the macroscale are analytically solved by Duhamel’s theorem and perturbation method; (ii) the two-dimensional (2D) dendritic growth at the mesoscale is computed by the Allen-Cahn equation through phase field modeling; and (iii) the heterogeneous nucleation at the microscale is numerically simulated. The results demonstrated that the experimental data and modeling were in close agreement with the freezing curve, nucleation temperature, nucleation time, 2D crystal evolution, and freezing time.

Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil During Ex-Situ Indirect Thermal Desorption

ABSTRACT Indirect thermal desorption process of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soil is very complex and difficult to be analyzed by engineering full-scale numerical simulation considering multi-phase flow and interphase heat as well as mass transfer. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a simple and rapid calculation method to guide technology development and engineering applications. In this paper, the method of equivalent specific heat approximation was proposed to simplify the mass transfer process on the material side to the heat transfer process under variable specific heat conditions, and the numerical simulation of engineering scale indirect thermal desorption equipment was studied by coupling the diffusion flame combustion model, weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model, and discrete ordinates model. The heating process of soil in thermal desorption chamber was simulated, and the influence of soil residence time and designed feed rate on process parameters was obtained. The research results showed that soil residence time should be extended appropriately under the condition of less than 1.75 hours and designed feed rate be limited within 4 t/h to ensure reasonable soil discharge temperature that was directly related to the removal efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbons in contaminated soil. Meanwhile, the modification scheme of power distribution of combustion system was further studied to improve the heating uniformity of tubes.

Heat Transfer Characteristics of Oil-Based Drill Cuttings in Thermal Desorption Chambers

Thermal desorption technologies have been extensively applied for the disposal of oil-based drill cuttings. Fluent-software-based phase changes in multiphase flow models within thermal desorption chamber temperature field simulations were examined to study the effects of oil-based drill cuttings fluid content and feed rates, nitrogen content, thermal desorption chamber length and diameter, and extraction tube position on the thermal desorption chamber and temperature field. Our results demonstrate that these factors had a considerable influence on the temperature field of the chamber, with the liquid content of the oil-based drill cuttings having the greatest influence. The heat transfer process was enhanced by appropriately increasing the diameter and length of the chamber and reasonably setting the extraction tube. When the chamber length was insufficient, there was a risk that the outlet temperature would be extremely low and the oil content of the residue would exceed the standard. The higher the feeding and nitrogen entering rates of the oil cuttings, the higher the liquid content of the oil cuttings and the lower the temperature in the chamber. Based on the heat transfer characteristics of the oil-based drill cuttings in the thermal desorption chamber, this study provides a theoretical basis for the design and application of oil-bearing cutting thermal desorption devices.

К ОЦЕНКЕ ИНГИБИТОРНОЙ ЗАЩИТЫ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ТЕХНИКИ И ОБОРУДОВАНИЯ

Possible criteria for the effectiveness of inhibitor protection of agricultural machinery and equipment: integral and differential; quantitative, semi-quantitative, qualitative; a generalized quantitative assessment based on the weightiness of each type of destruction; mass, deep, volumetric; technical and economic; environmental and toxicological, etc. were considered. It was noted that each of the criteria taken separately is not always unambiguous in specific conditions, which can lead to a subjective assessment of the appropriateness of using certain corrosion inhibitors (CI). Electrochemical methods for assessing the effectiveness of inhibitor protection are highlighted as promising, which is associated with the desire of researchers to reduce the time of corrosion testing. As an example, a study of the metal-protective coating-electrolyte system by the method of polarization resistance with an assessment of the contribution of each component is considered. Compositions based on trans-former TKp, industrial I-20A, motor M10G2k, fresh and used (MMO), and combined IR CortecVpCI-368 and Cortec VpCI-369 were studied. Coatings on steel were preliminarily formed during the day. Comparison of the results on the protective effectiveness of compositions in I-20A with those also obtained by the method of polarization curves and gravimetric methods in a 0.5 M NaCl solution and in a thermal moisture chamber G-4 showed qualitatively similar results, which indicates the reliability of the results obtained by the method of polarization resistance. The maximum protective efficiency is observed for compositions based on MMO with an IC concentration of 3 -10 wt. % in MMO.

Moisture sorption isotherms of whole and fractionated date-pits: Measurement and theoretical modelling

Moisture sorption properties of whole date-pits (WDP) and three fractionated date-pits; defatted date-pits (DDP), residue (REP) and supernatant (SUP) fractions were studied. Sorption isotherms were measured using Differential Thermal and Humidity chamber at different temperatures (10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 °C) and relative humidity ranged from 0.05 to 0.9. Crossovers of isotherm curves were observed for all fractions between different temperatures. At 30 °C, BET-monolayers of WDP, DDP, REP and SUP were 4.9, 4.2, 3.8 and 3.2 g/100 g ds, respectively. The complete isotherms (i.e. 0.05–0.90 water activity) were modelled by GAB with high coefficient of determination (i.e. 0.944 to 0.999). In the cases of WDP and DDP, the isosteric heat plots showed increasing trends with the decreased moisture and peaks at moisture 0.025 and 0.040 g/100 g ds. Unlike all fractions, DDP isokinetic temperatures Tis (i.e. 97.4 °C) was lower than isobound temperatures Tib (i.e. 145.0 °C) indicating complete removal of bound water occurred at higher temperature as compared to the temperature when all reactions reached at the same. The moisture sorption isotherm characteristics could be used in determining the end point of drying and storage stability as well as packaging design of the date-pits and their fractions.

Experimental study on the effects of exercise intensity and thermal environment on thermal responses

Public exercise facilities have recently emerged across China. This study aims to investigate the impacts of exercise intensity and thermal environment on thermal responses as well as examine the dynamic changes and differences in thermal responses during exercise. Using a controlled thermal chamber, university students were assessed at varying walking speeds under six thermal conditions, from −15 to 35 °C. Their psychological and physiological responses were observed and recorded in real time during the thermal adaption, exercise, and rest phase. Firstly, the exercise intensity significantly affected heart rate and metabolic rate, whereas the thermal environment had no significant effect. The effect of the thermal environment on skin temperature, thermal sensation vote (TSV), and thermal comfort vote (TCV) was more pronounced than that of exercise intensity. Secondly, during exercise, the metabolic rate took 6–9 min to stabilise, and the psychological response lagged compared to the physiological response. Thermal sensation was closest to neutral at 15 °C, 5 °C, and −5 °C when walking at 3 km/h, 4.50 km/h, and 6 km/h, respectively. Thermal comfort vote (TCV) levels were greater for higher exercise intensities at −15 to 5 °C, lower for higher exercise intensities at 25–35 °C, and similar for varied exercise intensities at 15 °C. Finally, current thermal comfort guidelines underestimate the exercise metabolic rate by at least 9.7%. This study helps clarify the dynamic changes and influence factors of thermal responses during exercise and provides a reference for future research on exercisers’ thermal responses.