Migration Theory Research Articles

In pursuit of a ‘good enough life’: Chinese ‘educational exiles’ in Lisbon and Budapest

ABSTRACT This article examines how middle-class families from China are using ‘golden visa’ investment schemes to settle in Portugal and Hungary to pursue postmaterial motivations: instead of seeking capital accumulation, they set out in search of a more meaningful life and improve their quality of life by securing less stressful education for their children. By reviewing lifestyle migration literature, we introduce the concept of ‘lifestyle exiles’ which shifts the perspective from narratives of leisure to narratives of escape. We base our argumentation on qualitative research conducted with Chinese golden visa migrants in Lisbon and Budapest, as we analyse their aspirations to move. Our findings suggest the need to understand lifestyle migration from an ‘exile’ perspective which enables us to theorise these privileged middle-class families as ‘educational exiles’. In the conclusion, we revisit the notion of lifestyle exiles, discussing its potential contribution for migration theory.

Consumers’ Intention to Switch from Green and Conventional Cosmetics

Consumers play an essential role in consuming activities since it can impact environmental preservation. However, previous research stated that the ineffectiveness of green products resulted in consumers choosing to use conventional products. Hence, this study aims to determine the factors that cause consumers to switch from green products to conventional products in cosmetics. The theory applied in explaining the phenomenon is migration theory by using the push-pull-mooring framework. The subjects of this study were 205 green cosmetics consumers who collected the data using questionnaires. Based on the results of data analysis, the pull factors and push factors are the most decisive factors that influence the consumers switching intention to conventional cosmetics. Meanwhile, the mooring factors does not moderate the push and pull factors on the customers’ switching intentions to conventional cosmetics.

A few-shot sample augmentation algorithm based on SCAM and DEPS for pump fault diagnosis

In recent years, pumps have become critical components in agriculture, industry, and the military, necessitating extensive development and implementation of the fault diagnosis method. In the majority of existing fault classification models, the connection between performance improvement and the amount of training data remains high, yet real-world samples are difficult to obtain. Combining domain migration theory and sample expansion method, this paper introduces a few-shot learning fault diagnosis method. Employing the T-SNE visualization algorithm, we examine the validity of the self-calibration attention mechanism (SCAM) and distribution edge prediction strategy (DEPS). The accomplishment demonstrated that the proposed algorithm could effectively map the expanded sample space within a separate interval, thereby avoiding the problem of feature aliasing caused by the overlap of sample features among similar categories and significantly enhancing the quality and quantity of training samples. The experimental analysis indicates that the proposed methodology can effectively increase the accuracy of few-shot tasks, especially in the 9way-15shot task, where it maintains a performance of 72 %, which leading the mean accuracy calculated from the others of about 30%. It is believed that much of the work has superior applicability to other few-shot diagnosis cases.

Assisted migration and plant invasion: importance of belowground ecology in conifer forest tree ecosystems

This paper reviews and discusses the main features of biological invasion by plants and the assisted migration theory referencing a critical common factor—belowground ecology. The risk of a plant becoming invasive and the potential failure of assisted migration programs depend on the presence or absence of soil microorganisms that regulate key ecosystem processes and mitigate adverse environmental conditions. This biotic interaction should be considered in the selection of sites for afforestation programs since it is as important as temperature and precipitation regarding conservation decisions, and assisted migration practices in response to climate change. Fungal species should be determined and included in climate change mitigation programs to avoid disease outbreaks and ensure the presence of beneficial mutualistic species in sites selected for assisted migration. Plants considered for assisted migration should pose a low risk of becoming invasive for having establishment difficulties per se. However, the real threat is that they may displace other species, introduce pathogens, or trigger disease outbreaks in introduction sites that nullify assisted migration efforts.

Migration linguistics

AbstractMigration, among the most important sociocultural phenomena of contemporary global societies, is complex, dynamic, and multifaceted. At the heart of migration is language, the indispensable agent of migration. Hence, in this article, a new sub-discipline of linguistics is presented, and that is ‘migration linguistics’. It is the interdisciplinary and multidimensional study of the various aspects of language within the dynamic process of human mobility. And a linguistic theory of migration postulates that: (1) Language is an essential element in the migration process; (2) an individual’s acquisition, learning, and use of language significantly changes as a result of migration; and (3) migrants must be understood in the languages they can use, taught the destination language, and provided basic and essential services understandable to them. The interdisciplinary nature of this new sub-discipline of linguistics is enriched by a variety of approaches and methodologies in solving issues relative to language in the context of migration.

DAMPAK PERUBAHAN IKLIM TERHADAP MIGRASI LINGKUNGAN DAN KEAMANAN MANUSIA DI BANGLADESH

The research explains the impact of climate change which resulted in environmental migration from Bangladesh to India. This study aims to analyze the impact of climate change on environmental migration from Bangladesh to India. The method used is a qualitative method with data collection through literature studies with the concept of human security by UNDP and the theory of environmental migration by Graeme Hugo. The results of this study indicate that the impact of climate change which is massively occurring in Bangladesh raises "push" and "pull" factors which result in environmental migration from Bangladesh to India. However, there are obstacles in the form of the entry of Bangladeshi people into India illegally and the implementation of policies that have limited information. This research can be used as a reference for further research.

The average effectiveness of local migration exchanges

AbstractWe develop a measure of the average effectiveness of migration exchanges with destinations, for local origins. We also decompose this new measure into components summarising the average effectiveness of a region's exchanges with places for which it has net out‐migration, and places for which it has net in‐migration. This makes it possible to define regions that are effective exchangers, balanced exchangers, effective gainers, or effective losers, with respect to their migration exchange patterns. This is discussed in the context of the measure's ability to add insights to migration theory. In addition, we provide an application of the approach to intercounty migration for counties in New York State.

Endometriosis of the umbilical ring

Objective. To present a clinical case of diagnosis and surgical treatment of one of the forms of extragenital endometriosis – umbilical ring endometriosis.Materials and methods. A clinical case of patient M., 33 years old, female, with diagnosed and operated endometrial heterotopia in the projection of the soft tissues of the umbilical region.Results. The probable role of the migration theory of the pathogenesis of endometriosis is demonstrated due to the lack of a history of surgical treatment in this area.Conclusion. The migration theory of the pathogenesis of endometriosis can be explained by the mechanism of retrograde penetration of endometrial cells through blood and/or lymphatic vessels from the pelvic cavity.

Investigations on CO2 migration and flow characteristics in sandstone during geological storage based on laboratory injection experiment and CFD simulation

CO2 geological storage in tight sandstone reservoirs is an effective method of CO2 capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). CO2 migration and flow characteristics in sandstone during geological storage affect the physical and mechanical properties of rocks significantly. In this study, laboratory injection experiments combined with X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanning and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical simulation have been conducted to investigate the effect of geological and engineering parameters on CO2 migration and flow characteristics. The results show that: (1) The injection rate and injection pressure affect the Sc-CO2 migration path. Moreover, the fluid velocity and fluid pressure affect the pressure distribution in pores significantly. Limiting the injection rate and pressure during the CO2 geological storage is beneficial for the stability of the storage. (2) The pressure distribution of the fluid changes with orders of magnitude depending on the injection pressure. However, the overall transient relative pressure is almost consistent and the fluid pressure in the bending section of the bending pores exhibits a linearly decreasing trend. (3) SEM tests provide a connection between laboratory experiments and CFD simulation on microscopic scale. The injection pressure and the acoustic emission (AE) energy have a positive correlation to a certain extent. The Sc-CO2 migration path could be forecasted preliminarily through the fluctuation of the injection pressure-time curves and AE response. The results enrich the theory of CO2 migration and flow characteristics during CO2 geological storage.

The Push-Pull Effect of Literature on Human Migration: A Reflection

Migration involves the movement of humans or animals from one place to another. This movement could be on temporary or permanent bases. Migration could happen when people go in search of better source of income, higher standard of living, more secured society, presence of infrastructure and so on. However, sometimes the reason people move from and to a place is not certain. This study was carried out to ascertain if literature has any role to play in people’s decisions to move from their current abode and to their destinations. The theory adopted for the study was the Push-Pull Theory of Migration. The study revealed that literature can be used to expose a society’s positive and negative way of life, propagate or negate a philosophy, affect a reader’s psychology, and so on. As a result, the researcher concludes that literature is a factor that influences migration.

The Origin of Universality in the Inner Edges of Planetary Systems

The characteristic orbital period of the innermost objects within the galactic census of planetary and satellite systems appears to be nearly universal, with P on the order of a few days. This paper presents a theoretical framework that provides a simple explanation for this phenomenon. By considering the interplay between disk accretion, magnetic field generation by convective dynamos, and Kelvin–Helmholtz contraction, we derive an expression for the magnetospheric truncation radius in astrophysical disks and find that the corresponding orbital frequency is independent of the mass of the host body. Our analysis demonstrates that this characteristic frequency corresponds to a period of P ∼ 3 days although intrinsic variations in system parameters are expected to introduce a factor of a ∼2–3 spread in this result. Standard theory of orbital migration further suggests that planets should stabilize at an orbital period that exceeds disk truncation by a small margin. Cumulatively, our findings predict that the periods of close-in bodies should span P ∼ 2–12 days—a range that is consistent with observations.

Novel visible-light-driven direct Z-scheme WO3/Mn-ZIF-67 heterojunctions with facilitation photocatalytic activity

In order to alleviate the problem of water resource pollution, the exploration of visible-light driven excellent photocatalysts is an important issue for worldwide sustainable green energy systems. In this work, a novel binary hybrid nanocomposite WO3/Mn-ZIF-67 heterojunction photocatalyst was prepared through simple template method. It was based on the particular structure and performance of metal-organic framework (MOFs), and the structure of the heterojunction photocatalyst was expressed by SEM, TEM, FT-IR, DRS, XPS, PXRD and EIS. The novel WO3/Mn-ZIF-67 heterostructure showed more efficient photocatalytic properties for Tetracycline (TC) decomposition and hydrogen production than that of WO3 monomer and Mn-ZIF-67 monomer under simulated light, respectively. Owing to the active radical catch and ESR experiments, a rational solid-state Z-model electron migration theory was rendered. Z-model mechanism can neatly be obligated to the raised degradative capacity of the photocatalytic reaction. The wonderful high-efficiency photocatalytic decomposability of heterojunction was mainly due to: (i) the WO3 structure improved dramatically the light absorption efficiency of the photocatalyst. (ii) the doped Mn enhanced the photoelectric properties of ZIF-67. (iii) contact with the close interface between WO3 and Mn-ZIF-67 produced efficient charge separation and migration.

South Asian students’ migration to, within and from Finland and Sweden: connecting the dots to arrivals and departures

Much of the current research on international student migration is focused on home-to-host and stay-or-leave migration behaviours. However, there is a possibility that international students might migrate within the host country before making their final stay-or-leave migration decisions. This paper adapts stepwise migration theory as an analytical tool with which to investigate the migration behaviour of Indian and Pakistani students. Based on 57 interviews and extensive participant observation, it analyses the factors that prompt South Asian student migration to, within and, subsequently for some, from Finland and Sweden. The findings support the argument that international student migration is multistage. Initial origin-to-destination migration is often insufficient to meet the high-set ambitions of talented young migrants. Disappointment with perceived missing opportunities in the university city or town lays the basis for subsequent intercity and stay-or-leave migration stages. Subsequent migration within the destination country impacts on the students’ stay-or-leave aspirations, while the origin-country situation influences return-or-onward migration decisions.

The Indo-European (IE) Linguistic Spread and the ‘Homeland Problem’ Revisited

The nineteenth and early twentieth-century intellectual claim to European ancestry stems from the ‘Aryan Myth’—the linguistic equating of Iranians as direct descendants of Aryans, or Indo-Europeans. The historical genesis of the word ‘Aryan’ was influenced by The First Persian Empire (550-330 B.C.E.) in reference to an Iranian homeland, and by nineteenth-century Western linguists’ associations with the ancestral Indo-Europeans (IE).1 Notable philologists examining the ‘homeland problem’ have shown a standard concern towards the accuracy of scholarship on Indo-European origins. Ara (2008) decodes Indo-European origins and spread that gradually led to affiliations between Indo-Iranians and the ‘Aryan’ label. The onomastics approach would suggest that the proto-language left identifiable clues in the landscape itself (Mallory & Adams, 2006, p. 447). Dyen’s (1956) linguistic migration and homeland theory cites a European homeland accepted since the nineteen hundreds. Nichols’ (1997) analysis of the Indo-European migrations from 4,000 to 3,500 B.C.E. points to a locus of language dispersal within western central Asia (p. 134). Mallory (1989) and Kuzmina (1994a) favor a Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Pontic-Caspian steppe region from the fifth to fourth millennium B.C.E.2 (Lamberg-Karlovsky, 2004, p. 142). The accurate whereabouts of the Indo-European and daughter Indo-Iranian language group have been reviewed from various fields and by abundant methodologies, including the eschatological, anthropological, linguistic, and archaeological—all adding to the convoluted nature of scholarship on the Aryan question. The academic search for an Iranian homeland raises the inquiry of how ethnicity and region become tantamount to politicized and prejudiced topics on the account of misappropriations of a linguistic concept. An archaeological and lexicostatistic excavation of the conservative nature to review the genesis of Aryan homeland origins may help diverge from the aggrandized ethnological, ethnographic, and anthropometric evidence that has ramified an essentialist nomenclature of the Indo-Iranians in the eighteen and nineteen hundreds.

Inimitable Elements Impacting Student Mobility Among Developing Countries and Developed Countries

Purpose: The current investigation examines the uniqueness of the determinants that drives students flow to developing countries to study abroad. The study also compares these determinants with the factors influencing student mobility toward the developed world. The theoretical framework: Various theories and models such as new migration theory, liberalisation & competition, push and pull factor model are taken as theoretical backdrop and for econometric estimation augmented models are developed by selecting relevant variables. Methodology: Data is collected on variables from distinct sources, and panel data is prepared. Static and dynamic panel estimation is used adopting fixed effects, random effects, conditional fixed effects and Poisson random effects models. Findings: It is concluded that return on investment, the value of degree, cost of living, and skill orientation make developing a preferred destination. In contrast, factors like seeking employment and a high-income level make them preferred over developing countries. Economic forces drive student mobility globally and within developing countries. It includes opportunities to earn income, employment in host countries (in case of developed host countries) and home countries (in case of developing countries), and cost of living. Research Policy Implications: The study postulates policy implications in terms of attracting foreign students by understanding the dynamics of their choices, as the factors that influence the decisions to study abroad are distinct when it comes to choose a developed nation as a destination or a developing nation as a destination. Originality/Value: The study adds to the existing body of knowledge new dimensions on inward student mobility especially towards developing countries. This helps the educators and policymakers to understand the dynamics in more detail and device appropriate strategies to attract foreign students to domestic shores.

Cross Border Migration and Unemployment in Nigeria and Benin Republic, 1999-2020

Purpose: This paper explored nexus between the cross-border migration and unemployment in Nigeria and the Benin Republic comparatively between 1999 and 2020.
 Methodology: The study adopted classical migration theory as the theoretical framework and data were sourced from the secondary Sources such as; Journal articles, bulletin, newspaper the United Nations, World Bank development index, International Monetary Fund, and international organizations for migration. The data collated were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient.
 Findings: The findings revealed that there is a significant negative relationship between cross border migration and unemployment in Nigeria while for Benin Republic; there is a negative but insignificant relationship between cross border and unemployment. The paper thus concludes that cross border migration reduces the rate of unemployment in Nigeria, but has no impact in Benin Republic.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The paper recommended that; for policymakers in both countries there is need for a stronger legal framework for a cross border movement of people, including enhanced institutions and control of immigration; also, there should be zero tolerance on corruption, and the need to create jobs for the teeming youths.

Methodological approach to establishing incentives and readiness for labor migration of the digital generation – youth students

The relevance of youth students’ incentives and readiness for labor migration study is related to the challenges in the regional labor markets of the Russian Federation. The aim is to substantiate the approach for the study of the incentives and readiness for labor migration of the digital generation. To develop the methodological approach neoclassical migration theory, principles of new economic theory, migration model of E. Lee are taken. The system model is developed considering D. Tapscott’s network generation concept and SberCIB Investment Research analytics of Generation Z consumer practices. As a result, a systematic model of digital generation stimuli and readiness for labor migration research in the context of educational strategies and work experience is presented. The approach allows, firstly, to establish educational strategies of student youth: career-oriented (I); status-oriented (II); psychological comfort and creativity (III); forced learning (IV); random choice (V). Secondly, to determine correlations between educational strategies and labor practices of young people. For this purpose it is proposed to single out following groups: working students (R); with work experience (O); not working and not planning (N); not working but planning (P). Thirdly, to determine incentives and identify readiness for labor migration for each of the groups.

Internal Migration During COVID-19 Pandemic: An Analysis Through the Lens Of Social Organisations

In March 2020, a large number of people moved from cities to their homes in rural areas, and a few months later, many returned to cities. These journeys were undertaken not only during the COVID-19 pandemic against the advisory of governments and public health experts, but the circumstances of travel were also under extreme hardship. How may we understand this intense response by people? By drawing on the migration theory and the roles of social ties or social organisation, we can better explain peoples’ reactions during this pandemic. Notably, we find non-material values, such as the dignity of labour or responsibilities to family, are significant to decision -making, and there is a desire not to compromise on these values. Further, our analyses find that the distinction between pre-disaster and post-disaster situations may not be helpful.

Does Outmigration of Unskilled Labourer from Domestic Agriculture Affect Household Income Sources Differently at Origin? Evidence from Assam, India

The study aims at examining the impact of outmigration of unskilled labourer from domestic agriculture on household income sources with farm level data collected from central Brahmaputra valley of Assam. The regression results confirm that outmigration of unskilled labourer from domestic agriculture is associated with the reduction in household income sources. However, the reinvestment of remittances partially offsets household’s loss of family labour effects through rising farm and off-farm income. Though, influx of remittances has not significantly increased household income, however, it has assisted in sustaining agricultural operation and other household activities. The findings of the study offer evidence in support of New Economics of Labour Migration theory. JEL: J21, J62

Peridynamic modeling of hydrogen-assisted white etching cracks in bearing steel under rolling contact fatigue

A coupled mechanical-diffusion peridynamic(PD) fatigue model is proposed to simulate hydrogen-assisted white etching cracks(WEC) in bearing steel under rolling contact fatigue(RCF). The PD model of microstructural alteration is established based on the dislocation-assisted carbon migration theory to simulate the formation of the dark etching region(DER) and white etching area(WEA), and its validity is demonstrated by reported experimental observations. The PD stress-assisted diffusion model is utilized to simulate the diffusion of hydrogen. Then the polycrystalline fatigue simulation is implemented to analyze the evolution of hydrogen-assisted WEC. Moreover, this study discusses the effects of contact conditions and internal inclusions on WEC evolution.