Interest In Theory Research Articles

Fostering Motivation in Physical Education to Promote Learning and Achievement

Research exploring motivation has yielded a robust body of evidence to guide efforts to improve teaching and learning in physical education (PE). We begin by defining motivation and achievement within the context of PE. Given the extensive and diverse motivational perspectives, we purposely selected three widely studied theories in PE, achievement goal theory, self-determination theory, and interest theory, as the focus of our review. These theories have guided many investigations and the development of pedagogical practice over the past 3 decades. We elaborate on these theories and then synthesize recently published intervention studies to provide an interpretive analysis of the literature. This analysis has enabled us to identify gaps that need to be addressed in future research and efforts to improve practice. We conclude with the proposition calling for innovative, theory-driven, evidence-based research and practice to foster adaptive student motivation for optimal educational, behavioral, and health outcomes in K–12 PE.

Using Mathematical Models and Extensions to Solve a Robot’s Equidistant Returning Path

The main purpose of this project is to study the Rusty the Robot problem where a robot travels equidistantly from the starting point back to the starting point. We mainly use mathematical models such as trigonometric functions, recursive sequences, and mathematical induction to explore, deduce and demonstrate findings, while using mathematical computer software for calculation and verification. In the beginning, Geogebra was used to explore the original question and allow us to obtain some properties and results. Then, the topic was extended and the relationship between the number of steps and angles was explored, as well as the recursive relationship between the landing points during the travel process. Next, we altered the starting positions of Rusty to see how this affects our findings. Finally, the two intersecting straight lines are extended into three straight lines intersecting at the same point. Based on the angles between them, we discuss the number of returning paths from the starting point to the starting point in an equidistant traveling method. Based on the mathematical model constructed, this study constructs a return path diagram for the robot to return to the starting point in an equidistant manner according to different starting point positions and obtains the recursive relationship of the relative positions on this return path. During the research process of this study, some interesting mathematical theories were obtained. It is expected that these results can be applied to related fields of AI robot movement patterns in the future.

Economic impacts of regulatory decisions on reit dividend distribution

Real estate investment trusts (REITs) have recently gained prominence in the capital market. From an accounting point of view, the Maxi Renda Trust (MXRF11) has been the subject of recent discussions and contradictory decisions within the scope of the Brazilian Securities and Exchange Commission (CVM) regarding the calculation basis for the dividend distribution. In this context, we sought to investigate the economic impacts of fair value measurement under the framework of CVM’s decisions in the Maxi Renda Trust and to verify how the theory of regulation can explain regulatory body decisions. The trust income for the period from 2015 to 2021 was restated based on the cash basis, used by the trust, and the accrual method, determined by the CVM, in order to identify differences in the amount of income that would be distributed with the change in the methodology issued by the regulatory agency. Also, an analysis of CVM’s decisions and the trust’s administrator’s arguments was also conducted, to identify elements that could be correlated with the regulatory body’s performance under the aspects of the theory of regulation. As a result, it was demonstrated that there is an economic impact on the minimum income calculated to be distributed by the trust between the two methodologies (cash and accrual), with smaller amounts for distribution considering the accrual basis, which exclude revenues and expenses that do not transit through cash, as is the case of fair value measurement. CVM’s decisions may have resonance in the public interest theory so that the regulatory body’s performance was aimed at protecting the investor, even though it may have suffered pressures exerted by interest groups or even captured by the regulated parties since it changed the initial understanding of the case. Besides the theoretical contribution, with the possibility of expanding studies on the applicability of accounting standards related to the measurement of fair value in investment trusts and their economic impacts, the study applied to the Maxi Renda Trust provides a better understanding of the topic to subsidize investors regarding decision making on investments in this type of trust.

An ‘elementary’ perspective on reasoning about probability spaces

Abstract This paper is concerned with a two-sorted probabilistic language, denoted by $\textsf{QPL}$, which contains quantifiers over events and over reals, and can be viewed as an elementary language for reasoning about probability spaces. The fragment of $\textsf{QPL}$ containing only quantifiers over reals is a variant of the well-known ‘polynomial’ language from Fagin et al. (1990, Inform. Comput., 87, 78–128). We shall prove that the $\textsf{QPL}$-theory of the Lebesgue measure on $\left [ 0, 1 \right ]$ is decidable, and moreover, all atomless spaces have the same $\textsf{QPL}$-theory. Also, we shall introduce the notion of elementary invariant for $\textsf{QPL}$ and use it to translate the semantics for $\textsf{QPL}$ into the setting of elementary analysis. This will allow us to obtain further decidability results as well as to provide exact complexity upper bounds for a range of interesting undecidable theories.

State regulation in the law enforcement system sphere as a tool for resolution of a conflict of interest in society

Motivation: The law enforcement system of the state is a special component of ensuring the performance of state functions related to the security of society. The study of the law enforcement system is impossible without studying the interests intertwined in its tasks, principles and functions. Aim: The purpose of the research was to study the key areas of the state policy implementation in law enforcement, ensuring public order and combating crime. Results: Based on the results of the study, the development of the doctrine of state policy in the field of transformation of the law enforcement system in the context of the theory of interest is substantiated. The origins of interest in the public administration system are established and the order of their formalization in law is justified. The substantive characteristics of private, public and community interests are determined, which serve as the basis for forming a law enforcement system to ensure their satisfaction. A hypothesis has been put forward and proved that the satisfaction of interests through their formalization in law and protection in the law enforcement system depends on the current political regime in a particular country. The conducted analysis of dictatorial regimes testifies to the replacement of the concepts of public interest with the private interest of the dictator, which as a result leads to threats to society in a particular country. The manifestation of the law enforcement system in the context of the theory of interests is determined, including: 1) an instrument for the protection and settlement of all interests; 2) a system of intersection of agents' interests; 3) an instrument for narrowing private interests.

Can vocational interests of students be used to recruit suitable candidates for teacher training programmes in technical vocational education and training in Germany?

PurposeIn Germany, various approaches have been taken to tackle the current teacher shortage in technical and vocational education and training (TVET). One attempt to remedy the shortage in Bavaria has been the introduction of an engineering education study programme at universities of applied sciences. Ideal candidates for this programme should have an interest in both engineering and social interaction. For effective recruitment, therefore, it is necessary to know applicants’ characteristics such as their vocational interests. In this study, the vocational interest profiles of students in TVET teacher training programmes were identified and their interest profiles and further characteristics were compared with those of other VET students at universities and universities of applied sciences.Design/methodology/approachAn online questionnaire based on Holland’s interest theory and adapted from the Allgemeiner-Interessen-Struktur-Test-3 (interest structure test) was administered to 85 students in TVET teacher training programmes at universities and universities of applied sciences in Bavaria. Items regarding reasons for choosing a particular study programme, university location and other personal details were added.FindingsThe vocational interest profiles of students at universities and universities of applied sciences can be described as similar but weakly differentiated. Insights are provided by the characteristics of students such as the majority being first-time academics in the family. The reasons for choosing the degree programme and university location highlight the fact that a large proportion of students in engineering education would not have chosen a teaching-related degree programme if it had not been offered at the respective university of applied sciences.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the sample in this study was small and, therefore, limiting, it represented a high proportion of TVET teacher training students in Bavaria and a substantial proportion of first-year students in TVET teacher training programmes at universities and universities of applied sciences in Bavaria (section 2.2 and 3.1). Thus, the findings provide valuable insights into commonalities in interest profiles between engineering education students at universities of applied sciences and other TVET students at universities. With respect to the domain of the chosen vocational specialisation, differentiated profiles emerged that, for example, showed a stronger artistic orientation among students in construction technology/wood. For further analysis, the previous variable-centred orientation of the analysis can be supplemented by person-centred analyses (e.g. cluster analysis and latent variable mixture modelling, LVMM) (cf. Leon et al., 2021).Practical implicationsThe findings in this study reveal the potential for attracting candidates to universities of applied sciences if they prefer to study in rather rural areas close to their hometowns. With the aim to educate prospective teachers for future work not only in metropolitan regions but in rural areas too, offering bachelor degree programmes in rural areas would seem promising. A regional option can boost the recruitment of new students and attract candidates that otherwise would be unable to pursue studies or a career as a teacher in vocational education. The results of this study and those of previous studies suggest that universities of applied sciences can cooperate with universities to help solve the teacher shortage problem.Social implicationsOverall, it is apparent that the students' interests reached comparatively high values in all interest orientations and thus are only weakly differentiated. If undifferentiated profiles indicate low levels of career readiness, this significantly affects the recruitment of young people for the teaching profession. Assessing career orientation and promoting vocational interests should be prioritised during secondary school education. Vocational orientation measures are essential and should provide insight into typical activities of daily work life in different professions and thus pique and foster interests.Originality/valueThis study provides insight into how to respond to the teacher shortage in VET by identifying important characteristics of engineering education students using vocational interest profiling.

Measuring Interest: Development and Application of a Three-Dimensional Situational Interest Short Scale

<p>Situational interest is an important factor that has a great influence on learning success in both in-school and out-of-school learning situations. Although there has been extensive research on interest in its diverse forms for decades, an evaluated measurement instrument for situational interest that covers the three theoretically defined components of interest (emotional, cognitive, value-related) is still missing. Therefore, in this study, based on person-object theory of interest, a short scale was developed that can be used in a variety of learning programs independent of content or methods. In study 1, eight suitable items were selected and their structure was examined using exploratory methods. In study 2, the results of study 1 were verified using confirmatory factor analyses. Study 3 shows an example of a practical application of the newly developed scale in two different learning settings. The findings provide evidence that the scale developed here is a practical instrument to measure situational interest taking into account all its components. On the one hand, the scale can help teachers evaluate their educational programs; on the other hand, it can be used by researchers to empirically investigate the construct of interest. Thus, the scale makes an important contribution to research and practice.</p>

Macroeconomic Dynamics and Profitability of Insurance Firms Listed at Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya

Kenya’s insurance industry has been growing steadily since 2013, with premium revenue and capital investment increasing. However, Return on Assets has declined over the past four years and reached an all-time low in 2022 compared to the previous five years which was partly attributed to the reforms introduced to cater the impact of Corona virus pandemic on and the need to close infrastructure gaps. As a result, as gross domestic product grows, firm deposits and loans rise along with interest income and loan losses. This study focused on understanding how macroeconomic dynamics affect the profitability of insurance companies listed on NSE in Kenya. It particularly looked into how changes in exchange rates, interest rates, and the overall price rise in the economy (inflation) influence these companies' profits. The study was guided by the theoretical frameworks of purchasing power parity, deflation, the balance of payment, the classical theory of interest, and the balance scorecard model. The study adopted an explanatory research design and targeted the six insurance firms listed on the NSE. The secondary data collection for this study involved the utilization of secondary data sheets. Data was obtained from the official audited financial statements of the insurance firms for the fiscal years 2016 through 2022. Data analysis involved both descriptive and inferential analysis. Inferential analysis incorporated both correlation analysis and panel regression analysis. The study found that key macroeconomic dynamics had significant impact on the profits of insurance companies listed on the NSE, explaining 57.71% of the changes in profits (R-squared = 0.5771). It discovered that while changes in the exchange rate do not significantly affect profits (β = 0.0761, p = 0.5358), higher interest rates lead to higher profits (β = 2.1647, p = 0.0233), and inflation negatively impacts profits (β = -0.3447, p = 0.0011). The study's validity is supported by strong statistical evidence (F-statistic = 21.0100, p-value = 0.0000). It suggests that insurance companies in Kenya should focus on managing risks related to economic changes to improve their financial performance. This research adds to the understanding of how macroeconomic dynamics affect the profitability of insurance firms in the context of the NSE. Keywords: Exchange rates, insurance profitability, interest rates, inflation impact, Nairobi Securities Exchange

I, Robot have rights! Haven’t I? Conceptual and normative constraints on holding legal positions

This paper investigates whether AI robots can hold legal rights, exploring both conceptual and justificatory aspects of the issue. It distinguishes between two types of inquiries: conceptual (whether robots can have rights) and normative (whether they should). It argues that interest theories are more suitable for addressing the latter, while will theories may seem more suitable to the former but are limited in reaching necessary truths about rights. Grounded in the idea that legal positions are constituted by legal norms, the paper examines the relationship between will as intentional action, investigating its implications for determining who can hold legal positions, and concludes that intentional action is necessary for legal positions involving action (e.g., duties, powers and liberties), while claim-rights or immunities can be conferred upon entities lacking this capacity. At the normative level, it explores reasons justifying the ascription of rights, focusing on the concept of interest. A suggested approach for the normative analysis required involves comparing robots’ interests with those of humans to justify their attribution of rights.

Macroeconomics Determinants of Interest Rate Spreads Among Commercial Banks in Kenya

The determination of interest rate spread in commercial banks is influenced by various macroeconomic variables, market microstructure features and the policy environment. However, studies on factors that contribute to the interest rate spreads among commercial banks in Kenya have produced mixed results that calls for further research. This study aimed to assess the determinants of interest rate spread in commercial banks in Kenya. Specifically, the study sought to establish the effect of inflation rate, domestic borrowing, credit risk and exchange rate risk on the interest rate spreads among commercial banks in Kenya. The study was anchored on fisher hypothesis, classical theory of interest and loanable fund theories. Explanatory research design was adopted to establish the causal relationship between the study’s variables. Secondary data of the study for the period between 1970 -2022 was extracted from annual financial statements of commercial banks targeted by the study and Central bank of Kenya annual reports. Data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. The study adopted the regression model to obtain results. Based on the regression results, the study found that domestic borrowing had a significant positive effect on interest rate spreads among commercial banks in Kenya. Additionally, the study found that inflation rate, credit risk and exchange rate risk had a significant positive effect on interest rate spreads among commercial banks in Kenya. The study concluded that macroeconomic variables such as inflation rate, domestic borrowing, credit risk and exchange rate risks are key determinants of interest rate spread among commercial banks in Kenya. The study made the following recommendations to regulators and policy makers. First, ensure that the central bank's monetary policy actions effectively influence interest rates throughout the banking system and also Implement mechanisms to improve the transmission of changes in the central bank's policy rates to commercial banks' lending and deposit rates. Secondly, establish a framework for monitoring key macroeconomic indicators such as inflation, economic growth, exchange rates, and fiscal policies to identify potential factors impacting interest rate spreads and use the monitoring results to formulate timely and appropriate policy responses. The study recommends that future studies should conduct studies across different countries which could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

Reinforming memes: a literature review of the status of memetic information

PurposeOur purpose is to reconnect memetics to information, a persistent and unclear association. Information can contribute across a span of memetic research. Its obscurity restricts conversations about “information flow,” the connections between “form” and “content,” as well as many other topics. As information is involved in cultural activity, its clarification could focus memetic theories and applications.Design/methodology/approachOur design captures theoretical nuance in memetics by considering a long standing conceptual issue in memetics: information. A systematic review of memetics is provided by making use of the term information across literature. We additionally provide a citation analysis and close readings of what “information” means within the corpus.FindingsOur initial corpus is narrowed to 128 pivotal memetic publications. From these publications, we provide a citation analysis of memetic studies. Theoretical directions of memetics in the informational context are outlined and developed. We outline two main discussion spaces, survey theoretical interests and describe where and when information is important to memetic discussion. We also find that there are continuities in goals which connect Dawkins’s meme with internet meme studies.Originality/valueTo our knowledge, this is the broadest, most inclusive review of memetics conducted, making use of a unique approach to studying information-oriented discourse across a corpus. In doing so, we provide information researchers areas in which they might contribute theoretical clarity in diverse memetic approaches. Additionally, we borrow the notion of “conceptual troublemakers” to contribute a corpus collection strategy which might be valuable for future literature reviews with conceptual difficulties arising from interdisciplinary study.

Lay theories of mating interest and mate retention strategies for atheists and theists in the Southern United States.

Lay theories of mating interest and mate retention strategies for atheists and theists in the Southern United States.

TACKLING INDONESIA'S PLASTIC WASTE CRISIS: A POLITICAL PERSPECTIVES AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS

Abstrack : The escalating plastic waste crisis in Indonesia, fueled by population growth and widespread plastic usage, presents a critical environmental challenge. This study examines the Indonesian government's response to this crisis through a political lens, aiming to uncover the policy implications of its initiatives. Employing qualitative methods and an extensive literature review, this research delves into the government's strategies. Using the theory of national interest, the study focuses on policy implementation, diplomatic efforts, and public participation to set ambitious targets for waste reduction, aiming for a 30 percent decrease in overall waste by 2025. To achieve these objectives, the government has enacted various regulations and measures aimed at curbing plastic pollution. Furthermore, Indonesia has engaged in diplomatic endeavors, collaborating with international partners and participating in multilateral forums to address plastic pollution regionally and globally. Moreover, the study underscores the importance of public participation in mitigating the plastic waste crisis. It assesses the effectiveness of collaborative efforts in combating plastic pollution. Through an in-depth analysis of these factors, this study offers valuable insights into Indonesia's response to the plastic waste crisis, with the aim of informing future policymaking and facilitating effective strategies for plastic waste reduction in the country.

Non-Abelian currents bootstrap

We initiate the study of correlation functions of non-Abelian spin-1 conserved current in three-dimensional conformal field theories using numerical conformal bootstrap. We discuss the general framework and apply it to the particular cases of SU(N) and O(N) global symmetry. In both cases, we obtain general bounds on operator dimensions. In the large-N limit our bounds show features in correspondence of the expected position of fermionic QED3 in three dimensions, as well as other interesting theories. By imposing gaps inspired by the spectrum of QED3 at large-N, we manage to restrict the plane of certain operator dimensions to a small island, where QED3 must live.

The Role of Financial Development in Economic Growth using WPM Method

Financial development is possible investments creating information about and allocation of capital, monitoring of companies and corporate administration, commerce, diversification and risk management, accumulation and accumulation of savings, exchange of goods and services in activities like facilitation includes improvements. provided by financial institutions economic theory, at best and efficient financing institutions-banks, stock markets and bond markets-which capital it’s for high production applications paying is for economic growth beneficial. development of developing Asia strong to retain and efficient financial systems particularly important are because the performance of the investment as a driver of the region's development reduces the amount of investment. Since the early 1990s the region's financial systems are deep and diversified data indicate. 125 countries more formal econometrics on panel data quantitative analysis, financial development significant in development positive effect confirms having, especially in developing countries. of financial development in the development of the region impact than elsewhere significantly different thatno, for the asian financial crisis since then its influence has weakened the results also indicate that financial intermediaries, these teachers are bankers finance in the weakness of the sector effect of liberalization Is it a temporary effect will check that, that is, in the following years only this is observed. beginning of liberalization. this is not the case. of the banking sector weaknesses will only become apparent over time. however, in developing countries financial Liberalization Policy as an important part of the reform has Among some researchers, it is about virtues reflects overall confidence financial liberalization is that of the banking sector lead to weakness significant factor is, also of economics status even after controlling that there is this effect they found, the first one below income in the area earning funds summarize the implications the first one below review the area we do. income, cost and Savings, investment and wealth accumulation financial statements of we briefly reviewed do. The second division financial institutions orrole of intermediaries deals with The third section income, interest and money conventional theories about funding for real development between growth and development for important contacts enough attention that he did not pay some theoretical adaptations proposes and argues. The purpose of this paper is tofield-projectseveral in conjunction with the detain determinations and measurement perceived at a distance water using data for productivity mapping (WPM)methods and protocols is to create. Stock Market Investments, Real Estate Investments, Cryptocurrency Investments, Peer-to-Peer Lending and Startups and Venture Capital. Risk Management, Return on Investment (ROI), Portfolio Diversification and Costs and Fees. the Ranking of Financial development. Real Estate Investments is got the first rank whereas is the Cryptocurrency Investments the Lowest rank.

UPAYA PEMERINTAH INDONESIA DALAM MELINDUNGI PEKERJA MIGRAN INDONESIA DI ARAB SAUDI SELAMA PANDEMI COVID-19 (2020-2021)

This research aims to explain the efforts made by the Indonesian Government to protect Indonesian Migrant Workers (IMW) in Saudi Arabia during the Covid-19 pandemic. The research method used is descriptive-qualitative to describe the phenomenon that occurs specifically and systematically. This research uses the National Interest and Securitization theory approach as the theoretical basis. The results show that the Indonesian government has made efforts to protect IMW in Saudi Arabia during the Covid-19 pc with three securitization steps, namely securitizing move, existential threat & referent object, and extraordinary measures. The Indonesian government as a securitization actor is carrying out a securitizing move, the Covid-19 virus is an existential threat, IMW in Saudi Arabia is the referent object, and the protection assistance efforts from the Indonesian government are extraordinary measures

The c-Differential-Linear Connectivity Table of Vectorial Boolean Functions.

Vectorial Boolean functions and codes are closely related and interconnected. On the one hand, various requirements of binary linear codes are needed for their theoretical interests but, more importantly, for their practical applications (such as few-weight codes or minimal codes for secret sharing, locally recoverable codes for storage, etc.). On the other hand, various criteria and tables have been introduced to analyse the security of S-boxes that are related to vectorial Boolean functions, such as the Differential Distribution Table (DDT), the Boomerang Connectivity Table (BCT), and the Differential-Linear Connectivity Table (DLCT). In previous years, two new tables have been proposed for which the literature was pretty abundant: the c-DDT to extend the DDT and the c-BCT to extend the BCT. In the same vein, we propose extended concepts to study further the security of vectorial Boolean functions, especially the c-Walsh transform, the c-autocorrelation, and the c-differential-linear uniformity and its accompanying table, the c-Differential-Linear Connectivity Table (c-DLCT). We study the properties of these novel functions at their optimal level concerning these concepts and describe the c-DLCT of the crucial inverse vectorial (Boolean) function case. Finally, we draw new ideas for future research toward linear code designs.

PhyLab - a virtual reality laboratory for experiments in physics: a pilot study on intervention effectiveness and gender differences.

New technologies have great potential to facilitate students' understanding and appreciation of one of the most abstract and challenging school subjects - physics. This study aimed to examine the effects of a game-based virtual reality teaching method on secondary school students' self-beliefs, interest, and performance in physics through a quasi-experimental design using pre- and post-test data. The evaluation is based on the systemic actiotope model that explains a person's goal-oriented actions by an interplay of their environment, action repertoire (i.e., students' performance and interest in physics), and subjective action space (i.e., students' self-efficacy, self-concept, and implicit theories regarding physics). A game-based virtual reality App to be used with Google cardboards was developed containing 10 teaching units from the secondary school physics class curriculum. Participants in the control group were taught using traditional teaching methods, while students in the experimental group went through the VR with the teacher and conducted the prepared VR experiments in addition to the traditionally presented content. Three tests measured students' physics performance during the semester. In addition, students answered questionnaires assessing their interest, self-efficacy, self-concept, and entity implicit theories regarding physics before and after the intervention, resulting in a Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. There were no significant differences between the control and experimental group in test scores on the first and second tests but compared to the control group, the experimental group achieved higher scores on the third test. In addition, the results indicate differential effects of the game-based virtual reality teaching method on students' interest and self-efficacy regarding physics to the advantage of students identifying as male, but no effects on students' self-concept, and entity implicit theories regarding physics. The results of our pilot study suggest that incorporating innovative didactic methods into secondary school physics classes could potentially contribute to higher performance in and motivation for physics during this crucial period of adolescence when students develop educational and career aspirations. However, game-based virtual reality teaching methods seem to favor students identifying as male, which should be considered in their development and presentation. Other practical implications for practitioners and researchers are discussed.

Social egg freezing and reproductive rights justification: A perspective from China.

Divergences and controversies are inevitable in the discussion of freedoms and rights, especially in the matter of reproduction. The Chinese first social egg freezing lawsuit raises the question: is the freedom to freeze eggs for social reasons justified because it is an instance of reproductive rights? This paper accepts social egg freezing as desirable reproductive freedom, but following Harel's approach and considering two theories of rights, the choice and interest theories of rights, we argue that social egg freezing is not a reproductive right because one cannot justify a right or an instance of rights via merely describing the function of those instances that have been justified as right, that is, the choice theory lacks justifying normativity. Since reserving fertility and a suspension from reproduction do not serve reproductive ends per se, the sufficient reason for demanding social egg freezing as a right should be found in other ends rather than in right-to-reproduce, that is, the interest theory denies the demand as a right-to-reproduce. Permitting it on any grounds without guaranteeing adequate and accessible resources, especially in light of cross-border reproductive care, raises serious questions about reproductive equality and violates the idea of reproductive rights. Therefore, any ground for social egg freezing should be weighed against whether more pressing reproductive needs, specifically those that are justified as rights, have been met. It would be social progress to shoulder these burdens for the vulnerable and then allow social egg freezing-if right-to-reproduce were not the only privilege of the few.

Eğitim Hakkı Kavramının Ulusal ve Uluslararası Normlarda Tartışılması

The right to education, whose development began with the existence of modern society, has become a right included in the constitutions, which has become widespread in all societies with the new nation-state constitutions based on the phenomenon of equality of people. However, the right to education continues to be a concept that is currently being discussed in the context of fundamental rights and freedoms and human rights, due to the fact that its use cannot be realized only through acceptance by states in laws. It is necessary to determine the concepts of rights and freedoms before examining the place of the concept of the right to education among fundamental rights and freedoms. The element of authority is at the core of the concept of right. This is the authority to do something, to behave in a certain way from others, or to ask for something to be done. The concept of right is defined as the interests of a person recognized and guaranteed by the legal system in accordance with the theory of interest. According to this definition, in order for interests to be considered rights, they must belong to a person and be protected by the legal order. There are also approaches that suggest that rights are different from interests and needs. According to these approaches, interests and interests may be arbitrary, but rights are principled and officially accepted powers and standards. From the point of view of the theory of will, right is an authority and voluntary superiority recognized by the legal system and guaranteed at the same time. The position of the voluntary superiority is provided by the rules of law. Therefore, the right is the sovereignty of the will, which is protected by the legal order. According to the mixed theory, which combines the theory of will and interest, the concept of right has been put forward as a protected interest by recognizing the willpower of a person. In this context, the right to education as a concept is much newer than the concept of educational assignment. Because in the beginning in modern societies, people could not use education as a right, they took it on as an obligation. It has been possible for education to be a human right only with the developments in the field of human rights. The classical bourgeois revolutions brought a certain degree of freedom of self-development to a person, but not all social segments were able to achieve this through their own means. 19. economic and social rights, which have gained importance with the understanding of the social state that has developed since the second half of the century, have also included the right to education. Key Words: The Right to Education, The Concept of the Right to Education, National Norms, International Norms