Importance. Pedagogical practice has accumulated substantial empirical evidence on the effectiveness of competitive forms of learning organisation: meta-analyses consistently report a moderate yet statistically significant positive effect on cognitive outcomes and academic engagement. Nevertheless, the categorical status of competitiveness within didactics remains ambiguous – different researchers describe it as a principle, a method, or a technology, which impedes theoretical synthesis and the comparability of research findings. Resolving this categorical ambiguity constitutes an independent theoretical problem. Materials and Methods. The study is conducted as a conceptual paper of the Theory Adaptation type: the construct of competitiveness, developed within motivational psychology and competition theory, is transferred into the categorical system of didactics with the necessary theoretical adaptation. The primary method is criterial differentiation of levels of didactic generalisation (approach, principle, method, technology), complemented by typological comparison of related didactic constructs. The theoretical framework draws on works in the methodology of pedagogical knowledge, research on the phenomenon of competitiveness in Russian didactics, and psychological theories explaining the mechanisms through which competition affects learning. Results and Discussion. An original system of five criteria for distinguishing didactic categories is developed (level of generalisation, system coverage, relation to purpose, normative neutrality, and system-forming role); the correspondence of competitiveness to the criteria of an approach is verified; an original definition of the competitive approach is formulated; a typology is constructed to differentiate the competitive approach from competence-based and activity-based approaches, gamification, and cooperative learning; and a structural model is proposed that integrates the components of the pedagogical system, psychological mechanisms, and implementation conditions into a unified conceptual framework. Conclusion. Qualifying competitiveness as a pedagogical approach resolves a number of theoretical contradictions present in the literature, provides categorical precision in describing competitive educational practices, and opens prospects for empirical verification of the proposed model in real didactic contexts.

Real-time sparse signal reconstruction via KKT-conditions-driven analog circuit solver.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are linked to numerous negative physical and mental health outcomes. The current study addressed theoretical, conceptual, and measurement problems by evaluating a novel extension to the seminal ACEs questionnaire (ACEs-Q). Two U.K.-based adult samples (NStudy 1=859, NStudy 2=297) were used to examine the structure of the ACEs-Q via principal component analysis (PCA) and, within a structural equation modeling (SEM) framework, reflective and composite-formative models, as well as to develop and validate a supplementary measure-the ACEs-Related Impairment Questionnaire (ACEs-RIQ)-designed to assess the impairment associated with ACEs. In Study 1, PCA supported a two-factor ACEs-Q structure encompassing Childhood Maltreatment (CM) and Household Challenges (HC) factors. Both SEM approaches showed similar associations with internalizing outcomes, primarily driven by CM, composite-formative: βDepression=.50, βAnxiety =.43, βStress =.42; reflective: βDepression =.51, βAnxiety =.43, βStress =.42. Although the findings indicate compatibility of the ACEs construct with both modeling approaches, the composite-formative model, where dichotomous items function as contributing indicators that form rather than reflect the construct, is more closely aligned with the current conceptualization of ACEs. In Study 2, the ACEs-RIQ demonstrated high internal consistency, Cronbach's α=.92, and predictive validity comparable to the ACEs-Q, tested through SEM. The ACEs-RIQ was found to bea valid, reliable instrument that extends the ACEs-Q by capturing impairment due to adversity rather than exposure alone.

Beijing’s urban development has moved from the era of expansion to renewal. The exploration of industrial spatial evolution laws aims to tackle the major theoretical and practical problems in Beijing’s high-quality urban development. Few studies have analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of industrial spatial aggregation based on long time-series data and fine-grained spatial scale industrial data sets. Based on the multitype industry data set from 2006 to 2020, this study uses a spatial similarity model and a circle analysis method to deeply analyze the rule and circle differentiation characteristics of Beijing’s industrial dominant types and aggregation levels. The results show that (1) the spatial similarity index of Beijing industry increases, showing the general characteristics of the continuous enhancement of the degree of aggregation. There exists a high aggregation degree and an obvious aggregation trend within the service industry and a low aggregation degree between the service and manufacturing industries. (2) The spatial aggregation of producer and living services is always high, and the aggregation of public services or cultural and creative industries with other services increases significantly. (3) The differential distribution of spatial circles and the slow process of aggregation are the main reasons for the spatial separation of the service and manufacturing industries. (4) Beijing’s industrial spatial aggregation shows a significant ring pattern, and the dominant types and aggregation levels of industrial evolution vary in different circles. The research conclusions scientifically support the optimization of the capital’s spatial structure and its high-quality spatial development.

Abstract Language policy and planning (LPP) as a field has grown enormously in the past six decades. Multiple paradigms, approaches, methodologies, and methods have been adopted to study language policies at the macro, meso, and micro levels. This article reviews the field and organizes research trends into four paradigms —neoclassical, critical, sociocultural, and transformative—and focuses on examples of how each has addressed the global spread of English in TESOL research. Paradigms guide all aspects of the research project, from epistemological questions concerning how we ask and answer research questions to theoretical problems concerning what counts as a language policy, to practical methodological considerations like how to collect and analyze data. We conclude the article with proposals for the future direction of LPP research in TESOL and an annotated list of readings.

The article provides a comprehensive scientific and legal analysis of the specific features of conducting a search of a dwelling or other property of a person under martial law in accordance with Article 615 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to adapt criminal procedural legislation to the conditions of armed aggression, the limited functioning of the judicial system, and increased security risks affecting the conduct of investigative (search) actions. It is substantiated that legislative amendments aimed at ensuring the efficiency of pre-trial investigation simultaneously generate a number of theoretical and practical problems related to maintaining a balance between the public interests of the state and the constitutional guarantees of the inviolability of the home and the right to defense. The article analyzes controversial aspects of the temporary expansion of prosecutorial powers to authorize searches in the absence of the possibility of judicial control, the permissibility of conducting searches at night without the criterion of urgency, and the issue of postponing the drafting of a search record for up to 72 hours. Attention is drawn to the lack of a unified law enforcement practice and clear procedural algorithms, which creates risks of abuse and inconsistent interpretation of legal provisions. The paper formulates proposals for improving criminal procedural legislation, in particular: the introduction of mandatory judicial control post factum over prosecutors’ decisions, the regulatory definition of circumstances constituting the “objective impossibility” for an investigating judge to exercise his or her powers, the establishment of an obligation to provide separate justification for conducting a search at night, and the improvement of procedures for documenting search results through the use of technical means and electronic procedural documents. It is emphasized that further legislative clarification of Article 615 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine should be carried out with due regard to the principles of the rule of law, proportionality, legal certainty, and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights.

The growing reliance on ESG reporting exposes a theoretical tension between Accounting Information Systems (AIS), which are designed for financial accountability, and sustainability reporting, which demands multidimensional, forward-looking, and verifiable information. The theoretical problem addressed in this study lies in the insufficient theorization of AIS readiness for ESG reporting within existing accounting and information systems literature. While sustainability studies emphasize disclosure quality, they largely overlook the internal system capacities that produce ESG data, creating a critical conceptual gap. This study investigates how AIS readiness for ESG reporting is shaped by technological, organizational, environmental, and ESG data capability factors in the Indonesian context. Using a qualitative descriptive methodology, the study applies content analysis to sustainability reports, annual reports, regulatory texts, and prior empirical research from 2020–2023. The findings reveal that AIS readiness remains fragmented, as ESG data capabilities are weakly embedded within core systems and lack systematic audit trails. This study contributes by reconceptualizing AIS readiness as a system-level condition for sustainability accountability. This research extends AIS and sustainability reporting literature by modifying the Technology Organization Environment (TOE) framework through the explicit inclusion of ESG data capability as a mediating construct. This study matters because without theoretically grounded system readiness, ESG reporting risks remaining symbolic rather than substantively accountable

The terminology of legal culture has been widely used in both common language and jurisprudence over the last few decades without its actual meaning being defined. Almost everyone agrees that the concept of legal culture is undefined and vague. Giving a brief and concise definition is not possible in jurisprudence, as the term refers to several concepts. This study tries to present the essence of some basic theories in connection with legal culture and argues that adopting an approach on the basis of legal culture creates more advantages than disadvantages in jurisprudence. It tries to summarise and review the key findings of the published literature on this topic. Consequently, this article aims to provide a theoretical overview. It is useful to periodically evaluate the progress that academic discourse has made in clarifying the meaning of a contested concept. The paper begins by clarifying the concept of culture, the complex meaning of which gives rise to the even more complex concept of legal culture. The starting point is actually Lawrence M. Friedman, who first introduced the modern concept of legal culture in a book in 1975. A brief summary of Friedman’s ideas is provided, alongside a systematic critique by Roger Cotterrell, who developed his own conceptual approach, too. This is followed by a section on the widespread use of the concept of legal culture. Although the term is popular, users always define it slightly differently and attribute their own meaning to it. However, the common thread is that the use of this concept emphasises the study of law as a social phenomenon. From a philosophical point of view, it is possible to recognise that cultural relativism and culturalism can lead to theoretical and methodological problems. However, the conclusion is that the careful and well-founded use of this concept in research has more advantages than disadvantages. This finding is reinforced by an illustration of its application in the fields of legal sociology and comparative legal studies. The conclusion of the majority of the reviewed literature is that when applied correctly, legal culture is an effective tool for analysing law. It is a valuable resource for legal studies, the sociology of law, comparative law and legal history. As the examples demonstrate, legal culture can also provide a foundation for empirical research. At an analytical level, legal culture can be used to break down the complex social phenomenon of law into elements that can be effectively examined, either theoretically or empirically, through appropriate conceptualisation and operationalisation.

This introduction provides an overview of current research on partitivity. The contributions in this volume collectively address several persistent challenges in the analysis of partitivity, such as (i) the semantic underspecification of partitive markers, which are not always transparently associated with the part–whole relation; (ii) the connection between partitive markers and indefiniteness and negation; (iii) the diachronic development of partitive markers and their relation to other categories, such as determiners and prepositions; and (iv) the syntactic structure of binominal constructions. Overall, we hope that these contributions advance our understanding of the many empirical and theoretical problems that partitivity poses for linguistic theory.

The article is devoted to researching the theoretical problems of OF evidence evaluation based on inner conviction in criminal procedure based on the analysis of Articles 95 and 951 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The concept of internal conviction was analyzed, the criteria for evaluating evidence (relevance, permissibility, reliability, and sufficiency) were investigated, and the problems of their application were identified. The grounds for recognizing evidence as inadmissible, including evidence obtained through torture, falsified evidence, and evidence obtained in violation of the right to defense, as well as the 2024 novelty on the inadmissibility of electronic data obtained without the participation of a specialist, were thoroughly examined. Based on statistical data from the Supreme Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan, a decrease in the share of acquittals for the period 2020-2025 was revealed, which may indicate the presence of an accusatory bias in the formation of judges’ internal convictions. Comparative legal analysis revealed the advantages and disadvantages of the continental and Anglo-American models of evidence assessment. Practical recommendations include introducing additional procedural guarantees to enhance the objectivity of internal conviction, legally establishing mandatory elements of sentence motivation, introducing rules on the inadmissibility of derivative evidence, and reforming the system for evaluating judges’ activities.

This article analyzes the theoretical problems in the process of forming a linguistically-centered methodology for language teaching. The research examines the fundamental concepts of the methodology, the pedagogical significance of linguistic approaches, and the difficulties in their practical implementation. It also discusses the effectiveness of a centralized linguistic approach in the language learning process, the role of educational resources and didactic tools, and the relationship between theoretical foundations and practical experience. The research findings open up possibilities for developing innovative approaches in language teaching and integrating them into the pedagogical process.

Affective polarization, people’s emotional attachment to their own party and dislike of rival parties, has been a growing area of interest in recent decades. However, studies on affective polarization have tended to use difference score measures to capture affective polarization. Specifically, it is common to use the difference between people’s rating of their own party, and their ratings of a rival party (or parties). It has long been known that such methods are problematic for measuring any variable and the extensive conceptual, statistical, and theoretical problems with using difference scores are here reviewed at length. Then, a tutorial for polyvariate regression is provided. Polyvariate regression is an analytic approach that allows the researcher to test how a predictor is associated with affective polarization without using difference scores. This is then demonstrated by testing the association of people’s stances on government defense spending with feeling thermometer ratings of the Republican and Democratic parties in the United States (U.S.), both to help researchers in this area to use it in their work and to demonstrate further how using difference scores may obscure possibly interesting findings. The same association is tested with a difference score measure as the outcome variable. The outcomes of both analyses are compared, and show the superiority of using polyvariate regression over difference score measures. The application of polyvariate regression in multiparty contexts and under other conditions is discussed, as are limitations of polyvariate regression. Polynomial regression is also recommended as an approach to investigating affective polarization when polarization is the predictor rather than the outcome.

The scientific article provides a theoretical and legal analysis of the implementation of the principle of separation of powers in the conditions of martial law as a special legal and political-state regime. The principle of separation of powers is considered not only as an element of the constitutional mechanism of the organization of state power, but as a fundamental legal idea and a system-forming principle of modern statehood, capable of undergoing functional transformation in conditions of emergency circumstances. The author proceeds from the position that martial law as a form of legal emergency objectively changes the classical model of the distribution of power functions, causing a redistribution of power, a change in the relationship between the stability and effectiveness of state power, as well as the transformation of the system of checks and balances. In this context, the principle of separation of powers is analyzed through the prism of the theory of state and law, the theory of emergency legal regimes and the concept of constitutional emergency. Particular attention is paid to the theoretical understanding of changes in the functioning of the legislative, executive and judicial authorities under martial law. It is argued that the strengthening of the executive branch and the reduction of the role of parliamentary and judicial control are not only normative, but primarily structural and functional in nature and are a manifestation of the adaptation of state power to existential threats. At the same time, it is emphasized that such adaptation is not neutral from the standpoint of the theory of the rule of law and may generate long-term risks for the democratic legal order. The phenomenon of «normalization of emergency» is separately analyzed as a theoretical and legal problem, which consists in the gradual consolidation of temporary extraordinary administrative practices in the usual model of state administration. It is proved that in the absence of internal mechanisms for self-termination of the emergency regime, the principle of separation of powers loses its material content and turns into a declarative legal construct. It is concluded that from the standpoint of the theory of state and law, only such a model of implementing the principle of separation of powers under martial law is permissible, which combines the functional concentration of executive power with theoretically and normatively justified restrictions aimed at preserving the legal identity of the state and ensuring a return to the usual legal regime after the elimination of extraordinary circumstances.

The subject of the research is the theoretical and practical problems of developing a methodology for investigating official crimes (Chapter 30 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The patterns of criminal activity of officials under the conditions of digitalization and the increase in registered crimes since 2021 are analyzed. The structure and dynamics of official crime from 2010 to 2024 are examined, revealing correlational links between abuse of power, bribery, and forgery (in 65% of cases). The personality of a typical offender is characterized: a head of a municipal authority, a man aged 40–50 years (28.7% have a legal education). The foreign experience of investigating corruption is considered (on the example of the USA and the UK). The scientific significance is determined by the need to update specific forensic methodologies. The practical significance lies in recommendations to improve the effectiveness of investigative activities in a digital environment. The methodological foundation comprises a set of general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition: formal-legal, comparative-legal, statistical, and sociological. The empirical base consists of data from the Main Information and Analytical Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation for 2010–2024, materials from 200 criminal cases, and 120 court decisions. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of conceptual foundations for an integrative methodology for investigating official crimes, taking into account their systemic nature and the fact that in 65% of cases they are committed in conjunction with other offenses (service forgery, bribery, theft). Unlike existing specialized approaches, the need for a transition to a comprehensive analysis of interrelated criminal acts within a single legal proceeding is substantiated. For the first time, based on a representative empirical base (200 criminal cases), the typical profile of an official offender is updated: a man aged 40–50 years, head of a municipal authority, in 28.7% of cases possessing higher legal education, which determines a high degree of procedural resistance and requires special tactical preparation from the investigator. A stable trend of growth in registered official crimes since 2021 has been identified (from 30.6 thousand to 35.6 thousand in 2024), with a further increase in their number projected to reach 41.5 thousand by 2027.

Currently, there are three fundamental theoretical issues that need to be addressed in the research field of the Archimedes Spiral Wind Blade (ASWB): (1) the existing description of the generation principle of the ASWB’s surface is qualitative, which needs to be formally described using mathematical tools; (2) in the published literature, no studies were found that attempt to fully describe the surface of the ASWB using mathematical tools; (3) in the published literature, no clear definition of the ASWB can be found. The first and second of the above three problems are relatively easy to solve, whereas the ultimate solution to the third problem requires long-term communication and discussion among researchers from various countries. Therefore, this paper focuses primarily on the first of the above problems, namely, to describe the intermediate process of transforming an irregular planar figure into the 3D surface of an ASWB in a standardized manner using mathematical tools including a polar coordinate system, planar and spatial Cartesian coordinate systems, the curve equation of an Archimedes spiral, differential equations, and so on. For the second problem, this paper proposes an alternative approach: namely, conjecturing that the ASWB surface can be approximated by an infinite number of 3D Archimedes spirals, and an example with a finite number of such spirals is provided. For the third problem, this paper can currently only suggest that the precise definition of the ASWB should be based on a standardized description of the generation principle of the ASWB surface, or, alternatively, on an accurate geometric description of the shape of the ASWB surface. The scientific contribution of this paper lies in proposing, for the first time from a purely geometric perspective (independent of aerodynamics), three fundamental theoretical problems concerning ASWB, along with preliminary alternative ideas toward their solution.

The Collatz Conjecture is more than a theoretical problem in mathematics; it also holds significant value in practical computational contexts.Beyond its abstract mathematical nature, the conjecture serves as a versatile tool within Computer Engineering and Computer Science.The algorithm derived from the Collatz process has been applied in several emerging fields such as steganography, cryptology, data hiding, and digital watermarking, demonstrating its adaptability to real-world problems.This study investigates these application areas in detail and introduces a number of mathematical expressions formulated through the Collatz Procedure.These expressions have the potential to support both theoretical efforts aimed at proving the conjecture and practical implementtations across various domains.By bridging pure mathematics with applied computer science, the Collatz Conjecture continues to inspire interdisciplinary research and innovation.

It is legally established that court decisions in criminal cases must be lawful, substantiated, reasoned, fair (verdicts), and are subject to mandatory enforcement. Procedural legislation does not contain a separate provision regarding the enforceability of court decisions; however, it does stipulate the mandatory nature of judicial acts. The article analyzes approaches to defining the concept of enforceability of court decisions, argues that enforceability is an important characteristic of a court decision, examines the legal regulation of the enforcement of court acts in criminal proceedings. The paper highlights the existence of a number of theoretical and normative problems negatively affecting law enforcement practice, and notes the lack of comprehensive research on the subject matter. Purpose: To analyze the problems of enforceability of court decisions in criminal proceedings. Methods: comparative analysis is used to compare the legal regulation of the enforceability of court acts in civil, administrative, and criminal cases; formal and dialectical logic is applied to identify problems in legal regulation; interpretation of legal norms is used to explain the meaning of the term “enforceability of court decisions” and other related terms. Results: The article concludes that there is currently a legislative possibility in criminal proceedings for the non-enforcement of certain court decisions with minimal risk of criminal liability.

Introduction. Ther e is insufficient data in modern psychology on the specifics of the development of post-traumatic stress disorders, in particular emotional disorders, in individuals who are faced with life emergencies (militaryoperations, violence, loss ofaloved one, etc.) in comparison with people who have suffered coronavirus infection. The aim. T o conduc t a theoretical problem analysis and study the characteristics of personality manifestations with signs of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) empirically, test methods of psychological assistance to patients who have suffered traumatic stress. Materials and methods. Forty five adult respondents (25–45 years old) took part in the study. Methods used in the study include structured clinical diagnostic interview – SCID, clinical diagnostic scale (CAPS), Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI), Lemur – Tessier – Fillion psychological stress scale PSM-25, self-assessment test of stress resistance by S. Cohen and G. Willianson, The Test of Self-Conscious Affect TOSCA by J.P. Tangney, A. Beck Depression Test Questionnaire. Methods of descriptive statistics, Mann – Winty U-test, and Spearman’s r-test were also used. Results. Therewereidentified similaremotional states thatoccurinindividualswithpsy chotraumatic stress disorder for various reasons. At the same time, one of the groups of respondents participating in the study also included people who passed coronavirus. In this case, it was mandatory for the person to admit that he had signs characteristic of psychotrauma. It is substantiated that emotional manifestations are similar in different situations of PTSD. In the course of studying the characteristics of the manifestation of emotional states in PTSD among respondents from different groups, it was revealed that the severity of post-traumatic stress disorder is accompanied by the frequency and intensity of experienced sensations, the experience of depression, tension in stress, the experience of guilt and shame. Conclusion. The materials of the work can later become the basis for work in identifying the system of determinants for overcoming post-traumatic stress conditions and carrying out their correction. The program we have developed can be used to help people with PTSD.

We argue that the issue of the legal regime of human genetic information remains unresolved within the context of civil law doctrine. This is because such information generally represents a complex object of rights, which legal regime includes elements of other legal regimes distinct in nature. This latter circumstance reflects the so-called heterogeneity of the legal regime of genetic information. For the first time, by applying the concept of “legal sub-regime” by analogy, we attempt to conceptualize the legal regime of genetic information by dividing it into basic and negotiable sub-regimes. The reasons for the appropriate application of this concept are disclosed, and the principle of performance and structural configuration of legal sub-regimes of genetic information are briefly described. The work indicates the theoretical and legal limitations of using the concept of a legal sub-regime. It is concluded that a more thorough doctrinal elaboration of the content of each potential sub-regime will allow for the development of a general theoretical perspective on the legal regime of human genetic information as a whole.

ABSTRACT This article aims to intervene in the current trajectory of studying racism in China by centring decoloniality. In this article, I propose three theses which underscore why decolonising this field is of paramount importance. First, dominant consensus on racism in China downplays or ignores the critical juncture of nineteenth century colonisation and its impact on Chinese racial ideologies, despite many scholars presenting evidence of colonial modernity and its racial hierarchy in China. Second, scholars who deploy methodological nationalism isolate China from the external world, misrepresenting problems in China as China-only. Third, scholars misconstrued China-centrism as racial superiority, dismissing the Chinese own racialisations under White supremacy. These theoretical problems prevent scholars from pursuing a comprehensive theorisation in understanding the racialisation of people in China. This article pioneers in offering a cohesive frame of analysis that incorporates decolonial theory for understanding racism in Chinese society, inviting future studies to innovate with this framework in mind.