This study quantifies Lithuania’s Equity Risk Premium (ERP) by integrating Damodaran’s country-risk premium (CRP) framework with a multiple regression on key market drivers. By using quarterly data from Q1 2015 to Q4 2024, the CRP model yields an implied cost of equity of 9.84%, corresponding to an ERP of 5.84% above a 4.00% U.S. risk-free rate. Our OLS regression explains 94% of ERP variation (adjusted R² = 0.94). Expected market return emerges as the strongest predictor (β = 0.914, p < 0.001), followed by sovereign bond yield (β = –0.602, p < 0.001) and inflation (β = –0.017, p = 0.025). Variance-inflation factors confirm that multicollinearity is not problematic. These results imply that targeted liquidity-enhancing reforms – such as market-making incentives – could compress Lithuania’s ERP by approximately 0.6 percentage points. By combining theoretical asset-pricing models with frontier-market empirics, our dual-lens approach offers actionable insights for policymakers and investors operating in structurally constrained equity markets.

Abstract Laser therapy is widely used in clinical applications such as dermatological treatments and local tumor ablation due to its non-invasiveness, controllable energy deposition, and strong spatial selectivity. Although theoretical models based on bioheat transfer and the Arrhenius damage criterion are well-established, several key issues remain unclear in quantitative prediction and model simplification. These include the relative contributions of temperature-dependent thermophysical parameters, the impact of lateral heat diffusion on damage extent, and the coupling mechanism between temperature dependence and model dimensionality (1D/2D). To address the aforementioned issues, a controlled computing framework is established in which dimensional (1D/2D) configurations and temperature-dependent treatments of thermophysical parameters with three-layered skin tissue as the research object. This framework is employed for systematic analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution of temperature fields and Arrhenius thermal damage, with the two-dimensional lateral damage width used to characterize the damage range. The research results indicate that temperature dependence of thermal conductivity is dominant factor affecting accuracy of thermal damage prediction in both 1D and 2D models. Neglecting thermal conductivity can lead to overestimation of lateral damage width by up to 0.2 millimeters and an advance of critical damage time by approximately 0.1 seconds in two-dimensional simulations. Besides, lateral heat diffusion in 2D calculations significantly amplifies errors in damage extent and critical time which stem from the assumption of constant thermal conductivity, and which further reveal the coupling between temperature dependence and dimensionality effects. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for parameter sensitivity analysis and uncertainty control in laser therapy damage prediction.

Abstract We present a feasible approach to testing Bell nonlocality and implementing device-independent quantum key distribution (DI-QKD) between distant atomic states in cavity-based architectures, mediated by hybrid atom-light entanglement. We develop a full theoretical model that incorporates realistic sources of noise-such as transmission loss, limited light-matter coupling efficiency, and imperfect detection. Our analysis shows that strong Bell-Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) violations and secure key generation over tens of kilometers are within reach using current or near-term technology. These results position cavity-based platforms with coherent-state encodings as a promising foundation for future DI quantum communication networks.

Abstract The on-demand selective population transfer between states in multilevel quantum systems is a challenging problem with implications for a wide range of physical platforms including photon and non-equilibrium exciton–polariton condensates. Here we introduce a universal strategy for this selective transfer based on a strong time-periodic energy modulation, which is experimentally demonstrated by using a gigahertz acoustic wave to control the gain and loss of confined modes of exciton–polariton condensates in a microcavity. The harmonic acoustic field shifts the energy of the excitonic component relative to the photonic ones, which generates a dynamic population transfer within a multimode condensate that can be controlled by the acoustic amplitude. In this way, the full condensate population can be selectively transferred to the ground state to yield a single-level emission consisting of a spectral frequency comb with gigahertz repetition rates as well as picosecond-scale correlations. A theoretical model reproduces the observed time evolution and reveals a dynamical interplay between bosonic stimulation and the adiabatic Landau–Zener-like population transfer. Our approach provides a new avenue for the Floquet engineering of light–matter systems and enables tunable single- or multiwavelength ultrafast pulsed laser-like emission for information technologies.

Detonation-based combustion has re-emerged as a promising pathway for enhancing the efficiency and compactness of future aerospace propulsion systems, motivated by the intrinsic pressure-gain characteristics of detonative heat release. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the physical foundations, technological progress, and practical limitations associated with pulse detonation engines, rotating detonation engines, and standing or oblique detonation wave concepts. By tracing the evolution from early theoretical models and laboratory-scale demonstrations to engine-relevant configurations, this article highlights how detonation physics, ignition mechanisms, wave stability, and flow–structure interactions collectively govern propulsion performance. Particular attention is paid to recent experimental and numerical studies, with the review focusing on their technological impact and on the feasibility of integrating detonation-based propulsion concepts into practical aerospace systems. The analysis evaluates these approaches’ potential to enhance system-level performance compared to conventional propulsion technologies, while highlighting key challenges associated with scalability, operability, and compatibility with existing aerospace architectures. The review further identifies emerging design strategies, including geometry tailoring, adaptive flow control, and hybrid architectures, as key enablers for extending operability and system integration. Overall, the findings indicate that future progress in detonation-based propulsion will depend less on demonstrating detonation itself and more on achieving robust, controllable, and scalable implementations suitable for realistic aerospace applications.

Abstract Cooperation, fairness, trust, and resource coordination are cornerstones of modern civilization, yet their emergence remains inadequately explained by the persistent discrepancies between theoretical predictions and behavioral experiments. Part of this gap may arise from the imitation learning paradigm commonly used in prior theoretical models, which assumes individuals merely copy successful neighbors according to predetermined, fixed rules. This review examines recent advances in evolutionary game dynamics that employ reinforcement learning (RL) as an alternative paradigm. In RL, individuals learn through trial and error and introspectively refine their strategies based on environmental feedback. We begin by introducing key concepts in evolutionary game theory and the two learning paradigms, then synthesize progress in applying RL to elucidate cooperation, trust, fairness, optimal resource coordination, and ecological dynamics. Collectively, these studies indicate that RL offers a promising unified framework for understanding the diverse social and ecological phenomena observed in human and natural systems.

Black women's embodied intersecting systems of oppression: A systematic narrative review of body image and maladaptive eating behavior.

This is the absence of accountability between massive carbon emissions by industrial activities and the reported climate damage, which is one of the most impactful governance failures of modern times. Although the scientific evidence of most anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions can be traced to a few identifiable producers of fossil fuels, the so-called carbon majors have theoretically immature and practically inadequate legal mechanisms through which the afflicted communities could seek redress, and have been fragmented. The article fills a key theoretical gap in the current body of literature: the literature on attribution science, climate litigation, corporate accountability, and climate governance has proceeded to develop individually, but no single theoretical model has ever brought together these four strands into a consistent accountability structure of emitter accountability. This article creates such a framework by relying on a systematic conceptual review of peer-reviewed scholarship in environmental law, climate science, governance theory, and tort doctrine. It is theorized that, when incorporated with the changing legal standards in causation and corporate knowledge-liability theory and climate governance theory, climate attribution science facilitates the creation of a plausible and analytically sound attribution chain between large emitters and reported climate damage and actionable claims to remedy. The article connotes four conceptual findings: causal-legal accountability chain; the typology of legal barriers and the theoretical resolutions; the nexus of corporate knowledge-deception-liability; and the reparative architecture in loss and damage with legal redress. These results are pulled together into a coherent and multi-strand theoretical model of emitter accountability arranged into four analytically separate strands of scientific accountability based on attribution, legal accountability based on tort and human rights, moral accountability based on the knowledge-deception nexus, and governance accountability based on litigation as a regulatory tool. With the rising development of attribution science and increasing judicial faith in probabilistic causal evidence, attribution litigation targeting climate change has an opportunity to rapidly become not just a fringe enforcement tool, but a structural-level implementative instrument of climate accountability with implications to both legal science and climate justice movement, and global regulation design.

Disordered eating is associated with negative physical and psychological outcomes for those with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), making it an important target for intervention. Theoretical modelling is recommended to inform interventions; however, it is unclear whether established disordered eating models are applicable to those with T2DM. We aimed to evaluate Stice's dual pathway model of disordered eating within a T2DM population. Participants included 192 adults living with T2DM, who completed a cross-sectional survey incorporating measures of body weight shame, dietary restraint, negative affect, binge eating and other disordered eating behaviours. Structural equation modelling was used to test the model. Results indicated that a dual pathway model demonstrated poor fit, with the restraint pathway not supported. Following removal of the restraint pathway, a revised model produced superior fit, with negative affect mediating the relationship between body weight shame and binge eating. Clinical implications for interventions and future research directions are discussed.

Propylene oxide is the first chiral molecule identified in the interstellar medium, which has resulted in growing interest in it as a prototypical molecule to study the origin of life on Earth. Numerous spectroscopic studies have investigated the excitation, ionization and dissociation of propylene oxide by photons, electrons and/or ions. However, for vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) photoabsorption spectroscopy, data are available only for energies between 6 and 9 eV with low energy resolution. Here, we present the high-resolution VUV photoabsorption cross-sections in the 6.0-10.8 eV range through an experimental and theoretical approach. The measurements were carried out using a VUV synchrotron radiation light source and are supported by quantum chemical calculations performed using time-dependent density functional theory. There is good agreement between experiment and theory, allowing us to characterize the main absorption bands assigned to electronic transitions involving mainly oxygen lone pairs and lower-lying Rydberg states. At higher energy, there are several Rydberg states observable, characterized by superimposed features with different vibrational progressions. Some features observed in the spectrum are assigned to vibrational modes involving the methyl group, namely CH3 bending (υ22 and υ23) and CH3 torsion (υ24). Additionally, we report a vibrational progression which may be related to the cation ring CC stretching with an average frequency of about 565 cm-1. Calculated potential energy curves for the low-lying excited states along the C-CH3 stretching coordinate reveal that the initial Rydberg states evolve into dissociative states at larger bond distances, as the σ* valence character increases.

ABSTRACT This study provides a systematic survey of the academic literature examining the determinants of retail and institutional investor participation in Initial Public Offerings (IPOs). Recognizing the central role of investor demand in primary equity markets, the review synthesizes nearly three decades of research to develop an integrated understanding of how informational, institutional, regulatory, and behavioral factors shape participation decisions across diverse market settings. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) protocol, we analyse 47 peer‐reviewed studies published between 1995 and 2025. The survey demonstrates that IPO participation is jointly influenced by market design and allocation mechanisms, underwriter reputation, regulatory environments, and firm‐specific signals, alongside behavioral and cognitive biases that differentially affect retail and institutional investors. While the literature is largely grounded in information asymmetry and signaling frameworks, more recent studies increasingly incorporate behavioral finance and institutional perspectives. Despite substantial progress, research remains fragmented across methodologies, markets, and investor types, limiting cumulative knowledge. By organizing the literature around key theoretical lenses, empirical evidence, and methodological approaches, this survey identifies unresolved debates and underexplored areas, including cross‐country institutional variation, investor learning dynamics, and interaction effects between retail and institutional demand globally.

This study explores the application of predictive data science techniques to anticipate customer behavior in the mobile telecommunications sector, integrating insights from finance and marketing. Leveraging advanced predictive models, including a multitask learning approach, the research is supported by an interactive web interface featuring a home- page, a Power BI dashboard, and a prediction page. The aim is to transform raw historical customer data into action- able insights for marketing teams, enabling accurate forecasts of mobile internet package activation and customers’ potential future value. Findings indicate that customer satisfaction and perceived sustainable value significantly influence subscription and recharge decisions, thereby enhancing loyalty and revenue generation. By emphasizing the synergy be- tween business needs, technological tools, and methodological frameworks, this work offers an innovative combination of theoretical and empirical approaches to advance practices within the telecommunications industry. Future research directions include incorporating real-time data streams and developing automated marketing recommendations to further optimize strategic effectiveness.

This study establishes a nurse-driven NSQI framework for neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), integrating international evidence and current clinical needs. We conducted a 3-phase study: (1) literature synthesis to identify potential NSQIs from international databases; (2) expert panel review to refine indicators through structured discussions; (3) a 2-round e-Delphi with 32 experts assessed indicators using 9-point scales. Consensus required median ≥7 and disagreement index <1. Two Delphi rounds achieved high response rates (96.8%, 100%) and expert reliability (Cr=0.855-0.865). Through iterative screening, 5/22 initial indicators and 8/17 revised indicators were excluded due to low feasibility/relevance (median=1-3) and high degree of consistency (DI<1.00). Nine NICU indicators were validated with robust agreement. This study establishes China's first nurse-driven NSQI framework for NICU, delivering 9 evidence-based indicators that reconcile Chinese care priorities with localized clinical realities. It shifts neonatal nursing evaluation from theoretical models to actionable practice. These indicators enable efficient NICU quality management in resource-limited settings by prioritizing high-impact nursing actions. Multinational validation and outcome-based evaluations are needed to strengthen global relevance. Future iterations will integrate advanced metrics aligned with evolving clinical standards.

Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has emerged as a transformative tool in both cognitive neuroscience research and the treatment of a growing range of neuropsychiatric conditions. This commentary, based on the 2025 H. Houston Merritt Lecture, explores how NIBS can be applied within a translational cognitive neuroscience framework that bridges theoretical models of cognitive function with targeted neural interventions. Drawing on over 15 years of research, the major focus of this piece is on the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to characterize and enhance language function in persons with aphasia (PWA). A significant body of work has examined the role of the right hemisphere, particularly the right pars triangularis, which may exert a maladaptive influence within reorganized language networks in many PWA. Inhibitory TMS targeting this region has been shown to produce both transient and sustained improvements in language performance. Key predictors of response to TMS include the characteristics of participants' language deficits and genetic differences that influence neuroplasticity. Network neuroscience approaches can also enhance predictive accuracy by revealing how individual variations in brain structure influence stimulation outcomes. While TMS remains the most extensively studied NIBS modality, transcranial electrical stimulation is gaining momentum, with promising results in both poststroke and primary progressive aphasia. Emerging modalities such as focused ultrasound and transcranial temporal interference stimulation are also on the rise as tools for enhancing brain performance. However, the expanding use of NIBS also raises ethical considerations that must be addressed to ensure its equitable and responsible deployment. Ultimately, NIBS represents a powerful convergence of neuroscience and technology, offering renewed hope for restoring cognitive function in individuals affected by neurologic disease.

SiCp/Al is widely used in the manufacturing of high-end equipment, but it is difficult to process and poor in surface quality. Conversely, Quasi-intermittent Vibration Assisted Swing Cutting (QVASC) combines the intermittent cutting mechanism of EVC (Elliptical Vibration Cutting) while effectively reducing cutting forces via its unique offset swing motion. This study undertakes detailed analysis of the kinematics and friction characteristics intrinsic to QVASC. A predictive model for cutting temperature is subsequently developed, incorporating the influence of reinforcing particles. This model primarily ascribes the generated heat to two sources: the shear heat source and the frictional heat source, further examining resultant temperature distributions in the tool, workpiece, and chip alongside corresponding heat partition ratios. Single-factor experiments were conducted with spindle speed, cutting depth, frequency, amplitude, and feed amount as parameters. Theoretical and experimental cutting temperatures are compared, revealing consistent trends. Calculated average relative errors for these parameters are 4.65%, 9.50%, 3.32%, 2.58%, and 3.81% respectively. These errors lie within acceptable limits, validating the theoretical model’s accuracy. Consequently, this research provides valuable insights into the QVASC cutting mechanism and offers an efficient approach for determining optimal cutting parameters.

The training of health specialists is a strategic component for the operational, human, and territorial sustainability of the public health system. However, Chilean university training models-primarily oriented toward technical efficiency-have tended to marginalize the relational and ethical dimensions of care, weakening the experience of care and diminishing trust in health institutions. From a theoretical-reflective perspective, this article explores the possibilities and tensions that arise when transferring the principles of radical care and their performative version, Embodying Radical Care to the field of specialist medical training in Chile, proposing that these approaches may contribute to reconfiguring medical training processes toward an embodied ethics of care. From this perspective, the article develops a comparative analysis of theoretical approaches that integrates care ethics, the politics of interdependence, and performative practice. Incorporating these perspectives could strengthen relational and affective competencies in clinical teaching, deepening the learning process through the ethics of radical care and recognizing bodily experience and ethical sensitivity as dimensions of professional formation. At the same time, these principles could improve the experience of care by fostering a culture that acknowledges interdependence among people, institutions, and territories, thereby consolidating a more humane and sustainable medical practice. Ultimately, this reflection seeks to offer conceptual foundations for public policies on training and humanization in health that understand care not merely as a technical act, but as an ethical, political, and aesthetic practice essential for the sustainability of the health system.

Abstract This article examines the remunicipalisation of Naples’ water service to explain the outcomes of participatory governance experiments inspired by commons theory. Using process tracing and Fung’s Democracy Cube, it analyses how participatory mechanisms were designed, contested and reconfigured within ABC Napoli. Based on interviews, documents and media, the findings show how legal constraints, political tensions, financial fragility and civil society–institution relationships shaped outcomes. Participatory forums evolved from open deliberation to consultative bodies with limited influence, failing to institutionalise civic participation. The study argues that both remunicipalisation and its participatory practices are hyper-local phenomena, shaped by specific contextual configurations rather than by theoretical models.

To investigate the drivers and mechanisms of consumers 'green product purchase intention, this study selects consequence awareness, environmental cognition, incentive policies, collective efficacy, and eco-centrism as independent variables. Using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and structural equation modeling (SEM), the theoretical model was validated. The results reveal four configurations influencing consumers' green product purchase intention: environment-cognition-driven (social responsibility-led), comprehensive-driven, eco-belief-driven (social responsibility-led), and consequence-awareness-driven collective. These configurations highlight the critical roles of different factors in promoting green product purchase intention, providing valuable insights for policy formulation and corporate marketing strategies.

The digital transformation in Indonesia's land system marks a significant paradigm shift from manual systems to integrated electronic systems. This study examines the implementation of electronic certificates and online land registration systems in the context of sale and purchase deeds made by Land Deed Making Officials (PPAT). The main issues studied include: (1) how Indonesia's positive legal framework regulates the digital transformation of land sale and purchase deeds and electronic certificates; (2) legal challenges and obstacles in the implementation of land electronic systems, including aspects of legal certainty, data security, and protection of community rights; and (3) the ideal model for the implementation of digital transformation that can realize efficient land services without sacrificing legal certainty. The research uses a normative juridical method with a statute, case, and theoretical approach. The results of the study show that Indonesia's legal framework has accommodated digital transformation through the ITE Law, PP 24/1997 jo. PP 18/2021 on Land Registration, and other related regulations. However, implementation faces challenges in the form of gaps in technological infrastructure, human resource readiness, system standardization, and regulatory harmonization. The recommended ideal model is phased implementation with strengthened cybersecurity aspects, integrated digital validation, a reliable backup system, and comprehensive legal protection for the parties. Digital transformation must guarantee the principles of publicity, legal certainty, and the protection of human rights in land ownership.

This study investigates the evolution of centroid frequency in reservoir landslides under cyclic fluctuations of reservoir water levels, using both theoretical analysis and physical model tests. Theoretical investigations examined the attenuation characteristics of longitudinal waves, shear waves, and Rayleigh waves in viscoelastic media. Physical model tests simulated landslide evolution under different water-level fluctuation rates, and the centroid frequency variations throughout the landslide process were analyzed. The results show that water-level fluctuations do not directly alter centroid frequency values. However, the associated decline in landslide stability leads to pronounced frequency depression in centroid frequency. The evolution of centroid frequency is significantly affected by the fluctuation rate: the faster the fluctuation, the lower the landslide stability and the more noticeable the frequency variation. Sensitivity to landslide changes also varied across monitoring locations, with more significant changes observed near the landslide toe and on the surface compared to deeper sections. Notably, the downward trend in centroid frequency occurred prior to landslide failure, with changes exceeding 7Hz, indicating its potential as an early-warning indicator. Nevertheless, the reliability and general applicability of centroid frequency as a warning metric require further validation. This study provides new insights and methods for understanding the dynamic evolution of reservoir landslides and improving landslide monitoring and early-warning systems.