Theclassical Method Research Articles

The Effect of UAV Usage on Detail Points in Cadastre Update Studies: Çorum-Karaköy Case Study

In Turkey, cadastral studies to determine the position, areas, and legal status of the real estate parcels have been carried out for a period of approximately 100 years by various laws, measurement methods, measurement instruments, and substrates. In Turkey, it is necessary to update 40% of the existing parcels because of problems such as produced cadastral substrates that do not reflect the ground structure, inadequate standards for technical reasons, and insufficient spatial data for the establishment of systems. The technical part of the studies for the cadastral update is carried out by the use of modern measurement methods and advanced technological devices, with the contribution of the private sector by the tender procedure. The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which is one of the technological devices, can provide three-dimensional appearance and accuracy, the ability to interpret the land, and time reduction in the studies for cadastral updates. In this study, the contribution of data obtained by a UAV to the detailed studies was investigated for 56 parcels on a cadastral island that has an area of 24.71 ha for the renewal of cadastral parcels related to Karaköy Village of Çorum Province, Osmancık District. The number of detail points determined by the classical method was 392, while the number of detail points determined by the UAV was 682.

Particle Swarm Optimization and Cuckoo Search-Based Approaches for Quadrotor Control and Trajectory Tracking

This paper explores the full control of a quadrotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) byexploiting the nature-inspired algorithms of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Cuckoo Search(CS), and the cooperative Particle Swarm Optimization-Cuckoo Search (PSO-CS). The proposedPSO-CS algorithm combines the ability of social thinking in PSO with the local search capability inCS, which helps to overcome the problem of low convergence speed of CS. First, the quadrotordynamic modeling is defined using Newton-Euler formalism. Second, PID (Proportional, Integral,and Derivative) controllers are optimized by using the intelligent proposed approaches and theclassical method of Reference Model (RM) for quadrotor full control. Finally, simulation resultsprove that PSO and PSO-CS are more efficient in tuning of optimal parameters for the quadrotorcontrol. Indeed, the ability of PSO and PSO-CS to track the imposed trajectories is well seen from3D path tracking simulations and even in presence of wind disturbances.

Improved backward fatigue statistical inference to the high-speed railway vehicle components

Original backward statistical inference method (BSIM) was improved (here further termed as ISIA) to fit the fatigue probabilistic S-N (P-S-N) curve with finite life data or small sample problem. Based on the search path, the novel scheme captures the optimal parameters that can efficiently establish the quantitative relationship between the life distribution and stress levels. Meanwhile, the equivalent lives at different stress levels can be obtained through the conversion of fatigue life. To formulate the more realistic P-S-N curve of full-size components, the life distribution effect of small-size specimens can be considered when fitting curves. Results show that the slope and intercept of newly-proposed fatigue P-S-N curve by using the ISIA for (X-x-x-x) type life data exhibit a relative error less than 3%, and the predicted fatigue life is approximately 5% of the group method (TGM). On the other hand, the predicted life is only 0.1% of (x-x-x-x) type life data by the classical method (TCM). For the welded structures widely used in high-speed railway vehicles, the present ISIA can achieve more conservative and reliable life predictions. It is thus concluded that the newly-proposed ISIA can not only ensure the accuracy of life distribution particularly during high cycle fatigue regime but also acquire more conservative P-S-N curve as opposed to standard methods such as TGM and TCM.

A COMPARISON BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND ROBUST METHOD IN A FACTORIAL DESIGN IN THE PRESENCE OF OUTLIER

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques which is based on classical Least Squares (LS) method requires several assumptions, such as normality, constant variances and independency. Those assumptions can be violated due to several causes, such as the presence of an outlying observation. There are many evident in literatures that the LS estimate is easily affected by outliers. To remedy this problem, a robust procedure that provides estimation, inference and testing that are not influenced by outlying observations is put forward. A well-known approach to handle dataset with outliers is the M-estimation. In this study, both classical and robust procedures are employed to data of a factorial experiment. The results signify that the classical method of least squares estimates instead of robust methods lead to misleading conclusion of the analysis in factorial designs.

Chemoselective Bromination of Active Methylene and Methyne Compounds by Potassium Bromide, Hydrochloric Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide

Abstract: Active methylene and methyne compounds can bechemoselectively brominated in high yields using potassiumbromide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen peroxide at room temper-ature. Key words: halogenation, halaides, green chemistry, bromination,active methylene compounds Halogenated active methylene and methyne compoundsare very important synthetic intermediates for the nucleo-philic substitutions in synthetic organic chemistry. Theclassical methods of halogenation of active methylene andmethyne compounds 1 are the reaction with bromine 1 orsulfuryl chloride, 2 however, they suffer from drawbackssuch as toxicity of the reagents, generation of acidicgasses after the reaction, or overhalogenation of thearomatic rings in 1 . Although a number of new methodsof this transformation have previously been developed,most of them have severe disadvantages such as theproduction of undesirable waste. 3–5 Khan and co-workers recently developed chemoselectivebromination of active methylene compounds by employ-ing the vanadium pentoxide catalyzed (V

Modelling and analysis of integrated pest management strategy

Two impulsive models concerning integrated pest management(IPM) are proposed according to impulsive effect with fixed moments and unfixed moments, respectively. The first model has the potential to protect the natural enemies from extinction, but under some conditions may also serve to extinction of the pest. The second model is constructed according to the practices of IPM, that is, when the pest population reaching the economic injury level, a combination of biological, cultural, and chemical tactics that reduce pests to tolerable levels is used. By using analytical method, we show that there exists an orbitally asymptotically stable periodic solution with a maximum value no larger than the given economic threshold. Further, the complete expression of period of the periodic solution is given. Thus, IPM strategy proved firstly by mathematical models is more effective than the classical method.

Synthesis of 3-(1,3-Diaryl-4,6-dioxo-2-thioxoperhydro- pyrimidin-5-yl)-2H-[1,4]benzothiazines†

V. K. Ahluwalia, P. Sharma and R. Aggarwal, J. Chem. Res. (S), 1997, 16 DOI: 10.1039/A606400K

Application of Singular Value Decomposition to Determine Streamline Distribution for Unit Mobility Ratio Displacement

Abstract A new method is proposed to obtain streamline distribution in a horizontalplane of a homogeneous reservoir. The method is a generalization of theclassical method of images used to obtain the potential and velocitydistribution in a symmetric pattern flood. However, it is extremely difficultto use the classical method of images, as shapes of reservoirs and locations ofwells are generally arbitrary in nature. Further, methods based on, finitedifference techniques are difficult to implement, because they requiresubstantial post-processing for front tracking and cannot handle singularitiesnear the well. In the proposed method, a large number of image wells (N) are arbitrarilylocated outside the reservoir boundary, which can be either sealing? type oruniform pressure (flow potential type). A large number of points M, (M>N)are selected along the reservoir boundary and the appropriate boundaryconditions are written (no flow or isopotential). This leads to M linear, equations In N unknowns, which can be conveniently solved, using the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) technique for the unknown rates-of the image wells. The iso-potentials, streamlines and single-fluid fronts can then be obtainedusing, the principle of superposition. Introduction Knowledge of fluid front locations at various times plays a key role indesigning a suitable development plan for better exploitation of oilreservoirs. Depending on the nature of the drive mechanism, the problem may beone of suggesting a suitable pattern of wells for pressure maintenance in adepletion-drive pool or of suggesting locations of production wells in awater-drive reservoir to achieve a uniform movement of water-oil contact tomaximize areal sweep. The streamtube model was first introduced by Higgins and Leighton(1). They described a computational technique to predict twophase flow through streamtubes generated from a potentiometric model for afive-spot pattern. The streamtubes (which lie between single-fluid streamlines)are divided into cells of equal volume, and average penneabilities andgeometrical shape factors determined for each cell are used to compute a Buckley-Leverett displacement. The overall performance is obtained by summingup the production from all streamtubes. Morel Seytoux2 demonstratedthe use of conformal mapping techniques to obtain potential distribution insymmetry elements of staggered line drive and direct line drive patternsassuming unit-mobility ratio displacement. Abbaszadeh-Dehghani and Brigham(3) presented use of conformal mapping technique to obtainpotential and velocity distributions for symmetric pattern floods assuming unitmobility ratio displacements. In addition, they performed tracer dispersioncalculations in individual streamtubes as the injected tracer slug propagatesin the reservoir. Le Blanc and Caudle(4) suggested use of a methodof images technique to handle arbitrary shaped reservoirs, However. theirmethod involves a trial and error approach. Martin and Wegner(5) utilized a finite difference model instreamtube-isobar coordinate system with streamtube locations beingperiodically updated. Their paper presented justification to the assumptionmade by Higgins and Leighton, and Le Blanc and Caudle that waterfloodperformance can be calculated by holding streamlines constant as the floodfront progresses.

Quantum physics as a particular domain of probabilistic physics

Quantum physics (QP) is meant as a whole science having both theoretical and experimental parts. The subjects of these parts in any science are entirely different. The experimental part deals with really existing particular objects (concrete objects), whereas the theoretical part refers to the so-calledabstract objects which are used in our considerations only. The necessity of a strict distinction between concrete and abstract objects is a crucialkey methodological principle (KMP). This principle allows one to construct the science of probability (probabilistics) whose theoretical and experimental parts are, respectively,probability theory andexperimental statistics, Probabilistics suggests two methods of solving probabilistic problems: theclassical method and thequantum approach. The application of probabilistics to physics leads toprobabilistic physics, whose two interconnected particular domains,classical statistical physics (CSP) and QP, result, respectively, from the treatment of macrosystems by the classical method and of microsystems by the quantum approach. The mathematical peculiarities of QP stem from the pertinent ones in probabilistics itself. Having been constructed as a particular domain of probabilistic physics, QP needs no artificial interpretation. Many quantum-related issues and paradoxes are thereby easily settled.