Thallium Removal Research Articles

Experimental Study on key technologies for risk prevention and control of thallium pollution in A lead-zinc mine wastewater

In order to reduce the environmental risk of thallium pollution by enterprises and determine key technologies for thallium pollution prevention and control, the researcher conducted a deep exploration experiment on thallium removal in the inflow water of a certain lead-zinc mine. The experimental results showed that both sulfide precipitation method and catalytic oxidation & resin adsorption can achieve good thallium removal effect. Based on the actual characteristics of the lead-zinc industry, The author recommends a thallium pollution risk control technology scheme that combines terminal sulfide precipitation and source resin adsorption for thallium removal.

Enhanced thallium removal from zinc sulfate solutions using Lead(II) addition

Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) solutions with high thallium (Tl) concentrations induce cathode corrosion during Zn electrodeposition. Existing Tl extraction methods consume excessive Zn and often result in incomplete removal. This research introduces an optimized technique that incorporates lead(II) (Pb(II)) to form a Pb–Tl compound during Zn cementation. An initial thermodynamic analysis of Tl–Pb–Zn–H2O system reveals challenges in fully substituting Tl using just Zn powder due to minimal potential differences. However, with Pb(II) integration, this potential difference can be boosted to 312 mV. Experimental findings demonstrate that using solely Zn powder, even at 50 times the theoretical quantity, achieved a Tl extraction efficiency of only 50.32%. By adjusting the ratio of Pb(II) to Tl(I) to 1:1, this efficiency soared to 98.93%, while the required Zn powder amount was reduced by 20 times. Using Back Scanning Electron Microscopy (BSEM), deposits of Tl and Pb on Zn powder were confirmed, with elemental distributions perfectly aligned. Tests on ZnSO4 solutions with a Zn2+ ion concentration of 60 g/L still resulted in a 94.07% Tl extraction rate. When applied to actual ZnSO4 electrolytes from a Zn smelting process, the extraction rate remained high at 92.02%. Overall, this research underlines the superior Tl extraction capability of Pb(II) enhanced method over conventional procedures.

Highly effective removal of thallium(I) by nanostructured titanium pyrophosphate from acidic wastewater

The highly efficient removal of thallium(I) from water under acidic conditions remains a challenge. In this work, a nanostructured titanium pyrophosphate (TiP2O7) was synthesized via a simple hydrothermal route. The as-prepared TiP2O7 is amorphous and composed of primary irregular nano-grains, with a specific surface area of 64.4 m2/g. It shows strong adsorption ability towards thallium(I) ions over a wide pH range and is still very stable and effective for Tl(I) adsorption even at pH 2.0. The maximal adsorption capacity of thallium(I) at pH 3.0 and 7.0 is 297.8 and 408.3 mg/g, respectively, which outperforms most adsorbents reported. The TiP2O7 is highly selective for thallium(I) adsorption in the presence of multiple cations such as K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+. It also illustrates good reusability and high performance for thallium(I) removal from practical mining wastewater. The removal of thallium(I) is mainly achieved via electrostatic attraction and exchange with the H+ in hydroxyl group on the surface of TiP2O7, forming inner-sphere surface complexes. Due to its high performance, easy preparation and feasibility over a wide pH range, the TiP2O7 is a promising candidate to be used for thallium(I) removal from water and wastewater.

An eco-friendly composite hydrogel based on covalently crosslinked cellulose/poly (glycerol citrate) for thallium (Ι) removal from aqueous solutions

Cellulose/poly (glycerol citrate) reinforced with thiol-rich polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and apple peel (POSS-SH@CAG-CEL/AP) was synthesized using gelation method in the presence of glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker agent and used as an efficient composite hydrogel for elimination of Tl(Ι) from aqueous solutions. This composite hydrogel and synthesized thiol-rich polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, NMR, TGA, and FE-SEM techniques. The effects of synthetic and environmental parameters on the adsorption capacity of the composite hydrogel were investigated and it was found that thiol-rich polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane has improved the hydrogel properties including the Tl(Ι) uptake and the thermal stability. The maximum adsorption capacity of 352.3 mg g−1 was obtained within 30 min under optimum reaction conditions. A typical Langmuir adsorption isotherm with was observed for adsorption of Tl(I) onto POSS-SH@CAG-CEL/AP and pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best correlation between experimental data. Thermodynamic studies showed that the Tl(I) adsorption was spontaneous process and exothermic. Also, the reusability tests confirmed that the POSS-SH@CAG-CEL/AP can be reused for four times without any remarkable change in its adsorption capacity. Thus, this reusable biobased composite hydrogel can be an ideal candidate for elimination of Tl(I) from aqueous solutions.

Highly efficient and easy separation of polysaccharide-based cyanide-bridged bimetallic coordination polymers for thallium removal: Performance and mechanisms

It is significant to develop functional materials with high selectivity, high adsorption capacity and easy separation to reduce thallium (Tl) pollution caused by human activities. Polysaccharide-based cyanide-bridged bimetallic coordination polymers (PCBPs) were developed for the removal of Tl(I) and Tl(Ⅲ) simultaneously, and the effects of lists of conditions on the removal of Tl showed that the maximum adsorption rate of Tl reached 98.3 % after 180 min. Meanwhile, the stable adsorption efficiency of Tl could be maintained in a wide range of pH. Moreover, even in the interfering system where high-intensity cations and total organic matter coexist, PCBPs still showed excellent Tl removal efficiency. Notably, the amphoteric structure of PCBPs provided many chemical chelation sites, significantly improving the adsorption capacity of PCBPs for Tl. Importantly, XRD, SEM, TEM, BET, and magnetization tests show that PCBP has a large pore and specific surface area, stable structure, and recyclable magnetic characteristics conducive to the adsorption of thallium. More importantly, the π-π conjugation and chelation of the above functional groups with Tl(I) and Tl(Ⅲ) were well confirmed by FT-IR and XPS for their adsorption mechanism. What is more, the adsorption isotherm and kinetics agreed with the Freundlich model and the pseudo-second-order model, respectively, indicating that the adsorption of Tl was a multi-layer chemical adsorption process. Besides, the Gibbs free energy was negative, indicating that the adsorption process of Tl was spontaneous. Therefore, the polysaccharide-loaded ferric ferrocyanide coordination polymer exhibited high-efficiency and selectivity removal of Tl(I) and Tl(Ⅲ), which would provide technical support and theoretical guidance for the treatment of thallium-containing wastewater.

Recent Advances in Thallium Removal from Water Environment by Metal Oxide Material.

Thallium is widely used in industrial and agricultural development. However, there is still a lack of systematic understanding of its environmental hazards and related treatment methods or technologies. Here, we critically assess the environmental behavior of thallium in aqueous systems. In addition, we first discuss the benefits and limitations of the synthetic methods of metal oxide materials that may affect the practicality and scalability of TI removal from water. We then assess the feasibility of different metal oxide materials for TI removal from water by estimating the material properties and contaminant removal mechanisms of four metal oxides (Mn, Fe, Al, and Ti). Next, we discuss the environmental factors that may inhibit the practicality and scalability of Tl removal from water. We conclude by highlighting the materials and processes that could serve as more sustainable alternatives to TI removal with further research and development.

Magnetic hydrochar derived from waste lignin for thallium removal from wastewater: Performance and mechanisms

Waste lignin, such as black liquor (BL) from paper and pulping industries, is an agro-industrial biowaste while its reuse raised global concerns. In this work, a hydrothermal carbonization procedure was employed to convert BL into magnetic lignin-based hydrochar (MLHC) for thallium elimination from wastewater. The results exhibited water purification potential due to a wider working pH window (2–9) with the magnetization intensity of 11.12 emu/g. The maximum adsorption capacity for Tl(III) was 278.9 mg/g, while the contribution of various mechanisms was elucidated with the order: surface precipitation (31.3 %), complexation (20.6 %), physical adsorption (18.2 %), chemical reduction (15.0 %), and ion exchange (14.9 %). This study revealed that hydrothermal treatment could be a potential and promising method to convert waste lignin into magnetic bio-adsorbent to recycle pulping black liquor and apply it for thallium pollution control.

Thallium removal from wastewater using sulfidized zero-valent manganese: Effects of sulfidation method and liquid nitrogen pretreatment

Zero-valent manganese (ZVMn) possesses high reducibility in theory, while sulfide exhibits strong affinity towards a variety of heavy metals owing to the low solubility of metal sulfides. Yet the performance and mechanisms on using sulfidized zero-valent manganese (SZVMn) to remove thallium (Tl) from wastewater still remain unclear. In this study, the performance of Tl(I) removal using SZVMn synthesized by borohydrides reduction followed by sulfides modification, with and without liquid nitrogen treatment, was compared and the mechanism behind was investigated. The results show that at a S/Mn molar ratio of 1.0, liquid nitrogen modified SZVMn (LSZVMn) possessed more interior channels and pores than SZVMn, with 65.3% higher specific surface area and 73.7% higher porosity, leading to 6.4–8.1% improvement in adsorption of Tl(I) at pH 4–10. LSZVMn showed effectiveness and robustness in Tl(I) removal in the presence of co-existing ions up to 0.1 M. The adsorption of Tl(I) conformed to the pseudo-1st-order kinetic model, and followed the Langmuir isothermal model, with the maximum Tl adsorption capacity of 264.9 mg·g−1 at 288 K. The mechanism of Tl(I) removal with SZVMn was found to include sulfidation-induced precipitation, manganese reduction, surface complexation, and electrostatic attraction. The liquid nitrogen pretreatment embrittled and cracked the outer shell of S/Mn compounds, resulted in a highly hierarchical structure, enhancing the manganese reduction and improving the Tl(I) removal. Based on the above results, the SZVMn and its liquid nitrogen-modified derivatives are novel and effective environmental materials for Tl(I) removal from wastewater, and the application of SZVMn to the removal of other pollutants merits investigation in future study.

Zwitterionic ammonium-sulfonato grafted cellulose for efficient thallium removal and adsorption mechanism study

Thallium (Tl) has posed serious impacts on human being concerning increasingly serious pollution in aqueous environments. However, little information on removal method than conventional heavy metals have been available. In the present work, zwitterionic N-(3-sulfonato-1-propyl)-N,N-dimethylammonium grafted cellulose fibre (DMAE-PS) has been fabricated. The chemical component, thermal stability and surface properties of as-prepared materials are identified by FT-IR, elemental analysis, TGA, XRD, BET and SEM. DMAE-PS is shown to be very efficient for removing Tl(I) from water samples with a loading capacity of 274.7 mg (Tl(I))·g−1 (DMAE-PS), representing one of the best performances among bio-mass derived materials. The adsorption is consistent with the Freundlich model following a pseudo-second order (K2 = 4.36 × 10−4 g·mg−1·min−1, R2 = 0.999) and two-step intra-particle diffusion kinetics. The selectivity towards Tl(I) is also remarkably, 1–2 orders (distribution ratio KTl/M = 14.85–289.29) of magnitude larger than competing metals (Zn2+, Cr3+, Mn2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+). The SEM, XPS and UV-visible spectrum collectively reveal that -SO3−-Tl(I) ionic interaction is probably the main driving force for specific adsorption, which shows a high stability against pH variation. The fabricated DMAE-PS is a sustainable bio-adsorbent with synthetic availability, high removing capacity and strong selectivity, therefore, potentially feasible in treatment of Tl(I) polluted environmental samples.

Effective Thallium(I) Removal by Nanocellulose Bioadsorbent Prepared by Nitro-Oxidation of Sorghum Stalks.

Thallium(I) (Tl(I)) pollution has become a pressing environmental issue due to its harmful effect on human health and aquatic life. Effective technology to remove Tl(I) ions from drinking water can offer immediate societal benefits especially in the developing countries. In this study, a bio-adsorbent system based on nitro-oxidized nanocellulose (NOCNF) extracted from sorghum stalks was shown to be a highly effective Tl(I) removal medium. The nitro-oxidation process (NOP) is an energy-efficient, zero-waste approach that can extract nanocellulose from any lignocellulosic feedstock, where the effluent can be neutralized directly into a fertilizer without the need for post-treatment. The demonstrated NOCNF adsorbent exhibited high Tl(I) removal efficiency (>90% at concentration < 500 ppm) and high maximum removal capacity (Qm = 1898 mg/g using the Langmuir model). The Tl(I) adsorption mechanism by NOCNF was investigated by thorough characterization of NOCNF-Tl floc samples using spectroscopic (FTIR), diffraction (WAXD), microscopic (SEM, TEM, and AFM) and zeta-potential techniques. The results indicate that adsorption occurs mainly due to electrostatic attraction between cationic Tl(I) ions and anionic carboxylate groups on NOCNF, where the adsorbed Tl(I) sites become nuclei for the growth of thallium oxide nanocrystals at high Tl(I) concentrations. The mineralization process enhances the Tl(I) removal efficiency, and the mechanism is consistent with the isotherm data analysis using the Freundlich model.

Enhanced removal thallium from rinsing wastewater by poly aluminum chloride: Experimental and theoretical studies

In this work, experimental and theoretical methods were used to investigate the role of poly aluminum chloride on thallium removal in the liquid phase. Experimental results indicated that poly aluminum chloride mainly played the role of absorbent. Meanwhile, it exhibited a certain catalytic effect in the chemical precipitation process. Theoretical results indicated that the bridge site between two Cl atoms was easier to adsorb Tl+ and Tl3+. Al2(OH)4Cl2 and [Al2(OH)4Cl2]2 were conducive to the adsorption of Tl+ and Tl3+ respectively. Furthermore, excessive Cl atoms were not conducive to the adsorption of Tl+. The third Tl-OH generation step was the rate-determination step of generating Tl(OH)3, and the first Tl-S generation step was the rate-determination step of generating Tl2S. Al2(OH)2Cl4 and [Al2(OH)4Cl2]2 decreased the maximum reaction barrier of generating Tl-S and Tl-OH, which enhanced the removal of Tl.

Removal of Thallium from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption onto Alumina Nanoparticles

Thallium (I) was removed from aqueous solution by using gamma-alumina nanoparticles (γANPs) materials as nano adsorbents. Varied experimental conditions such as adsorbent dose, agitation time, initial concentration, pH, and temperature effects were carried out in batch conditions in view of the optimization of thallium (I) adsorption and the identification of the adsorption mechanisms in the system γANPs-Tl. The pH effect indicated a remarkable increase in the quantity of Tl(I) removed for pH values ranging from 4 to 8, an almost constant magnitude for pH values between 8 and 10, and a decrease for pH values above 10. Considering an initial Tl(I) concentration of 20 µg/L and an adsorbent dose of 1 g/L at a pH value of 8.5, the removal was achieved at 95.12 ± 0.02% efficiency. The pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Freundlich isotherm perfectly described the adsorption mechanism. The process of thallium (I) adsorption reaction, as highlighted by thermodynamic investigations, was found to be spontaneous and exothermic with coexistence of physisorption and chemisorption with a dominance of physisorption. The diffusion model predicted multi-linearity, suggesting an involvement of surface spread and intraparticle diffusion in the sorption process. Thallium removal was effective by using γANPs as nano adsorbents.

High-efficiently capturing trace thallium (Ι) from wastewater via the prussian blue@polytetrafluoroethylene hybrid membranes

The exploitation of advanced material technology with high selectivity, efficiency, and separability for thallium (Tl) removal remains challenging. In this work, a hybrid polytetrafluroethylene membrane with polydopamine (PDA)/polyethyleneimine (PEI) co-supported Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs) was successfully fabricated and denoted as PB@PDA/PEI-M−1. The PB@PDA/PEI-M−1 displayed a high-efficient capture for Tl(I) during a continuous flowing operation. Based on the pseudo-second-order model, its dynamic Tl(I)-adsorption constant (k) and maximum capacity (qe) are 1.8 min−1 and 460.4 mg/m2 respectively, which are both much higher than the static adsorption and many previous studies. Tl(I)-adsorption capacity of PB@PDA/PEI-M−1 was slightly decreased by the disturbances of many accompanying impurity ions (H+, Ca2+ or Mg2+), but it still reached a high level. The density functional theory (DFT) revealed the most prominent binding ability of membrane surface-loaded PB with Tl(I) via ion exchanges, contributing to the high selectivity of PB@PDA/PEI-M−1 in capturing trace Tl(I). As for the macromolecular organic matter, humic acid (HA) facilitated the Tl(I)-capture ability of PB@PDA/PEI-M−1 due to the formation of Tl-HA complexes and their high adsorption on membrane surface. By virtue of those advantages, our as-prepared membranes exhibit excellent ability in remedying the actual Tl(I)-polluted pearl river water, and in the meantime, membrane structure robustness was well maintained. All results verified that PB@PDA/PEI-M−1 provided a feasible technology for Tl(I) removal in a complicated environment.

New Approach for Trace Thallium Removal in High Purity Ammonium Rhenate Solution by P204 Extraction

Thallium (Tl) is an extremely toxic rare metal to the eco-environment. Trace thallium impurity in ammonium perrhenate is harmful to the high-temperature mechanical properties of rhenium metal used for aeroengine single crystal blade. The di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (P204) extraction to remove thallium in ammonium perrhenate solution without additive was innovatively proposed. The migration behavior of trace thallium with the concentration of P204, saponification degree and organic/aqueous phase (O/A) ratio, distribution law of thallium in the extraction system of P204, and mechanism of thallium removal were revealed. It was found Tl removal was rapidly increased to 98.5%, at conditions of P204 0.75 mol/L saponified 70% by ammonia, Tl 3.27 mg/L, O/A 1:1, T 298.15 ± 2 K, 250 rpm, and 3 min. McCabe-Thiele Tl extraction equilibrium isotherms indicates Tl concentration of raffinate less than 18.7 μg/L, a theoretical extraction of two stages and a theoretical stripping of two stages are required when both O/A work lines were at 1.0. Therefore, the method of the P204 solvent extraction system can effectively extract Tl in the forms of TlA(org), TlA3(org), TlOHA2(org), and Tl(OH)2A(org). Meanwhile, the new approach can be a promising process for ammonium rhenate refining.

Enhanced performance of thallium(I) removal by in situ-generated manganese oxides during biogenic Mn(II) oxidation

Little is known about the reciprocal effect of manganese-oxidizing bacteria (MOB), in situ-generated biogenic manganese oxide (BMO) and thallium (Tl) removal. In this study, the Tl(I) removal characteristics during extracellular BMO formation by Pseudomonas putida strain MnB1 were investigated. BMO with a final maturity of 91.25 % achieved 95.20 % Tl(I) removal during biogenic Mn(II) oxidation. The improvement mechanisms of Tl(I) removal in biological systems were mainly due to the involvement of Mn(III) intermediates and tyrosine and tryptophan protein-like substances from MOB. The addition of exogenous MOB reoxidized the residual Mn2+ to BMO, thus promoting Tl(I) removal. BMO showed a higher adsorption ability for Tl(I) at inner depths owing to its layer stacking structure, and 64.02 % Tl(I) was further oxidized to Tl(III) by highly matured BMO. Surface complexation also played an important role during Tl(I) removal. Moreover, BMO showed good adsorption selectivity for Tl(I) with coexisting Fe(III), Cr(III) and Cd(II). These findings expand existing knowledge on the characteristics of in situ-generated BMO and indicate that BMO has practical application value in Tl(I) decontamination from water.

Programmable synthesis of exfoliated biochar nanosheets for selective and highly efficient adsorption of thallium

Tailoring the pathways to synthesize efficient biochars for pollutant adsorption has received extensive attention. Here, we synthesized highly efficient exfoliated biochar having thin layered nanosheets in its structure from agricultural wastes (wheat straw) by an innovative method involving biomass pre-treatment, nitrogen pyrolysis, and a flash heat exfoliation for thallium(I) removal from contaminated waters. Exfoliated biochar with nanosheets in its structure (EBNs) exhibited an open porous structure with a BET surface area 421.24 m2 g−1 and pore size 3.98 nm, much higher than the 3.81 m2 g−1 and 2.05 nm, respectively, of pristine wheat-straw biochar (PB). Using these materials for the adsorption of T1(I) revealed that the EBNs had a maximum adsorption capacity of 382.38 mg g−1 at pH 7.0, over 9 times higher than the PB. The adsorption kinetics and isotherm data were better fitted by pseudo-second order and Langmuir models. Moreover, EBNs retained its selective adsorption capacity for T1(I) in the presence of competing ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Cu2+, Zn2+) and organic materials (humic acid, fulvic acid). Also, high regeneration ability (>93%) of EBNs was noted for five consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. The efficiency of EBNs was also tested in river water (sampled from Bahe river, Xi’an, West China) spiked with T1(I) where it removed ∼ 90% of T1(I). These findings highlight the potential of EBNs for practical water treatment applications by developing the biochar nanosheets from agricultural wastes and provide insights into a new strategy to develop cost-effective carbon-based nanomaterials for wastewater treatment.

Thallium removal by the montmorillonite biochar composite: insights and environmental implications

Thallium removal by the montmorillonite biochar composite: insights and environmental implications

Adsorption of thallium from wastewater using disparate nano-based materials: A systematic review

Development of promising technologies to remove thallium as a highly poisonous contaminant is of great attention to guarantee the sustainable supplement of safe potable water and human well-being all around the world. Recently, adsorption has been introduced as a noteworthy technique to remove trace amount of thallium. In the past, the rate of thallium removal using the adsorption technique was relatively low due to the fact that this method was significantly influenced by the co-existing cations. To overcome this problem, more promising adsorbents such as nano-based materials have been developed. These adsorbents have shown great potential in the process of thallium removal due to their large surface area and superior selectivity. The main objective of this paper is to present a state-of-the-art review about the potential of nano-based form of disparate materials (i.e., titanium compounds, MnO 2 , ZnO, Al 2 O 3 and multiwall carbon nanotubes) to separate thallium from water/waste water sources. Then, a systematic overview about acute/chronic toxicities of thallium for humans is aimed to be provided. Throughout the review, the authors aim to compare the negative and positive aspects of each treatment technique and offer promising technologies for thallium removal. At the end, an outlook on the recent advancements in the adsorption process of thallium using nanomaterials is provided.

Synthesis of hierarchical micro-mesoporous LDH/MOF nanocomposite with in situ growth of UiO-66-(NH2)2 MOF on the functionalized NiCo-LDH ultrathin sheets and its application for thallium (I) removal

Thallium (TI) is an element which is so highly toxic to mammals called “the element being cursed at birth”. Consequently, the development and use of highly efficient methods for its removal from aqueous environments are of great importance for the environmental scientist. In the present study, a nanocomposite of functionalized layered double hydroxide/metal-organic framework (LDH/MOF) with bimodal micro-mesoporous architecture was prepared by chemical in situ growth of UiO-66-(NH2)2 MOF particles on the surface of Ni50Co50-LDH ultrathin sheets treated with (3-chloropropyl) triethoxysilane by using a facile ultrasonic-assisted hydrothermal treatment. Structural characterization of the synthesized LDH/MOF NC by FESEM, FTIR, XRD, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques confirmed the successful uniform growth of nanosize UiO-66-(NH2)2 MOF particles on the surface of Ni50Co50-LDH ultrathin sheets. The adsorption behavior toward Tl (I) ions on the LDH/MOF NC was evaluated and the influence of important parameters, including initial solution pH, adsorbent amount, initial thallium concentration, solution temperature, and, contact time, on the adsorption efficiency of the adsorbent was investigated. Different isotherm and kinetic models were applied to fit the obtained experimental data in order to evaluate the dominant adsorption mechanism involved in the removal process. Among the isotherm models used, the Langmuir model showed the best fit with experimental data representing a calculated maximum adsorption capacity of 650.0, 677.2, and 711.8 mg g−1 at 293, 303, and 313 K, respectively, under constant conditions (pH=7.0, adsorbent amount=2.0 mg, solution volume=30 mL, contact time=30 min, shaking speed=200 rpm). Thermodynamic adsorption studies were conducted and the results demonstrated that the adsorption of thallium by the synthesized LDH/MOF NC is endothermic (ΔH0=52.780 kJ mol−1) and spontaneous (ΔG0=−33.069 to −38.929 kJ mol−1) with a physicochemical adsorption nature which includes an randomness enhancement at the solid/liquid interface with rising temperature (ΔS0=0.293 kJ mol−1 K−1). Also, the results of regeneration studies revealed that the LDH/MOF NC particles possess acceptable reusability in four cycles.

New Approach for Thallium Removal by P204 Extraction and its Effect on the Ammonium Rhenate Refining

New Approach for Thallium Removal by P204 Extraction and its Effect on the Ammonium Rhenate Refining