Translating the doctrine of the Trinity into the Thai language presents profound theological and linguistic challenges. Rooted in Greco-Roman metaphysical categories, classical Trinitarian formulations—such as “one essence in three persons”—prove difficult to render into Thai, a language shaped by Buddhist thought and lacking direct conceptual equivalents for terms like ousia and persona . This article explores the historical struggles of the early church in articulating Trinitarian doctrine, highlighting the Greek and Latin debates over terms like hypostasis and persona , and comparing these with contemporary Thai translation dilemmas. Drawing on biblical scholarship, Second Temple Jewish theology, and modern linguistic theory, the article assesses the dangers of tritheism and modalism that arise when Western terminology is uncritically applied in the Thai context. In response, the Evangelical Fellowship of Thailand’s formulation—stating that God reveals himself as Father, Son, and Holy Spirit—offers a contextualized alternative that avoids metaphysical confusion while preserving biblical fidelity. By emphasizing divine self-revelation over ontological precision, this approach provides a promising model for theological clarity in cross-cultural translation. The article concludes by urging continued scholarly engagement to develop faithful and intelligible expressions of Trinitarian doctrine within Thai culture.

Speakers possess a linguistic repertoire of various codes (languages) and speech styles such as regional dialects, registers of (in)formality, and sociolects indexing gender, sexuality, neurodivergence, and more. Speakers alternate among these styles to express multiple identities, shifting relationships, and changing stances (i.e., speaker’s attitude toward a topic, message). Japanese entertainment media masterfully deploys Japanese speech styles and their associated linguistic features (e.g., pronouns, verb forms) to develop storylines. However, these indexical features are largely lost in English-translated subtitles, resulting in one-dimensional characters, flatter interactions, and storylines with less depth while erasing the voices of marginalized groups (e.g., regional, LGBTQIA+) and perpetuating images of a monolithic Japan. The current study investigates the degree of erasure of Japanese speech styles in Thai translations of several TV shows. English appears to act as a pivot language in streaming platforms such as Netflix whereby Japanese is translated into English and then, into a third language like Thai, reflecting English translation/linguistic constraints. Yet, direct Japanese-to-Thai translations appear to allow for more accurate representation of these shared indexical features (e.g., multiple first- and second-pronouns, verb forms) and their associated speech styles and thereby, create richer characters, interactions, and stories.

BackgroundCognitive testing and brain MRI studies are essential for diagnosing amnestic mild cognitive impairment(MCI) and mild dementia, suspected from Alzheimer's disease. Identifying simple MRI markers associated with cognitive performance can aid early interventions. This study investigates the relationship between visual rating scales of cerebral small vessel lesions(CSVL) and brain atrophy observed in MRI findings, and cognitive test scores(Thai Mental State Examination;TMSE or Thai translation of the MoCA;MoCA‐Thai) in patients with amnestic MCI and mild dementia.MethodA cross‐sectional study recruited patients diagnosed with amnestic MCI or mild dementia, suspected from Alzheimer's disease according to clinical criteria of Thai dementia guideline in the Memory Clinic, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital(2020‐2024). In early visit, all participants underwent cognitive testing using either TMSE or MoCA‐Thai as baseline measurement, and brain MRI to exclude other causes including cerebrovascular disease, and to evaluate visual rating scales for CSVL(Fazekas score, microbleeds, and lacunes) and brain atrophy(GCA and MTA scores). Cognitive tests were followed up within 1‐3 years for subset of patients. Spearman's correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze associations between visual rating scales and cognitive test scores.ResultAmong included 100 participants(73 amnestic MCI, 27 mild dementia), results showed moderate negative correlation between MTA scores and baseline cognitive test scores, both TMSE and MoCA‐Thai(R=‐0.647 and ‐0.444, respectively;p<0.001). Weaker correlations were observed in Fazekas score, number of microbleeds and lacunes, correlated to TMSE scores(R=‐0.358, ‐0.336 and ‐0.212, respectively;p<0.05). GCA score and number of microbleeds also showed moderate negative correlations with TMSE score change(ΔTMSE).(R=‐0.405 and ‐0.526, respectively;p<0.01)Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that MTA score and number of microbleeds were significantly associated with both TMSE and MoCA‐Thai scores(R2=0.484 and 0.414, respectively;p<0.001). No visual rating scales demonstrated significant relationship with changes in cognitive test scores over 3‐year period in this study.ConclusionThis study revealed association between visual rating scales of brain MRI and cognitive performance in amnestic MCI and mild dementia. Hippocampal atrophy appears to have stronger association than CSVL markers. However, further research with larger sample sizes and biomarker confirmation of diagnoses is necessary to elucidate long‐term impact of MRI findings on cognitive decline.

This study investigates the translation methods employed in best - selling youth literature titles translated from English to Thai . The study adopts a descriptive - qualitative approach . The analysis is based on 173 pairs of original and translated titles collected from Thai online bookstores . Using Newmark ’ s global translation approach, functional - typological grammar, cognitive semantics, and prototype theory as analytical frameworks, the findings suggest that communicative translation is the most prevalent method, followed by free and semantic translation . Other methods identified include faithful and idiomatic translation, with the latter being the least frequently observed . Additionally, certain methods go beyond Newmark's criteria, namely, transliteration and the retention of English components alongside Thai translation . By incorporating both linguistic and cognitive perspectives, this study presents findings on translation practices within the context of youth literature . These insights may be useful for translation pedagogy and for enhancing intercultural adaptation strategies . Keywords : Youth Literature Titles; Cross - Cultural Translation; English – Thai Translation; Linguistic and Cognitive Perspectives

Background: Cognitive impairment is a critical concern for individuals with schizophrenia, affecting their occupational performance, daily activities, and the potential for rehabilitation and skill development. The Allen Cognitive Level Screen-5 (ACLS-5) is a standardized, performance-based assessment designed to evaluate functional cognitive abilities and limitations, providing guidance for individualized interventions. However, there is currently no Thai translation for the ACLS-5. Objectives: This study aimed to translate the ACLS-5 into Thai using a back-translation method and to evaluate its psychometric properties, focusing on construct validity and inter-rater reliability, to ensure its suitability for use in Thai clinical settings. Materials and methods: The ACLS-5 was translated from English into Thai following Beaton’s protocol, a five-step process for cross-cultural adaptation, and the pre-final version was tested on a sample of 30 individuals with schizophrenia to assess cultural adaptation and content validity. Construct validity was evaluated using a sample of 102 participants, comprising of 51 individuals with schizophrenia and 51 healthy individuals. Inter-rater reliability was examined by two occupational therapists who independently evaluated 38 participants from the schizophrenia group. Results: In the translation and cultural adaptation phase, the names of the stitching tasks were modified to match Thai culture. Feedback from the Allen Cognitive Group suggested that the terms lacked direct Thai equivalents; consequently, they remained in their original English form. The pre-final Thai ACLS-5 was tested with 30 individuals with schizophrenia, in which it was reported that the instructions were clear and easy to understand. The Mann-Whitney U test indicated a significant difference in construct validity between individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls (Z=-6.511, p&lt;0.000), confirming the assessment’s effectiveness in distinguishing cognitive impairment. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for inter-rater reliability was 0.932, demonstrating excellent reliability. Conclusion: These findings confirm that the Thai ACLS-5 is a valid and reliable assessment for evaluating functional cognition in individuals with schizophrenia. It allows for a quick and effective assessment of functional cognition in clinical settings. Future research should examine usage in different populations to further establish its utilization.

This paper focuses on the Thai translation strategies for Liuzhou’s intangible cultural heritage (ICH) international promotion and the enhancement of its international influence within the context of the Belt and Road Initiative. Through the integrated application of theories from translation studies, communication studies and other disciplines, this research thoroughly analyzes the opportunities and challenges facing Liuzhou’s ICH international promotion. The study establishes a systematic approach to Thai translation strategies combining transliteration with free translation, cultural compensation and pragmatic equivalence, while also proposing pathways for enhancing international influence. Research findings indicate that the Belt and Road Initiative has provided policy support, expanded exchange platforms and increased market demand for Liuzhou’s ICH international promotion, although development remains constrained by Thai-Chinese cultural differences and translation difficulties. Based on case analysis and empirical data, the research demonstrates that existing translation strategies effectively preserve cultural characteristics, convey cultural implications and achieve communicative purposes. The proposed pathways for enhancing international influence include strengthening cultural exchange and cooperation, expanding promotional channels and reinforcing brand building, which positively contribute to promoting Liuzhou’s ICH in Thailand and other countries along the Belt and Road routes.

Background and objective (s):The "Thai Translation of Chinese Chronicle Narratives" is a significant work of Chinese literary translation into Thai, which holds importance both in the realm of literature and in its relationship with society since the early Rattanakosin period of King Rama I and II.This work is particularly notable for its reflection of political governance ideas.Later, during the reign of King Rama IV to the early years of King Rama V, A.D. 1851-1910, Somdet Chao Phraya Borom Maha Srisuriyawongse (Chuang Bunnag) created a new set of "Thai Translation of Chinese Chronicle Narratives", continuing the work from the early Rattanakosin era.The research for this article, therefore, aimed to study the political philosophy of rulers in this collection, which consists of six texts: Sai Chin, Tang Chin, Nam Song, Chan Thang Ngor To, Meng Chiao, and Meng Mua Seng Cho.The study compared these works with the original Chinese texts and investigated the factors that contributed to the differences in the details of these political concepts.

Abstract In the wake of the twelfth successful coup in 2014, Thailand began to crack down on academics critical of the junta’s authority. Many fled to other countries but continue to be politically active, both online and offline. This study examines the case of Pavin Chachavalpongpun, an exiled political scientist and outspoken opponent of the military coup, and his self-translated academic book condemning the illegitimate seizure of power. His original work, A Plastic Nation, and its Thai translation, ชาติพลาสติก Chat Plastic, are closely analysed in terms of intention and intertext. The self-translator has used quotation marks to emphasise key words, adapted terms to reflect local and international concepts, rewrote sections to make new points, and broke with centuries-old norms when mentioning the monarchs in Thai spoken and written discourse. Paratexts also play a crucial role in conveying the ideological stance of the publisher and self-translator towards the military government. They serve as a deliberate reflection in which forms of contention are regenerated with political aspirations to expose the exploitation of Thai nationalism by those in power and to protest the unconstitutional military takeover that sought to preserve the authoritarian legacy. Pavin’s self-translation takes on a new meaning. It could shed some light on what self-translation as academic activism ‘can do’, in addition to what self-translation is.

As the site of Siam’s first interaction with the Europeans, Ayutthaya is regarded as having an open social scheme. As seen by the journey made by the French ambassadors to the court in Ayutthaya under King Narai (Narayana), the Siamese court dedicated itself to developing foreign affairs. Thus, this cultivated the historical source of information that enables us to go in time to comprehend a variety of phenomena from the observant, curious, comparative, critical, and anecdotal habits of those Europeans. Using the recorders’ understanding, this revealed the existence and function of Siamese music, which is still relatively limited. In total, the study assessed 82 books, covering the French annals from 1656 to 1688 as well as the English and Thai translations. Based on critical analysis in organology and historical ethnomusicology, the musical instruments and their roles in the Siamese court were studied. Additionally, the refinement of errors caused by translations across languages, cultural perspectives, expertise, and time was also accomplished by integrating additional modern sources. According to the primary records of 20 books published in French, percussive-ideophone and membranophone instruments were the most frequently cited, followed by aerophones and chordophones, respectively. The music was mostly utilized as fanfare during ceremonies, such as social ceremonies, royal ceremonies held in honor of the king, honoring ceremonies for important people, and Siamese entertainment activities. The results provide an ontological approach to coming closer to reality. Consequently, evidence of Siamese music during the Ayutthaya period was generated and refined.

Song translation poses a unique challenge for translators, requiring them to balance linguistic elements, cultural nuances, and musicality. This study aims to analyze the number of syllables and words of the English Walt Disney songs and their Thai translations and to examine the strategies used in the translation of Walt Disney songs into Thai. Nine Oscar-winning songs from Walt Disney’s animated films were analyzed, revealing that the Thai versions tend to have fewer syllables and words than the originals. In addition, of the seven translation strategies proposed by Lefevere (1975), six were identified in the translations, namely literal translation, metrical translation, verse to prose translation, rhymed translation, blank/free verse translation, and interpretation. Interestingly, interpretation emerged as the most frequently employed strategy, showcasing the creativity required in adapting songs to new linguistic and cultural contexts. This study may serve as a valuable reference for translators and contribute to further research in the field of translation studies.

The 1971 Thai Bible was a revision of earlier Thai translations that took almost twenty years to complete. It was used by the majority of Thai Protestants for forty years before it was further revised and published in 2011 as the Thai Standard Version. This article examines the 1971 revision, looking at its background, the people and processes involved in the translation, and the obstacles it faced. Being primarily a description of the translation process, this paper does not attempt to evaluate the quality of the 1971 translation (or the translation choices made by the translators) but concludes with a brief examination of the legacy of this translation which shaped a generation of Thai Christians.

Validation of the Thai translation of the attitudes toward euthanasia scale

Personal recovery, a western conceptualisation that focuses on hope and living meaningful lives of choice rather than focusing on symptom reduction, is a more recent concept in many Asian countries including Thailand. One way to promote recovery-oriented service delivery is to use outcome measures that capture self-reported personal recovery. This study aimed to evaluate a Thai translation of a self-report measure of mental health recovery, the Recovery Assessment Scale - Domains and Stages (RAS-DS). The study also explored the cultural similarities and differences between Thai (n = 190) and Australian (n = 301) recovery experiences by comparing Thai and Australian participant responses to RAS-DS items. Data were analysed using Rasch analysis. Analyses revealed that the Thai version of the RAS-DS had adequate measurement properties. Cultural comparisons suggested that most aspects contained within the RAS-DS appear to be applicable across both Thai and Australian contexts. Three findings suggest linguistic or cultural differences in Thai and Australian recovery experiences: (i) a ceiling effect for Thai participants, (ii) some items were "harder" or "easier" for one cultural group to endorse than the other, and (iii) a few items were "misfitting" for Thai participants.

Validating Thai translations of perceptual soundscape attributes: A non-Procrustean approach with a Procrustes projection

Background and Purpose: Nurses are vulnerable to being second victims, resulting in physio-psychological problems and leaving their profession. Exploring second victims requires reliable instruments. This study aimed to translate the Revised Second Victim Experience and Support Tool (SVEST-R) and evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: The translation process applied the World Health Organization guidelines and validated the Thai version of the SVEST-R (Thai-SVEST-R) with 400 registered nurses. Results: Part A of the scale had a highly constructed validity with a significantly good model fit and was equivalent to the original SVEST-R. For Part B, the test-retest reliability value was satisfactory. Conclusions: Thai-SVEST-R demonstrates evidence of validity and reliability, indicating the scale's value for measuring Thai nurses' experiences as second victims.

Despite its influence in the broader academy, postcolonial thought has had minimal impact on the study of Bible translation. This article examines postcolonialism, drawing out common themes from the contested descriptions of the discipline, and briefly reviews some of the ways postcolonial thought has contributed to Missiology, Biblical Studies, and Translation Studies. It then explores the general lack of interaction between postcolonial criticism and studies of Bible translation and suggests ways that attending to postcolonial critiques could benefit the field. The article concludes with a case study using the history of Thai translations of the Bible to illustrate some of the benefits that could be brought to studies of Bible translation by an increased sensitivity to postcolonial thought.

In Thailand, the advocacy group Feminist Liberation that emerged alongside the pro-democracy protests in mid-2020 following the COVID-19 pandemic translated Un violador en tu camino , a song composed and performed publicly by Chilean feminist collective Las Tesis and since hailed as a feminist anthem, into Thai as Sita Lui Fai and adapted the original choreography to construct their public discourse around gender-based violence. To answer the overarching question of how transnational feminism was enabled by translation, this paper investigates how the Chilean feminist discourse has changed upon introduction into the target context using Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) multimodal critical discourse analysis of the Thai translation and its choreography. The results show that while both versions similarly highlight the structural cause of gender-based violence, the Chilean lyrics place greater focus on feminist theoretical pedagogy in contrast to the Thai translation’s function as an affective vehicle for anger as exemplified by the adoption of a more colloquial term for “patriarchy”, the choice of specific pronouns to challenge Thai seniority culture, and the emotionally charged modifications to the original choreography. With multiple references to the monarchy, the song has been re-signified to reflect the reality of gender oppression specific to Thailand. Translation has thus served as a tool through which transnational feminism has been fostered. Feminist Liberation’s collaboration with other advocacy groups additionally indicated their intersectional framework where LGBTQ+ rights, reproductive healthcare, students’ rights are inextricably linked to the goal of gender equality.

The article examines the Thai translations of Arundhati Roy's novels, The God of Small Things and The Ministry of Utmost Happiness, which feature linguistic hybridity that addresses the complex, intermingling realities of the former colonized space. Using Klinger's (2015) concepts of symbolic and iconic hybridity to explain the motivation behind the use of non-standard language in Roy's postcolonial novels and their Thai translations, this article argues that the Thai versions fell short of retaining a reasonable degree of linguistic hybridity because the translator chose a compromising method of making Roy's novels more understandable to Thai readers. By compromising, the translator used a specific method of transliterating Pali-Sanskrit etymological terms, a cushioning strategy, and footnotes. The translations appear to contradict the author's viewpoint on the dynamics of core and periphery languages. Multicultural expressions that are meant to symbolically represent different levels of power in the real world are ignored, thereby failing to convey Roy's intention of defying former colonial monolingual practice and breaking free from such a legacy.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) on depression, anxiety, stress, and self-esteem in public health students at the University in Southern Thailand. The study employed a quasi-experimental, one-group, and pre-test -post-test design. Purposive sampling was employed to include 31 students, selected from those with screening indicating mild to moderate depression. While 28 of them (90.3%) were female, three (9.7%) were male. Their age range was 18-21 years, averaging 19.5 years. The instruments were the Thai translation of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Thai version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), which were evaluated and produced high validity and reliability results. Data was collected through online questionnaires. A pre-test and a post-test were utilized to measure the participants' depression, anxiety, stress, and self-esteem before and after participating in a group CBT, comprising eight sessions in two months. Revealed significant improvements in depression (P = .001), anxiety (P = .040), and stress (P = .002), while self-esteem (P = .465, >.05) was not significant. Group CBT sessions were effective at relieving depression, anxiety, and stress, but not self-esteem. Accordingly, further studies might consider these results and expand on this topic by broadening the population to different majors.

A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of Thai adolescent depression